Thinking about Bacillus subtilis as a multicellular organism
... by phosphorylation both directly by some kinases and indirectly via a phosphorelay that receives phosphates from several other kinases [30]. At this point it is not known which kinases are involved in the activation of Spo0A in such a manner that sinI is transcribed. Two other gene products, YlbF an ...
... by phosphorylation both directly by some kinases and indirectly via a phosphorelay that receives phosphates from several other kinases [30]. At this point it is not known which kinases are involved in the activation of Spo0A in such a manner that sinI is transcribed. Two other gene products, YlbF an ...
A Discovery Laboratory Investigating Bacterial Gene Regulation
... operator area, O, and blocks the attachment of the RNA polymerase to the promoter site, P. RNA polymerase must attach to the promoter site and move through the operator site if the lactose operon is to be transcribed. Thus, for our purposes we will consider the repressor an "on/off switch", whereby ...
... operator area, O, and blocks the attachment of the RNA polymerase to the promoter site, P. RNA polymerase must attach to the promoter site and move through the operator site if the lactose operon is to be transcribed. Thus, for our purposes we will consider the repressor an "on/off switch", whereby ...
Early Development and Axis Formation in Amphibians
... β-catenin induces cells to dorsal fates β-catenin is initially distributed throughout the oocyte Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is also distributed throughout oocyte GSK3 marks β-catenin for degradation Dishevelled (Dsh) blocks GSK3 activity Dsh localizes in the cytoplasmic cortex at the vegetal ...
... β-catenin induces cells to dorsal fates β-catenin is initially distributed throughout the oocyte Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is also distributed throughout oocyte GSK3 marks β-catenin for degradation Dishevelled (Dsh) blocks GSK3 activity Dsh localizes in the cytoplasmic cortex at the vegetal ...
Listeria In Vivo Dynamic Imaging of the Effector Immune Response to Infection
... access the intracellular space and establish infection in the host spleen and liver. Innate immune cells are required to detect and contain infection while specific adaptive T cells are activated and recruited to infection sites. Adaptive immunity enhances the function of innate cells and also direc ...
... access the intracellular space and establish infection in the host spleen and liver. Innate immune cells are required to detect and contain infection while specific adaptive T cells are activated and recruited to infection sites. Adaptive immunity enhances the function of innate cells and also direc ...
Exine dehiscing induces rape microspore polarity
... 2001; Fischer et al., 2004). The role of cell polarity in multicellular system development and differentiation, especially during embryo development, has attracted increasing attention (Jurgens et al., 1997; Kropf, 1999; Scheres and Benfey, 1999; Grebe et al., 2002; Ekici and Dane, 2004). Analyses i ...
... 2001; Fischer et al., 2004). The role of cell polarity in multicellular system development and differentiation, especially during embryo development, has attracted increasing attention (Jurgens et al., 1997; Kropf, 1999; Scheres and Benfey, 1999; Grebe et al., 2002; Ekici and Dane, 2004). Analyses i ...
At the border: the plasma membrane–cell wall
... (McFarlane et al., 2010; Kang et al., 2011; Alejandro et al., 2012). In contrast, cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane. Therefore, efficient transport of the CSCs to and from the plasma membrane is important for cellulose synthesis (Sampathkumar et al., 2013; McFarlane et al., 2014). Morp ...
... (McFarlane et al., 2010; Kang et al., 2011; Alejandro et al., 2012). In contrast, cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane. Therefore, efficient transport of the CSCs to and from the plasma membrane is important for cellulose synthesis (Sampathkumar et al., 2013; McFarlane et al., 2014). Morp ...
The Golgi Apparatus
... • Cells must be tiny for materials to move in and out of them fast enough to meet the cell’s metabolic ...
... • Cells must be tiny for materials to move in and out of them fast enough to meet the cell’s metabolic ...
Germline stem cell niches
... T., Germline stem cell niches (September 30, 2008), StemBook, ed. The Stem Cell Research Community, StemBook, doi/10.3824/stembook.1.23.1, http://www.stembook.org. C 2008 Ting Xie. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which ...
... T., Germline stem cell niches (September 30, 2008), StemBook, ed. The Stem Cell Research Community, StemBook, doi/10.3824/stembook.1.23.1, http://www.stembook.org. C 2008 Ting Xie. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which ...
No Slide Title - Brands Delmar
... – Are antibiotics with fluorine bound to the quinolone base, which increases the drug’s potency, spectrum of activity, and absorption – Are broad-spectrum antibiotics – Can be recognized by –floxacin ending in drug name – Side effects include development of bubble-like cartilage lesions in growing d ...
... – Are antibiotics with fluorine bound to the quinolone base, which increases the drug’s potency, spectrum of activity, and absorption – Are broad-spectrum antibiotics – Can be recognized by –floxacin ending in drug name – Side effects include development of bubble-like cartilage lesions in growing d ...
0Gcn2BJ2final
... Finally, in the same way that there is a “general stress response” for the induction of a group of genes by different stresses [20-22], it is likely that mutation of many genes corresponding to basic cellular functions may result in non-specific sensitivity to many stresses (e.g. “general stress sen ...
... Finally, in the same way that there is a “general stress response” for the induction of a group of genes by different stresses [20-22], it is likely that mutation of many genes corresponding to basic cellular functions may result in non-specific sensitivity to many stresses (e.g. “general stress sen ...
Evo-engineering and the Cellular and Molecular Origins of
... Much of our appreciation of the development of the nervous system is derived from interpretations of two experiments in amphibian embryos. The first one is the famed SpemannHilde Mangold manipulations of the organizer, a multicellular arrangement that appears at the beginning of gastrulation which h ...
... Much of our appreciation of the development of the nervous system is derived from interpretations of two experiments in amphibian embryos. The first one is the famed SpemannHilde Mangold manipulations of the organizer, a multicellular arrangement that appears at the beginning of gastrulation which h ...
Natural antisense RNAs as mRNA regulatory elements in bacteria: a
... acids that are the regulatory targets of the protein, so they involve the protein in an inactive complex, whereas the majority of asRNAs pair with target mRNAs and shift their stability and/or translation [8]. In bacteria, these base-pairing/non-coding regulatory RNAs are generally subdivided into t ...
... acids that are the regulatory targets of the protein, so they involve the protein in an inactive complex, whereas the majority of asRNAs pair with target mRNAs and shift their stability and/or translation [8]. In bacteria, these base-pairing/non-coding regulatory RNAs are generally subdivided into t ...
Direct Comparison between T Cell Control of Hepatitis B Virus +CD8
... HBV replication was assessed by quantitation of viral nucleocapsid– associated HBV DNA (cytoplasmic) and HBV DNA from secreted viral particles (supernatant). Nucleocapsid-associated HBV DNA was extracted and quantified by TaqMan real-time PCR (ABI Prism 7700, Applera, Warrington, U.K.), as previousl ...
... HBV replication was assessed by quantitation of viral nucleocapsid– associated HBV DNA (cytoplasmic) and HBV DNA from secreted viral particles (supernatant). Nucleocapsid-associated HBV DNA was extracted and quantified by TaqMan real-time PCR (ABI Prism 7700, Applera, Warrington, U.K.), as previousl ...
Viscoelastic dissipation stabilizes cell shape changes
... components that exert mechanical forces at the cellular scale (1, 2). Classic examples include cell intercalation, in which polarized activity of Myosin II (MyoII) motors drives tissue elongation (3, 4), or apical constriction in which MyoII recruitment drives tissue folding and invagination (5). Th ...
... components that exert mechanical forces at the cellular scale (1, 2). Classic examples include cell intercalation, in which polarized activity of Myosin II (MyoII) motors drives tissue elongation (3, 4), or apical constriction in which MyoII recruitment drives tissue folding and invagination (5). Th ...
Inducibility and Expression of Microvascular
... ELAM-l (0.5% ± 0.5% of vessels) or VCAM-l (0.7% ± 0.7% of vessels) molecules, consistent with previous reports [15,21]. The percentage of CD36+ vessel cross-sections within the SVP ranged from 15% to 25%, which is identical to that seen in normal nonpsoriatic skin specimens [15]. CD36 molecule expre ...
... ELAM-l (0.5% ± 0.5% of vessels) or VCAM-l (0.7% ± 0.7% of vessels) molecules, consistent with previous reports [15,21]. The percentage of CD36+ vessel cross-sections within the SVP ranged from 15% to 25%, which is identical to that seen in normal nonpsoriatic skin specimens [15]. CD36 molecule expre ...
Slide 1
... intracellular lysosomes cholesterol molecules can then be utilized as substrate in various biosynthetic pathways cholesterol produced from hydrolysis of LDL particles exerts a negative feedback effect on de novo cholesterol synthesis by mevalonate pathway, as well on the synthesis of new LDL recepto ...
... intracellular lysosomes cholesterol molecules can then be utilized as substrate in various biosynthetic pathways cholesterol produced from hydrolysis of LDL particles exerts a negative feedback effect on de novo cholesterol synthesis by mevalonate pathway, as well on the synthesis of new LDL recepto ...
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... toc1-2, that severely reduce TOC1 RNA levels and result in arrhythmia specifically under red light (Mas et al., 2003). The strong alleles also reduce the responsiveness of hypocotyl elongation and CCA1 gene expression to red light, suggesting that TOC1 might be involved in phy signaling to targets o ...
... toc1-2, that severely reduce TOC1 RNA levels and result in arrhythmia specifically under red light (Mas et al., 2003). The strong alleles also reduce the responsiveness of hypocotyl elongation and CCA1 gene expression to red light, suggesting that TOC1 might be involved in phy signaling to targets o ...
Phospholipase D Activation Correlates with Microtubule
... proteins (Reddy, 2001). None of them have proven to be membrane linkers, except for a recently isolated 90-kD polypeptide from tobacco membranes (Marc et al., 1996). Moreover, this p90 was identified recently as a phospholipase D (PLD) and was shown to associate strongly with microtubules and membra ...
... proteins (Reddy, 2001). None of them have proven to be membrane linkers, except for a recently isolated 90-kD polypeptide from tobacco membranes (Marc et al., 1996). Moreover, this p90 was identified recently as a phospholipase D (PLD) and was shown to associate strongly with microtubules and membra ...
Influence of Deformability of Human Red Cells upon Blood Viscosity
... cells in saline considerably higher at high rates of shear than that of normal red cells in saline. It can be implied from their studies that the physiological decrease of viscosity under high shear must in some fashion be a consequence of red cell deformability. The concept that the viscosity of th ...
... cells in saline considerably higher at high rates of shear than that of normal red cells in saline. It can be implied from their studies that the physiological decrease of viscosity under high shear must in some fashion be a consequence of red cell deformability. The concept that the viscosity of th ...
The importance of foetal movement for co
... Infants whose movement in utero is reduced or restricted and who subsequently suffer from joint dysplasia (including joint contractures) and thin hypo-mineralised bones, demonstrate that embryonic movement is crucial for appropriate skeletogenesis. This has been confirmed in mouse, chick, and zebraf ...
... Infants whose movement in utero is reduced or restricted and who subsequently suffer from joint dysplasia (including joint contractures) and thin hypo-mineralised bones, demonstrate that embryonic movement is crucial for appropriate skeletogenesis. This has been confirmed in mouse, chick, and zebraf ...
In vitro–expanded human CD4 CD25 T-regulatory
... They are generated both through central thymic developmental mechanisms in pathogen-free mice12 and also arise by poorly defined peripheral generation or expansion mechanisms.13-15 It has been demonstrated that after antigen-specific activation, Treg cells can nonspecifically suppress proliferation ...
... They are generated both through central thymic developmental mechanisms in pathogen-free mice12 and also arise by poorly defined peripheral generation or expansion mechanisms.13-15 It has been demonstrated that after antigen-specific activation, Treg cells can nonspecifically suppress proliferation ...
3`-UTR SIRF: A database for identifying clusters of short interspersed
... Syntaxin 1A) mRNAs are localized to distal neurites, whereas two control mRNAs lacking repeated motifs in their 3'-UTR remain primarily in the cell body. Conclusion: Computational data generated with 3'-UTR SIRF indicate that hundreds of mammalian genes have an abundance of short CA-containing motif ...
... Syntaxin 1A) mRNAs are localized to distal neurites, whereas two control mRNAs lacking repeated motifs in their 3'-UTR remain primarily in the cell body. Conclusion: Computational data generated with 3'-UTR SIRF indicate that hundreds of mammalian genes have an abundance of short CA-containing motif ...
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... 1980). Stock solutions of sterols at 50 mg/ml benzene were diluted into 5 % BSA in 0-14 M-NaCl, pH 7 0 , vortexed and cleared by centrifugation to give a sterol solution of 500/*g/ml. This solution was then diluted into M16 + 2 % foetal calf serum (M16 + FCS) to give the appropriate sterol concentra ...
... 1980). Stock solutions of sterols at 50 mg/ml benzene were diluted into 5 % BSA in 0-14 M-NaCl, pH 7 0 , vortexed and cleared by centrifugation to give a sterol solution of 500/*g/ml. This solution was then diluted into M16 + 2 % foetal calf serum (M16 + FCS) to give the appropriate sterol concentra ...
At the border: the plasma membrane–cell wall continuum
... (McFarlane et al., 2010; Kang et al., 2011; Alejandro et al., 2012). In contrast, cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane. Therefore, efficient transport of the CSCs to and from the plasma membrane is important for cellulose synthesis (Sampathkumar et al., 2013; McFarlane et al., 2014). Morp ...
... (McFarlane et al., 2010; Kang et al., 2011; Alejandro et al., 2012). In contrast, cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane. Therefore, efficient transport of the CSCs to and from the plasma membrane is important for cellulose synthesis (Sampathkumar et al., 2013; McFarlane et al., 2014). Morp ...