Increased Association Between Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
... reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus have been reported in AD brain (25, 26), but it is unclear whether these changes are caused by the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in the soma. The subcellular distribution of tau filaments was examined in neuronal soma in AD brain using immunogold label ...
... reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus have been reported in AD brain (25, 26), but it is unclear whether these changes are caused by the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in the soma. The subcellular distribution of tau filaments was examined in neuronal soma in AD brain using immunogold label ...
Running head Corresponding authors Research
... H+/NO3– transporter from Arabidopsis in complex with a NO3– ion (Figure 2B) (Sun et al., ...
... H+/NO3– transporter from Arabidopsis in complex with a NO3– ion (Figure 2B) (Sun et al., ...
Actin as target for modification by bacterial protein toxins
... Fig. 2. Different structures of actin–ADP-ribosylating toxins ⁄ effectors, which all modify actin at Arg177. The family of binary toxins consists of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin, Clostridium perfringens iota toxin, Clostridium difficile transferase (CDT), Bacillus cereus vegetative insecticidal to ...
... Fig. 2. Different structures of actin–ADP-ribosylating toxins ⁄ effectors, which all modify actin at Arg177. The family of binary toxins consists of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin, Clostridium perfringens iota toxin, Clostridium difficile transferase (CDT), Bacillus cereus vegetative insecticidal to ...
Short- and long-range functions of Goosecoid in
... distant cell fates as well as to generate axial tissues. Surprisingly, investigation of the interrelationship between these short- and longrange organizer activities has not been a major research focus. It is known that many genes implicated in organizer activity have highly overlapping functions, m ...
... distant cell fates as well as to generate axial tissues. Surprisingly, investigation of the interrelationship between these short- and longrange organizer activities has not been a major research focus. It is known that many genes implicated in organizer activity have highly overlapping functions, m ...
Auxin transport – shaping the plant
... in hypocotyl and root tropisms, and is localized in the lateral endodermis of shoots, where it is perfectly positioned to regulate auxin redistribution in the lateral direction [10]. The demonstration of a defect in lateral auxin redistribution in pin3 mutants, a more direct proof of this scenario ...
... in hypocotyl and root tropisms, and is localized in the lateral endodermis of shoots, where it is perfectly positioned to regulate auxin redistribution in the lateral direction [10]. The demonstration of a defect in lateral auxin redistribution in pin3 mutants, a more direct proof of this scenario ...
The Strawberry Plant Defense Mechanism: A
... However, from current knowledge, it seems clear that the ability of a strawberry plant to respond efficiently to pathogens relies first on the physiological status of injured tissue (pre-formed mechanisms of defense) and secondly on the general ability to recognize and identify the invaders by surfa ...
... However, from current knowledge, it seems clear that the ability of a strawberry plant to respond efficiently to pathogens relies first on the physiological status of injured tissue (pre-formed mechanisms of defense) and secondly on the general ability to recognize and identify the invaders by surfa ...
Core-specific adaptive regulatory T-cells in
... antiviral immunity in patients with chronic hepatitis C are only incompletely understood, it has been proposed that CD4+ Treg -cells (regulatory T-cells) might contribute to T-cell dysfunctions during ongoing HCV infection. Several studies have demonstrated an overall increased frequency of CD25high ...
... antiviral immunity in patients with chronic hepatitis C are only incompletely understood, it has been proposed that CD4+ Treg -cells (regulatory T-cells) might contribute to T-cell dysfunctions during ongoing HCV infection. Several studies have demonstrated an overall increased frequency of CD25high ...
BAG1, a negative regulator of Hsp70 chaperone activity, uncouples
... (ii) chaperone inhibitors, as exemplified by BAG-1 which was initially characterized as a regulator of receptor activity and Bcl2-dependent apoptosis (Takayama et al., 1995; Bardelli et al., 1996; Wang et al., 1996; Zeiner et al., 1997). BAG-1 associates in vivo and in vitro with Hsp70, and is compr ...
... (ii) chaperone inhibitors, as exemplified by BAG-1 which was initially characterized as a regulator of receptor activity and Bcl2-dependent apoptosis (Takayama et al., 1995; Bardelli et al., 1996; Wang et al., 1996; Zeiner et al., 1997). BAG-1 associates in vivo and in vitro with Hsp70, and is compr ...
Lung fluid restriction affects growth but not airway branching of
... explants was significantly reduced when cultured in the presence of 200 ~M bumetanide (Figs. 3 and SA). Morphometrical analysis showed that the mesenchymal and epithelial tissue mass were not affected by bumetanide treatment (Fig. 58). A similar dosage of bumetanide (200 ~M) also reduced lumen paten ...
... explants was significantly reduced when cultured in the presence of 200 ~M bumetanide (Figs. 3 and SA). Morphometrical analysis showed that the mesenchymal and epithelial tissue mass were not affected by bumetanide treatment (Fig. 58). A similar dosage of bumetanide (200 ~M) also reduced lumen paten ...
Murine Regulatory T Cells Contain Hyperproliferative and Death
... same experiments in Fig. 1A–D. As shown in Fig. 1E, most CD4+ Foxp32 died after multiple divisions, and live CD4+Foxp32 T cells had gone through less divisions than dead cells, particularly when the stimulation was strong. In contrast, most of the CD4+Foxp3+ Treg died before the first cell division, ...
... same experiments in Fig. 1A–D. As shown in Fig. 1E, most CD4+ Foxp32 died after multiple divisions, and live CD4+Foxp32 T cells had gone through less divisions than dead cells, particularly when the stimulation was strong. In contrast, most of the CD4+Foxp3+ Treg died before the first cell division, ...
Control of Leaf and Vein Development by Auxin
... the flanks of the SAM ( purple) and correspond to sites of elevated auxin activity (red) resulting from convergence points of PIN1 polarity in the epidermal layer (black arrows). From PIN1 convergence points, auxin is transported in internal tissues (white arrow), where it gradually induces formatio ...
... the flanks of the SAM ( purple) and correspond to sites of elevated auxin activity (red) resulting from convergence points of PIN1 polarity in the epidermal layer (black arrows). From PIN1 convergence points, auxin is transported in internal tissues (white arrow), where it gradually induces formatio ...
Clostridium difficile glutamate dehydrogenase is a
... estimate the total number of bacteria used for the treatment. The rate of cell survival was calculated as the number of viable cells after exposure to H2O2 divided by the total number of viable cells before treatment. ...
... estimate the total number of bacteria used for the treatment. The rate of cell survival was calculated as the number of viable cells after exposure to H2O2 divided by the total number of viable cells before treatment. ...
–plasma-membrane junctions by Kv2.1 Induction of stable ER potassium channels
... <20 nm gap between the two membranes (Carrasco and Meyer, 2011; Orci et al., 2009). Thus, in order to examine the spatial relationship between Kv2.1 clusters on the plasma membrane and the underlying cER at high resolution, we used immuno-electron microscopy. HEK cells were either mock transfected ( ...
... <20 nm gap between the two membranes (Carrasco and Meyer, 2011; Orci et al., 2009). Thus, in order to examine the spatial relationship between Kv2.1 clusters on the plasma membrane and the underlying cER at high resolution, we used immuno-electron microscopy. HEK cells were either mock transfected ( ...
Spiralian Development: A Perspective Seventy
... cleavage. These rotational movements fol- (1892) and Conklin, prior to 1897, had delow a regular alternation of direction, vised usable, slightly dissimilar systems for clockwise (right-handed, or dexiotropic) Nereis and Crepidula, along lines akin to the and counterclockwise (left-handed or laeo- t ...
... cleavage. These rotational movements fol- (1892) and Conklin, prior to 1897, had delow a regular alternation of direction, vised usable, slightly dissimilar systems for clockwise (right-handed, or dexiotropic) Nereis and Crepidula, along lines akin to the and counterclockwise (left-handed or laeo- t ...
Formation of a highly peptide-receptive state of class II MHC.
... of these endogenous peptides limits the rate of labeled peptide association (Tampe and McConnell, 1991; Reay et al., 1992; Witt and McConnell, 1993). Expression of recombinant MHC lacking the transmembrane domain allowed purification of water-soluble class II molecules devoid of endogenous peptide ( ...
... of these endogenous peptides limits the rate of labeled peptide association (Tampe and McConnell, 1991; Reay et al., 1992; Witt and McConnell, 1993). Expression of recombinant MHC lacking the transmembrane domain allowed purification of water-soluble class II molecules devoid of endogenous peptide ( ...
TFIIH Plays an Essential Role in RNA Polymerase I Transcription
... polypeptides that are contained in the Pol I holoenzyme complex, we found that TFIIH, a basal Pol II transcription initiation factor, is an integral component of the Pol I holoenzyme. Human TFIIH is a multisubunit complex composed of nine subunits ranging in size from 34 to 89 kDa (for review, see C ...
... polypeptides that are contained in the Pol I holoenzyme complex, we found that TFIIH, a basal Pol II transcription initiation factor, is an integral component of the Pol I holoenzyme. Human TFIIH is a multisubunit complex composed of nine subunits ranging in size from 34 to 89 kDa (for review, see C ...
Purification and Characterization of Extracellular and
... When SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis was used, the killer toxin again showed a single protein band after staining. This band had a RF value between trypsin inhibitor (mol. wt 20 100) and a-lactalbumin (mol. wt 14400) and also corresponded to a molecular weight of about 16000 (Fig. 2a ...
... When SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis was used, the killer toxin again showed a single protein band after staining. This band had a RF value between trypsin inhibitor (mol. wt 20 100) and a-lactalbumin (mol. wt 14400) and also corresponded to a molecular weight of about 16000 (Fig. 2a ...
Coactivation of Syk Kinase and MyD88 Adaptor Protein Pathways by
... components (Fritz et al., 2006). C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) make up another large family of cell-surface molecules with a carbohydrate-recognition domain and contribute mainly to phagocytosis of microbes, and most of them lack reported signaling functions. A number of CLR can signal directly or ...
... components (Fritz et al., 2006). C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) make up another large family of cell-surface molecules with a carbohydrate-recognition domain and contribute mainly to phagocytosis of microbes, and most of them lack reported signaling functions. A number of CLR can signal directly or ...
Development of Competitive Direct Enzyme
... combined cells were centrifuged, and the cell pellet was re suspended in 100 µl DMEM medium, and fused using 1.5 ml PEG 1,500. PEG 1,500 was added slowly over 1 min to the cell pellet while resuspending the cells by stirring with the end of the pipet. Stirring was continued for an additional minute. ...
... combined cells were centrifuged, and the cell pellet was re suspended in 100 µl DMEM medium, and fused using 1.5 ml PEG 1,500. PEG 1,500 was added slowly over 1 min to the cell pellet while resuspending the cells by stirring with the end of the pipet. Stirring was continued for an additional minute. ...
Activation of ryanodine receptors induces calcium influx in a
... we have examined the hypothesis that the 401L cell requires activation of RyRs to induce Ca2+ influx, a role described for RyRs in other neuronal cell types [9,10]. In the present study we report, using RT (reverse transcriptase)–PCR, the expression of mRNAs encoding two RyR isoforms (RyR1 and RyR2) ...
... we have examined the hypothesis that the 401L cell requires activation of RyRs to induce Ca2+ influx, a role described for RyRs in other neuronal cell types [9,10]. In the present study we report, using RT (reverse transcriptase)–PCR, the expression of mRNAs encoding two RyR isoforms (RyR1 and RyR2) ...
Conserved features of cohesin binding along
... cohesin appears to be excluded from transcribed open reading frames (ORFs) and accumulates almost exclusively at convergent RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcriptional termination sites (called 'convergent sites' in the following) [6-8]. In contrast, in mammalian cells cohesin colocalizes along chrom ...
... cohesin appears to be excluded from transcribed open reading frames (ORFs) and accumulates almost exclusively at convergent RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcriptional termination sites (called 'convergent sites' in the following) [6-8]. In contrast, in mammalian cells cohesin colocalizes along chrom ...
The mechanism of Stx2 enrichment in outer membrane vesicles of
... OMVs. In the case of pathogenic bacteria, toxins are often secreted in association with OMVs, which can aid in delivery to other cells [4]. Infection by the pathogenic Escherichia coli strain O157:H7 is an international health concern, and the production of Shiga-like toxin (Stx) by these bacteria i ...
... OMVs. In the case of pathogenic bacteria, toxins are often secreted in association with OMVs, which can aid in delivery to other cells [4]. Infection by the pathogenic Escherichia coli strain O157:H7 is an international health concern, and the production of Shiga-like toxin (Stx) by these bacteria i ...
Actin-Dependent and -Independent Functions of
... (Folkers et al., 2002). To provide support for the idea that cortical microtubules (and not other types of microtubule configurations, such as endoplasmic microtubules) are the basis of branching in trichomes, we analyzed the branching process at increased spatiotemporal resolution. Analyses were per ...
... (Folkers et al., 2002). To provide support for the idea that cortical microtubules (and not other types of microtubule configurations, such as endoplasmic microtubules) are the basis of branching in trichomes, we analyzed the branching process at increased spatiotemporal resolution. Analyses were per ...
Ser/Thr
... Addition of GlcNac b2 to O-Man Glycosyltransferase like protein Glycosyltransferase like Golgi protein ...
... Addition of GlcNac b2 to O-Man Glycosyltransferase like protein Glycosyltransferase like Golgi protein ...
Induction of stable ER–plasma-membrane junctions by Kv2.1
... <20 nm gap between the two membranes (Carrasco and Meyer, 2011; Orci et al., 2009). Thus, in order to examine the spatial relationship between Kv2.1 clusters on the plasma membrane and the underlying cER at high resolution, we used immuno-electron microscopy. HEK cells were either mock transfected ( ...
... <20 nm gap between the two membranes (Carrasco and Meyer, 2011; Orci et al., 2009). Thus, in order to examine the spatial relationship between Kv2.1 clusters on the plasma membrane and the underlying cER at high resolution, we used immuno-electron microscopy. HEK cells were either mock transfected ( ...