Relating the mechanics of the primary plant cell
... that constitutes <10% of primary cell walls in eudicots and is found in all vascular plants. RG-II is a highly complex structure with a HG backbone and (A–D) substituted side chains of oligosaccharides. Borate cross-links apiosyl residues in side chain A of RG-II monomers and forms apiose–borate– ap ...
... that constitutes <10% of primary cell walls in eudicots and is found in all vascular plants. RG-II is a highly complex structure with a HG backbone and (A–D) substituted side chains of oligosaccharides. Borate cross-links apiosyl residues in side chain A of RG-II monomers and forms apiose–borate– ap ...
Alveolar macrophages are the main source for tumour necrosis H. Fehrenbach
... Sarcoidosisis, a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown aetiology, is characterised by its pathological hallmark, the noncaseating granuloma [1–5]. Because the lungs and thoracic lymph nodes are almost always involved, most patients report acute or insidious respiratory problems. Granuloma format ...
... Sarcoidosisis, a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown aetiology, is characterised by its pathological hallmark, the noncaseating granuloma [1–5]. Because the lungs and thoracic lymph nodes are almost always involved, most patients report acute or insidious respiratory problems. Granuloma format ...
Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction
... The wall thickenings gave a homogeneous PATAg reaction (Fig. 5A) while the encasement material was stained heterogeneously (not shown). There was a pectin component in the wall thickenings (Fig. 5B), which was considerably enriched (91.8 ± 12 gold grains/µm2), compared with that of the primary cell ...
... The wall thickenings gave a homogeneous PATAg reaction (Fig. 5A) while the encasement material was stained heterogeneously (not shown). There was a pectin component in the wall thickenings (Fig. 5B), which was considerably enriched (91.8 ± 12 gold grains/µm2), compared with that of the primary cell ...
Phenoloxidase Specific Activity in the Red Swamp Crayfish
... showed less than full activity (Fig. 3). The mean PO specific activity was not di#erent (P=0·407) over the period of incubation. Trypsin and zymosan A were strong activators of the P. clarkii proPO system (Table 1). ProPO activated by trypsin and zymosan were significantly higher than the control (P ...
... showed less than full activity (Fig. 3). The mean PO specific activity was not di#erent (P=0·407) over the period of incubation. Trypsin and zymosan A were strong activators of the P. clarkii proPO system (Table 1). ProPO activated by trypsin and zymosan were significantly higher than the control (P ...
Plasma membrane microdomains from hybrid aspen cells are
... cellulose synthases, we hypothesized that these biologically important membrane-bound enzymes are located in DRMs that have a lipid composition that varies between plant species [16,17]. The rationale for making such hypothesis was that cellulose synthase, which is extremely unstable upon detergent ...
... cellulose synthases, we hypothesized that these biologically important membrane-bound enzymes are located in DRMs that have a lipid composition that varies between plant species [16,17]. The rationale for making such hypothesis was that cellulose synthase, which is extremely unstable upon detergent ...
Transcriptional Regulation of the Human Toll
... Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 in human monocytes and macrophages. To define the proximal promoter, the full 5ⴕ-sequence and transcriptional start sites of TLR2 mRNA were determined. The human TLR2 gene was found to consist of two 5ⴕ noncoding exons followed by a third coding exon. Alternative splicing o ...
... Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 in human monocytes and macrophages. To define the proximal promoter, the full 5ⴕ-sequence and transcriptional start sites of TLR2 mRNA were determined. The human TLR2 gene was found to consist of two 5ⴕ noncoding exons followed by a third coding exon. Alternative splicing o ...
Arterial–Venous Specification During Development
... processes often occur together and the distinction between them is frequently not so clear. In addition to the earliest extraembryonic and lateral mesoderm, angioblasts are also thought to arise de novo at later stages of development from other mesodermal tissues such as the paraxial/somitic mesoder ...
... processes often occur together and the distinction between them is frequently not so clear. In addition to the earliest extraembryonic and lateral mesoderm, angioblasts are also thought to arise de novo at later stages of development from other mesodermal tissues such as the paraxial/somitic mesoder ...
Sulfated polysaccharides from marine sponges
... significantly higher concentrations to achieve the same effect as the homologous sulfated polysaccharide (Figure 5B). Clearly, the purified sulfated polysaccharide inhibits aggregation of marine sponge cells in a species-specific way. Heparin can mimic this action but it is less efficient than the h ...
... significantly higher concentrations to achieve the same effect as the homologous sulfated polysaccharide (Figure 5B). Clearly, the purified sulfated polysaccharide inhibits aggregation of marine sponge cells in a species-specific way. Heparin can mimic this action but it is less efficient than the h ...
What is bad in cancer is good in the embryo: Importance of EMT in
... expressed in the early migratory NC, similar to RhoA, it may have two distinct roles in epithelial versus mesenchymal cells. RhoA negatively regulates the expression of NC genes (including the cranial crest) Snail1/2 and FoxD3 in Xenopus. Interestingly the results with another member of the Rho fami ...
... expressed in the early migratory NC, similar to RhoA, it may have two distinct roles in epithelial versus mesenchymal cells. RhoA negatively regulates the expression of NC genes (including the cranial crest) Snail1/2 and FoxD3 in Xenopus. Interestingly the results with another member of the Rho fami ...
Genetic Control of Fusion Pore Expansion in the Epidermis of
... midline and at the edges of the cells in the dorsal view) that were determined manually for each junction in each individual frame. This is based on the simple mathematical concept that a unique circle passes through every three noncollinear points. Thus, the arc defining each junction was a part of ...
... midline and at the edges of the cells in the dorsal view) that were determined manually for each junction in each individual frame. This is based on the simple mathematical concept that a unique circle passes through every three noncollinear points. Thus, the arc defining each junction was a part of ...
Shh signalling and cell death in limb development
... domain was missing in the majority of manipulated limb buds. Control beads had no effect on Shh expression (n=12) (Fig. 1J). To investigate whether this effect was stage dependent we implanted Shh beads posteriorly in later stage embryos (stage 22-23). A reduction in endogenous expression of Shh cou ...
... domain was missing in the majority of manipulated limb buds. Control beads had no effect on Shh expression (n=12) (Fig. 1J). To investigate whether this effect was stage dependent we implanted Shh beads posteriorly in later stage embryos (stage 22-23). A reduction in endogenous expression of Shh cou ...
Lipid Microdomains in Synapse Formation
... with either a synthetic polypeptide (i.e., poly-D-lysine; PDL)26,27 or lipid bilayer membranes.28,29 These reports have shown that the spherical geometry of these substrates is considerably favored for the observation of a functional synaptic response using microscopy techniques. In addition, prelim ...
... with either a synthetic polypeptide (i.e., poly-D-lysine; PDL)26,27 or lipid bilayer membranes.28,29 These reports have shown that the spherical geometry of these substrates is considerably favored for the observation of a functional synaptic response using microscopy techniques. In addition, prelim ...
Studies on legume receptors for Nod and Myc symbiotic signals
... formation of the rhizobial symbiosis and to have stimulatory effects on mycorrhization. In the legume Medicago truncatula three lysin motif (LysM) receptor-like kinases LYR3, NFP and LYK3 have been shown to be involved in LCO perception. Here work is presented aimed at the biochemical characterizati ...
... formation of the rhizobial symbiosis and to have stimulatory effects on mycorrhization. In the legume Medicago truncatula three lysin motif (LysM) receptor-like kinases LYR3, NFP and LYK3 have been shown to be involved in LCO perception. Here work is presented aimed at the biochemical characterizati ...
hematopoietic stem cells: to be or notch to be
... They codify for bHLH proteins and, in general, function as DNA-binding transcriptional repressors. Expression of several members of the family (including Hes1, Hes5, Hes7, Hrt1 and Hrt2) depends mostly on Notch activity and participate in many of the Notch-assigned functions including proliferation, ...
... They codify for bHLH proteins and, in general, function as DNA-binding transcriptional repressors. Expression of several members of the family (including Hes1, Hes5, Hes7, Hrt1 and Hrt2) depends mostly on Notch activity and participate in many of the Notch-assigned functions including proliferation, ...
Repeated Sauna Therapy Increases Arterial Endothelial Nitric Oxide
... NO production.29–31 If NO production is increased in heart failure, NO might be produced by the increase of iNOS, which is upregulated by several cytokines due to development of heart failure. However, the precise mechanisms have remained a matter for further investigation. In the present study, we ...
... NO production.29–31 If NO production is increased in heart failure, NO might be produced by the increase of iNOS, which is upregulated by several cytokines due to development of heart failure. However, the precise mechanisms have remained a matter for further investigation. In the present study, we ...
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... presence of a disubstituted double bond which were correlated with carbon signals of δ 135.4 (C-6) and δ 130.8 (C-7) in HMBC spectrum. The 1 H-NMR spectrum (Figure S2) showed also signals for six methyl groups, two singlets at δ 0.83 and 0.89, and four doublets at δ 0.82 (J = 6.8 Hz), 0.83 (J = 6.6 ...
... presence of a disubstituted double bond which were correlated with carbon signals of δ 135.4 (C-6) and δ 130.8 (C-7) in HMBC spectrum. The 1 H-NMR spectrum (Figure S2) showed also signals for six methyl groups, two singlets at δ 0.83 and 0.89, and four doublets at δ 0.82 (J = 6.8 Hz), 0.83 (J = 6.6 ...
Filamentous Influenza Virus Enters Cells via
... resulting viral infectivity in the presence of serum by staining for NP expression at 7 h postinfection (h p.i.). Consistent with previous results, we observed that blockade of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by the inhibitor chlorpromazine (CPZ) had a moderate effect on the ability of influenza virus ...
... resulting viral infectivity in the presence of serum by staining for NP expression at 7 h postinfection (h p.i.). Consistent with previous results, we observed that blockade of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by the inhibitor chlorpromazine (CPZ) had a moderate effect on the ability of influenza virus ...
Drosophila
... Hox genes encode a family of transcription factors that are key developmental regulators with a highly conserved role in specifying segmental diversity along the metazoan body axis. Although they have been shown to regulate a wide variety of downstream processes, direct transcriptional targets have ...
... Hox genes encode a family of transcription factors that are key developmental regulators with a highly conserved role in specifying segmental diversity along the metazoan body axis. Although they have been shown to regulate a wide variety of downstream processes, direct transcriptional targets have ...
Homologous and heterologous reconstitution of Golgi to chloroplast
... reaction. The Euglena precursor to the chloroplastlocalized small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase was not imported into isolated pea chloroplasts. A precursor with the N-terminal signal peptide deleted was imported, indicating that the Euglena pre-sequence has a transit peptide that ...
... reaction. The Euglena precursor to the chloroplastlocalized small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase was not imported into isolated pea chloroplasts. A precursor with the N-terminal signal peptide deleted was imported, indicating that the Euglena pre-sequence has a transit peptide that ...
Yoga and Insulin Resistance:
... There was a significant reduction of serum IL-6 levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients after exposure to mirthful laughter. Supporting this correlation, there is recent evidence that monoclonal antibody against IL-6 receptor is effective in the treatment of RA. (Nakajima, Hirai, and Yoshino, 1999). ...
... There was a significant reduction of serum IL-6 levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients after exposure to mirthful laughter. Supporting this correlation, there is recent evidence that monoclonal antibody against IL-6 receptor is effective in the treatment of RA. (Nakajima, Hirai, and Yoshino, 1999). ...
Homologous and heterologous reconstitution of Golgi to chloroplast
... reaction. The Euglena precursor to the chloroplastlocalized small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase was not imported into isolated pea chloroplasts. A precursor with the N-terminal signal peptide deleted was imported, indicating that the Euglena pre-sequence has a transit peptide that ...
... reaction. The Euglena precursor to the chloroplastlocalized small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase was not imported into isolated pea chloroplasts. A precursor with the N-terminal signal peptide deleted was imported, indicating that the Euglena pre-sequence has a transit peptide that ...
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... and also provoke the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which arrest plant growth and even reduce survivability (Wahid et al., 2007). However, plants have evolved many strategies, including morphological and metabolic adjustments, to mitigate the effects of heat injury. Nevertheless, for ...
... and also provoke the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which arrest plant growth and even reduce survivability (Wahid et al., 2007). However, plants have evolved many strategies, including morphological and metabolic adjustments, to mitigate the effects of heat injury. Nevertheless, for ...
Platelet granule exocytosis: a comparison with chromaffin cells
... Dense granules also contain factors that are vasoconstrictive such as serotonin (Flaumenhaft, 2013). Dense granules and LDCVs have been compared based on their unusually high concentrations of cations, polyphosphates, adenine nucleotides, and bioactive amines such as serotonin and histamine (Sigel a ...
... Dense granules also contain factors that are vasoconstrictive such as serotonin (Flaumenhaft, 2013). Dense granules and LDCVs have been compared based on their unusually high concentrations of cations, polyphosphates, adenine nucleotides, and bioactive amines such as serotonin and histamine (Sigel a ...
Functional Utrastructure of Genlisea (Lentibulariaceae) Digestive
... structure and function of the secretory hairs of Genlisea traps. This report demonstrates the application of cryo-SEM for fast imaging of whole, physically fixed plant secretory structures. † Key Results and Conclusion The concentration of digestive hairs along vascular bundles in subgenus Genlisea ...
... structure and function of the secretory hairs of Genlisea traps. This report demonstrates the application of cryo-SEM for fast imaging of whole, physically fixed plant secretory structures. † Key Results and Conclusion The concentration of digestive hairs along vascular bundles in subgenus Genlisea ...
Microsporidia: Why Make Nucleotides if You Can Steal Them?
... Microsporidia and the recycling of nucleotides The continual turnover of RNA, which releases the nucleoside monophosphates, represents a major, ready-made source of nucleotides [27]. The enzymes needed to regenerate nucleoside triphosphates following nucleic acid degradation have been retained by mi ...
... Microsporidia and the recycling of nucleotides The continual turnover of RNA, which releases the nucleoside monophosphates, represents a major, ready-made source of nucleotides [27]. The enzymes needed to regenerate nucleoside triphosphates following nucleic acid degradation have been retained by mi ...