Full Text - The International Journal of Developmental Biology
... do not contribute to mesoderm (Fig. 2). There are notable exceptions: in the leech Helobdella the primary quartet cells a’, b’ and c’ (= 1a, 1b, and 1c) contribute muscle fibers to the proboscis as well as epidermal and neuronal cells in the prostomium (Huang et al., 2002). Furthermore, progeny of c ...
... do not contribute to mesoderm (Fig. 2). There are notable exceptions: in the leech Helobdella the primary quartet cells a’, b’ and c’ (= 1a, 1b, and 1c) contribute muscle fibers to the proboscis as well as epidermal and neuronal cells in the prostomium (Huang et al., 2002). Furthermore, progeny of c ...
From milliseconds to millions of years: guard cells and
... phospholipid headgroup to yield phosphatidic acid, both show transient increases in activity following ABA application. PLD seems to function in the same pathway as PLC: inhibitors of PLC and PLD each partially oppose ABAinduced stomatal closure, but simultaneous application of both inhibitors does ...
... phospholipid headgroup to yield phosphatidic acid, both show transient increases in activity following ABA application. PLD seems to function in the same pathway as PLC: inhibitors of PLC and PLD each partially oppose ABAinduced stomatal closure, but simultaneous application of both inhibitors does ...
Mitochondria in lung biology and pathology: more than - AJP-Lung
... hypothesis that hypoxia activates the cellular energy sensor, AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK), through an ROS-dependent mechanism. In PASMC, they found that ROS generation during moderate hypoxia led to AMPK activation, even in the absence of any increase in AMP or ADP concentrations. Those findings sug ...
... hypothesis that hypoxia activates the cellular energy sensor, AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK), through an ROS-dependent mechanism. In PASMC, they found that ROS generation during moderate hypoxia led to AMPK activation, even in the absence of any increase in AMP or ADP concentrations. Those findings sug ...
Communications between Mitochondria, the Nucleus, Vacuoles
... checkpoints occur early in life of chronologically aging yeast cells, during diauxic (D), and post-diauxic (PD) growth phases. Some of the checkpoints are late-life checkpoints that exists in the non-proliferative stationary (ST) phase of culturing. At each of these checkpoints, the changes of the k ...
... checkpoints occur early in life of chronologically aging yeast cells, during diauxic (D), and post-diauxic (PD) growth phases. Some of the checkpoints are late-life checkpoints that exists in the non-proliferative stationary (ST) phase of culturing. At each of these checkpoints, the changes of the k ...
The unfolded protein response: controlling cell fate
... programmes without triggering cell death pathways. However, above a certain threshold, unresolved ER stress results in apoptosis (FIG. 2). The mechanisms initiating apoptosis under conditions of irreversible ER damage are now partially understood and may involve a series of complementary pathways25. ...
... programmes without triggering cell death pathways. However, above a certain threshold, unresolved ER stress results in apoptosis (FIG. 2). The mechanisms initiating apoptosis under conditions of irreversible ER damage are now partially understood and may involve a series of complementary pathways25. ...
Full Text - The International Journal of Developmental Biology
... in Mus musculus, Drosophila melanogaster, and Lottia gigantea are shown in Fig. 2. No additional orthologs of these genes were found either through degenerate PCR or searching the ESTs, although additional components of the N signaling pathway were identified and will be reported elsewhere. We exami ...
... in Mus musculus, Drosophila melanogaster, and Lottia gigantea are shown in Fig. 2. No additional orthologs of these genes were found either through degenerate PCR or searching the ESTs, although additional components of the N signaling pathway were identified and will be reported elsewhere. We exami ...
The bacterial divisome: ready for its close-up
... To understand more about divisome structure, several avenues have been taken. One successful approach identified which divisome proteins could still properly localize after removal of other divisome proteins. As knockouts of divisome protein genes are generally lethal, these types of experiments hav ...
... To understand more about divisome structure, several avenues have been taken. One successful approach identified which divisome proteins could still properly localize after removal of other divisome proteins. As knockouts of divisome protein genes are generally lethal, these types of experiments hav ...
Max and inhibitory c-Myc mutants induce erythroid di
... activation domain, or with pVPMax that encodes Max fused to the VP16 activation domain. The interaction of these hybrid proteins would reconstitute the function of GAL4 to transactivate a GAL4 driven reporter, G5-E1B-CAT (Figure 1c). When compared to the controls with pNLVP, both wild-type c-Myc and ...
... activation domain, or with pVPMax that encodes Max fused to the VP16 activation domain. The interaction of these hybrid proteins would reconstitute the function of GAL4 to transactivate a GAL4 driven reporter, G5-E1B-CAT (Figure 1c). When compared to the controls with pNLVP, both wild-type c-Myc and ...
Actin-based motility of endosomes is linked to the polar tip growth of
... ARTICLE IN PRESS B. Voigt et al. / European Journal of Cell Biology 84 (2005) 609–621 ...
... ARTICLE IN PRESS B. Voigt et al. / European Journal of Cell Biology 84 (2005) 609–621 ...
RNA polymerase II transcription is concentrated outside replication
... replicated in late S-phase (reviewed by Goldman, 1988). Transcription factors probably play an important role in replication (Herbomel, 1990; Wolffe, 1991; Heintz, 1992; DePamphilis, 1993) as well as in DNA repair (Bootsma and Hoeijmakers, 1993). Whether transcription causes genes to replicate early ...
... replicated in late S-phase (reviewed by Goldman, 1988). Transcription factors probably play an important role in replication (Herbomel, 1990; Wolffe, 1991; Heintz, 1992; DePamphilis, 1993) as well as in DNA repair (Bootsma and Hoeijmakers, 1993). Whether transcription causes genes to replicate early ...
Functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in the biological response to DNA
... of BRCA2 is to move RAD51 from its site of synthesis to its site of activity (Davies et al., 2001). In addition, BRCA2 also appears to control the enzymatic activity of RAD51. RAD51 efficiently coats DNA substrates to form ordered nucleoprotein filaments, key intermediates in homologousstrand pairin ...
... of BRCA2 is to move RAD51 from its site of synthesis to its site of activity (Davies et al., 2001). In addition, BRCA2 also appears to control the enzymatic activity of RAD51. RAD51 efficiently coats DNA substrates to form ordered nucleoprotein filaments, key intermediates in homologousstrand pairin ...
Understanding How Lipopolysaccharide Impacts CD4 T Cell Immunity
... apparently conflicting data from Chiller and Allison is that Chiller’s model may have been less dependent on isotype switching. In support of this, T cells were found to be required for LPS to enhance a secondary IgG response while there was no effect on IgM production.35 However, LPS can accelerate ...
... apparently conflicting data from Chiller and Allison is that Chiller’s model may have been less dependent on isotype switching. In support of this, T cells were found to be required for LPS to enhance a secondary IgG response while there was no effect on IgM production.35 However, LPS can accelerate ...
Neutrophil trails guide influenza-specific CD8+ T cells in the airways
... depleted by intraperitoneal injection of Ly6G Ab (1A8) on day –1, +1, +3, and +5 postinfection, and viral loads were measured on day 7 [percentage of isotype control IgG-treated group (IgG), mean T SEM, n ≥ 6 mice per group]. (D) Total or virus (DbNP366)-specific CD8+ Tcell numbers were counted from ...
... depleted by intraperitoneal injection of Ly6G Ab (1A8) on day –1, +1, +3, and +5 postinfection, and viral loads were measured on day 7 [percentage of isotype control IgG-treated group (IgG), mean T SEM, n ≥ 6 mice per group]. (D) Total or virus (DbNP366)-specific CD8+ Tcell numbers were counted from ...
Failsafe Mechanisms Coordinate Cell Division and the Initiation of
... Bacteria can have doubling rates that are ~20-‐25 minutes, which is much faster than the time it takes for chromosome replication to complete (40 minutes) [4, 5]. To solve this dilemma, bacteria employ ...
... Bacteria can have doubling rates that are ~20-‐25 minutes, which is much faster than the time it takes for chromosome replication to complete (40 minutes) [4, 5]. To solve this dilemma, bacteria employ ...
Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes
... in successive stages, or in one burst? In one sense, the Archaea illustrate this point in that they are intermediate in ‘informational genes’ (such as those involved in replication and ...
... in successive stages, or in one burst? In one sense, the Archaea illustrate this point in that they are intermediate in ‘informational genes’ (such as those involved in replication and ...
Mastoparan Alters Subcellular Distribution of
... birch pollen profilin co-localizes with dynamic AFs when expressed in animal cells (Mayboroda et al. 1997). This suggests that plant and animal profilins obey the same principles responsible for their subcellular localizations (for animal cells see, e.g., Hartwig et al. 1989, Buß et al. 1992, Bubb e ...
... birch pollen profilin co-localizes with dynamic AFs when expressed in animal cells (Mayboroda et al. 1997). This suggests that plant and animal profilins obey the same principles responsible for their subcellular localizations (for animal cells see, e.g., Hartwig et al. 1989, Buß et al. 1992, Bubb e ...
Localization of polysaccharides in isolated and intact cuticles of
... hydroxide. Concerning cellulase, 1 ml of the Au solution was mixed with 20 µl of a 0.2% solution of the enzymatic mixture. A 2.5:1 colloidal Au:enzyme ratio was selected for preventing the flocculation of the Au colloid in the final solution [22]. After 5 min stirring of the Au-enzyme solution, 100 ...
... hydroxide. Concerning cellulase, 1 ml of the Au solution was mixed with 20 µl of a 0.2% solution of the enzymatic mixture. A 2.5:1 colloidal Au:enzyme ratio was selected for preventing the flocculation of the Au colloid in the final solution [22]. After 5 min stirring of the Au-enzyme solution, 100 ...
Differential Expression of Genes of the Calvin–Benson Cycle and its
... These results are summarized in Fig. 8 as a diagram of the Calvin–Benson cycle and its related enzymes. ...
... These results are summarized in Fig. 8 as a diagram of the Calvin–Benson cycle and its related enzymes. ...
Actin-dependent vacuolar occupancy of the cell determines auxin
... Based on these data, we assumed that the effect of auxin on actin also may impact vacuolar shape, and subsequently we investigated whether the actin cytoskeleton is required for the auxininduced changes in vacuolar morphology. To do so, we induced high- and low-auxin conditions in the presence of ac ...
... Based on these data, we assumed that the effect of auxin on actin also may impact vacuolar shape, and subsequently we investigated whether the actin cytoskeleton is required for the auxininduced changes in vacuolar morphology. To do so, we induced high- and low-auxin conditions in the presence of ac ...
CENP-E Is a Plus End–Directed Kinetochore Motor Required for
... prior to anaphase, is nonetheless of undiminished importance. The two predominant and opposing forces currently thought to be responsible for chromosome movement during congression are an antipoleward polar ejection force associated with regions of high microtubule density near the spindle poles and ...
... prior to anaphase, is nonetheless of undiminished importance. The two predominant and opposing forces currently thought to be responsible for chromosome movement during congression are an antipoleward polar ejection force associated with regions of high microtubule density near the spindle poles and ...
D. Malpighian tubules play similar function as tubular parts of the
... recently, Delanoue et al. identified that insulin release is triggered by stunted (Sun), a ligand of Methuselah (Mth) receptor, in insulin producing cells of Drosophila brain. Therefore, Mth and Sun delineate a new cross-organ circuitry that modulates physiological insulin level in response to nutri ...
... recently, Delanoue et al. identified that insulin release is triggered by stunted (Sun), a ligand of Methuselah (Mth) receptor, in insulin producing cells of Drosophila brain. Therefore, Mth and Sun delineate a new cross-organ circuitry that modulates physiological insulin level in response to nutri ...
Control of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Plant Cell Growth
... spontaneously when the G-actin concentration is high. However, despite high concentrations of G-actin in living cells, G-actin is prevented from nucleating spontaneously by actin-sequestering proteins such as profilin, and chaotic spontaneous nucleation is unlikely to be responsible for F-actin forma ...
... spontaneously when the G-actin concentration is high. However, despite high concentrations of G-actin in living cells, G-actin is prevented from nucleating spontaneously by actin-sequestering proteins such as profilin, and chaotic spontaneous nucleation is unlikely to be responsible for F-actin forma ...
Condensin II Promotes the Formation of Chromosome Territories by
... non-random and correlates with the functional compartmentalization of the genome, in which actively expressed genes are spatially segregated from silent genes and repetitive DNA sequences [5–8]. In light of recent findings, several models of the nucleus posit that CT structure plays a central role i ...
... non-random and correlates with the functional compartmentalization of the genome, in which actively expressed genes are spatially segregated from silent genes and repetitive DNA sequences [5–8]. In light of recent findings, several models of the nucleus posit that CT structure plays a central role i ...
Plastid Ontogeny during Petal Development in Arabidopsis
... mature petal (Fig. 2) showed that these two types of epidermal cells each occupied about 50% of the petal length and that the point of transition of epidermal cell shape is quite marked. The elongate morphology of the basal epidermal cells relates to their rapid expansion, which pushes the petal out ...
... mature petal (Fig. 2) showed that these two types of epidermal cells each occupied about 50% of the petal length and that the point of transition of epidermal cell shape is quite marked. The elongate morphology of the basal epidermal cells relates to their rapid expansion, which pushes the petal out ...
Francon et al, 2004
... RPA and the DNA polymerase δ processivity factor PCNA (Adachi and Laemmli, 1992; Dimitrova et al., 1999), but none of the proteins forming the pre-replication complex (e.g. ORC, cdc6, cdt1, MCMs) exhibits such clear localization. The significance of RPA foci is therefore debated. In Xenopus in vitro ...
... RPA and the DNA polymerase δ processivity factor PCNA (Adachi and Laemmli, 1992; Dimitrova et al., 1999), but none of the proteins forming the pre-replication complex (e.g. ORC, cdc6, cdt1, MCMs) exhibits such clear localization. The significance of RPA foci is therefore debated. In Xenopus in vitro ...
Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. In prokaryotes which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is completely divided. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division.