BCL-6 Negatively Regulates Expression of the NF- p50 Subunit B1 p105/
... activation of STAT1, STAT3, the MAPK, and the PI3K/AKT pathways (23–26). Although NF-B function has not been directly studied in this process, its involvement is highly likely because there is strong evidence that an activated AKT pathway can trigger NF-B via IKK-dependent and IKK-independent mech ...
... activation of STAT1, STAT3, the MAPK, and the PI3K/AKT pathways (23–26). Although NF-B function has not been directly studied in this process, its involvement is highly likely because there is strong evidence that an activated AKT pathway can trigger NF-B via IKK-dependent and IKK-independent mech ...
The sliding theory of cytoplasmic streaming: fifty years of progress
... of organelles to actin bundles in the absence of ATP (probably because of the action of an uncharacterized myosin-like component on the surface of organelles) reminded us of the so-called rigor cross-bridge of skeletal muscle myosin. Nagai and Hayama (1979) used electron microscopy to elucidate the ...
... of organelles to actin bundles in the absence of ATP (probably because of the action of an uncharacterized myosin-like component on the surface of organelles) reminded us of the so-called rigor cross-bridge of skeletal muscle myosin. Nagai and Hayama (1979) used electron microscopy to elucidate the ...
The sliding theory of cytoplasmic streaming: fifty years of
... of organelles to actin bundles in the absence of ATP (probably because of the action of an uncharacterized myosin-like component on the surface of organelles) reminded us of the so-called rigor cross-bridge of skeletal muscle myosin. Nagai and Hayama (1979) used electron microscopy to elucidate the ...
... of organelles to actin bundles in the absence of ATP (probably because of the action of an uncharacterized myosin-like component on the surface of organelles) reminded us of the so-called rigor cross-bridge of skeletal muscle myosin. Nagai and Hayama (1979) used electron microscopy to elucidate the ...
GATA-2 functions downstream of BMPs and CaM KIV in ectodermal
... progenitors, called EryP-CFC, which give rise to large primitive erythroid cells expressing embryonic and adult globin (Palis et al., 1999; Wong et al., 1986). In contrast, burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) and colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) progenitors give rise to small, definitive red b ...
... progenitors, called EryP-CFC, which give rise to large primitive erythroid cells expressing embryonic and adult globin (Palis et al., 1999; Wong et al., 1986). In contrast, burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) and colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) progenitors give rise to small, definitive red b ...
Journal of Phycology
... associated with internal organelles, such the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and coccolith-producing compartment, and suggested these PULCA components are membrane-unbound lipids. Additional PULCA were also found in the Golgi and plasma membranes and in chloroplast thylakoids. But unlike the ER and cocc ...
... associated with internal organelles, such the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and coccolith-producing compartment, and suggested these PULCA components are membrane-unbound lipids. Additional PULCA were also found in the Golgi and plasma membranes and in chloroplast thylakoids. But unlike the ER and cocc ...
Regulative germ cell specification in axolotl embryos: a primitive trait
... urodele embryos PGCs do not develop from predetermined cells. Rather, urodele PGCs appear to develop from unspecialized mesodermal tissue that has responded to appropriate extracellular influences. Therefore the embryos of urodele and anuran amphibians have diverged in the way that they produce PGCs ...
... urodele embryos PGCs do not develop from predetermined cells. Rather, urodele PGCs appear to develop from unspecialized mesodermal tissue that has responded to appropriate extracellular influences. Therefore the embryos of urodele and anuran amphibians have diverged in the way that they produce PGCs ...
PDF - IRCMS
... chick embryos and were further divided into four equal pieces along its A/P length. Chicken genome arrays were used to obtain global gene expression profiles of these four streak regions. We show that ~40% of all chicken genes are expressed in the streak, one seventh of which exhibit significant dif ...
... chick embryos and were further divided into four equal pieces along its A/P length. Chicken genome arrays were used to obtain global gene expression profiles of these four streak regions. We show that ~40% of all chicken genes are expressed in the streak, one seventh of which exhibit significant dif ...
Homeostasis and the Importance for a Balance
... such as the regulatory associated protein of mTOR (Raptor) found in mTORC1 and rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (Rictor) in mTORC2, as previously reviewed [14]. mTORC1 is regulated through the actions of AKT on PRAS40 and on the tuberous sclerosis (TSC) tumor suppressor protein complex (Fig. ...
... such as the regulatory associated protein of mTOR (Raptor) found in mTORC1 and rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (Rictor) in mTORC2, as previously reviewed [14]. mTORC1 is regulated through the actions of AKT on PRAS40 and on the tuberous sclerosis (TSC) tumor suppressor protein complex (Fig. ...
Plant Oligosaccharides – Outsiders among Elicitors?
... It has been more than 40 years since the discovery of the biological activity of oligosaccharide fragments of plant cell wall polysaccharides [1, 2]. Identification of the regulatory role of these compounds was associated with the study of the interaction of plants with pathogens. The cell wall poly ...
... It has been more than 40 years since the discovery of the biological activity of oligosaccharide fragments of plant cell wall polysaccharides [1, 2]. Identification of the regulatory role of these compounds was associated with the study of the interaction of plants with pathogens. The cell wall poly ...
Sarcomere assembly in C. elegans muscle
... Modified from Williams and Waterston (1994). We have also included one "counter current" dashed arrow in each of the pathways. These arrows indicate more subtle requirements for proper attachment assembly than gross recruitment, as we describe in more detail below. The first protein to consider is U ...
... Modified from Williams and Waterston (1994). We have also included one "counter current" dashed arrow in each of the pathways. These arrows indicate more subtle requirements for proper attachment assembly than gross recruitment, as we describe in more detail below. The first protein to consider is U ...
********* 1 - Botanik in Bonn
... Along the newly formed cell wall between two cells. On thin membranous structures going through the cell wall (plasmodesmata). ...
... Along the newly formed cell wall between two cells. On thin membranous structures going through the cell wall (plasmodesmata). ...
How and why does β-actin mRNA target?
... not been determined. However, the mechanisms of transport, anchoring and β-actin isoform-specific sorting have been studied at the molecular level. There could be several reasons for suppression of cell motility upon delocalization of β-actin mRNA. Cell motility requires actin polymerization in the ...
... not been determined. However, the mechanisms of transport, anchoring and β-actin isoform-specific sorting have been studied at the molecular level. There could be several reasons for suppression of cell motility upon delocalization of β-actin mRNA. Cell motility requires actin polymerization in the ...
Evidence for land plant cell wall biosynthetic mechanisms in
... arabino-galactan protein. Moreover, two putative cellulose synthase-like D family genes (CSLDs) from the CGA species Coleochaete orbicularis and a fragment of a putative CSLA/K-like sequence from a CGA Spirogyra species were cloned, providing the first evidence that all the cellulose synthase/-like ...
... arabino-galactan protein. Moreover, two putative cellulose synthase-like D family genes (CSLDs) from the CGA species Coleochaete orbicularis and a fragment of a putative CSLA/K-like sequence from a CGA Spirogyra species were cloned, providing the first evidence that all the cellulose synthase/-like ...
Cell size trade-offs govern light exploitation strategies in
... sizes (Table 2), while two forms of chl c show opposing trends (Table 2). Larger cells thus have overall lower intracellular pigment concentrations, but allocate a larger proportion of their total cellular protein to their PSII reaction centres (Fig. 1, Table 2). Together, these data suggest smaller ...
... sizes (Table 2), while two forms of chl c show opposing trends (Table 2). Larger cells thus have overall lower intracellular pigment concentrations, but allocate a larger proportion of their total cellular protein to their PSII reaction centres (Fig. 1, Table 2). Together, these data suggest smaller ...
Cell death by autophagy: facts and apparent artefacts
... metabolism (as in cancer cells), it is not surprising that cells undergoing death after stress also show features of autophagy. For example, cultured cells deprived of survival factors (such as serum) will undergo apoptosis, but as they go through the starvation process, they also activate their aut ...
... metabolism (as in cancer cells), it is not surprising that cells undergoing death after stress also show features of autophagy. For example, cultured cells deprived of survival factors (such as serum) will undergo apoptosis, but as they go through the starvation process, they also activate their aut ...
Disruption of early proximodistal patterning and AVE
... defects in the AVE not shown by Wnt3 mutants. They fail to express Hex in the visceral endoderm (VE) while other AVE markers, such as Cer1 and Lhx1, remain distal. -Catenin signaling has indeed recently been shown to have a role in AVE migration (KimuraYoshida et al., 2005). Thus, -catenin is requ ...
... defects in the AVE not shown by Wnt3 mutants. They fail to express Hex in the visceral endoderm (VE) while other AVE markers, such as Cer1 and Lhx1, remain distal. -Catenin signaling has indeed recently been shown to have a role in AVE migration (KimuraYoshida et al., 2005). Thus, -catenin is requ ...
Recent advances in X-chromosome inactivation
... with the paternal X chromosome (Xp) being preferentially inactivated in those cells of the blastocyst that will form the extra-embryonic tissues (Figure 4). Random inactivation of either the paternal or maternal X chromosome is observed shortly afterwards in cells derived from the inner cell mass (I ...
... with the paternal X chromosome (Xp) being preferentially inactivated in those cells of the blastocyst that will form the extra-embryonic tissues (Figure 4). Random inactivation of either the paternal or maternal X chromosome is observed shortly afterwards in cells derived from the inner cell mass (I ...
Coordination of peptidoglycan synthesis and outer membrane
... a ‘pinch-point’ until the two halves of the cell have been separated. This process must be carefully controlled to ensure that the cell does not burst open at any point. Some bacteria known as ‘Gram-negative’ bacteria have a second membrane on the other side of the cell wall. These cells divide in t ...
... a ‘pinch-point’ until the two halves of the cell have been separated. This process must be carefully controlled to ensure that the cell does not burst open at any point. Some bacteria known as ‘Gram-negative’ bacteria have a second membrane on the other side of the cell wall. These cells divide in t ...
Twins take the job
... PIN domain of hDIS3L1. Biochemical studies with hDIS3 and hDIS3L1, purified from transiently transfected or stable cell lines, confirm that both proteins harbour exoribonucleolytic activity but that only the PIN domain of hDiIS3 is active as an endonuclease. These results suggest that some RNA metab ...
... PIN domain of hDIS3L1. Biochemical studies with hDIS3 and hDIS3L1, purified from transiently transfected or stable cell lines, confirm that both proteins harbour exoribonucleolytic activity but that only the PIN domain of hDiIS3 is active as an endonuclease. These results suggest that some RNA metab ...
Drug resistance patterns and susceptibility to
... Summary. The antibacterial properties of aflatoxin B 1 have been evaluated against antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition of growth ranged from 11.5 to 60.0% and 4.5 to 18.5% in the strains of S. aureus and E. coli, depending on the exten ...
... Summary. The antibacterial properties of aflatoxin B 1 have been evaluated against antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition of growth ranged from 11.5 to 60.0% and 4.5 to 18.5% in the strains of S. aureus and E. coli, depending on the exten ...
Chapter 32: DNA Replication in Yeast
... absence of pol-a. This "quick-stop" phenotype may reflect strong coupling between the activities of replicative polymerases. Alternatively, these mutations may, at the nonpermissive temperature, cause a conformation change in, or instability of, pol-a that causes the replication fork to fall apart. ...
... absence of pol-a. This "quick-stop" phenotype may reflect strong coupling between the activities of replicative polymerases. Alternatively, these mutations may, at the nonpermissive temperature, cause a conformation change in, or instability of, pol-a that causes the replication fork to fall apart. ...
E-cadherin controls β-catenin and NF
... to a mesenchymal phenotype in a process known as epithelial-tomesenchymal transition (EMT) (Savagner, 2001; Huber et al., 2005). This phenomenon, essential for embryo development, is also required for the acquisition of invasive properties by cancer cells. EMT is also reversible, and conversion of m ...
... to a mesenchymal phenotype in a process known as epithelial-tomesenchymal transition (EMT) (Savagner, 2001; Huber et al., 2005). This phenomenon, essential for embryo development, is also required for the acquisition of invasive properties by cancer cells. EMT is also reversible, and conversion of m ...
Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. In prokaryotes which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is completely divided. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division.