Transforming growth factor-β and myostatin signaling in skeletal
... multifunctional growth factors that regulate key events of metazoan development, disease, and repair (44, 45). In 1981, TGF- effects were first reported by Roberts and colleagues (65), who found that TGF- induced rat kidney fibroblasts to proliferate. Since then, TGF- has been found to have a ple ...
... multifunctional growth factors that regulate key events of metazoan development, disease, and repair (44, 45). In 1981, TGF- effects were first reported by Roberts and colleagues (65), who found that TGF- induced rat kidney fibroblasts to proliferate. Since then, TGF- has been found to have a ple ...
New Functions of APC/C Ubiquitin Ligase in the Nervous System
... Stegmüller et al. (2006) reported a mechanism by which the ubiquitin ligase APC/C-Cdh1 controls axonal morphogenesis [13]. They showed that APC/C-Cdh1 operates in the nucleus for inhibition of axonal growth by targeting the transcriptional corepressor Ski-related novel protein N (SnoN) for ubiquitin ...
... Stegmüller et al. (2006) reported a mechanism by which the ubiquitin ligase APC/C-Cdh1 controls axonal morphogenesis [13]. They showed that APC/C-Cdh1 operates in the nucleus for inhibition of axonal growth by targeting the transcriptional corepressor Ski-related novel protein N (SnoN) for ubiquitin ...
Conservation of PHO pathway in ascomycetes and the role of Pho84
... transcription factors Swi6, Msn2 and Pho4; required for re-export of mature tRNAs after their retrograde import from the cytoplasm Homeobox transcription factor; regulatory targets include genes involved in phosphate metabolism; binds cooperatively with Pho4 to the PHO5 promoter; phosphorylation of ...
... transcription factors Swi6, Msn2 and Pho4; required for re-export of mature tRNAs after their retrograde import from the cytoplasm Homeobox transcription factor; regulatory targets include genes involved in phosphate metabolism; binds cooperatively with Pho4 to the PHO5 promoter; phosphorylation of ...
Divergent Functional Properties of the Ribosome
... 401–507) and a variable extreme C-terminal domain (amino acids 507– 613). The structures of the ATPase domains from several Hsp70s have been solved (Flaherty et al., 1990; Harrison et al., 1997; Sriram et al., 1997). These structures resemble that of actin and hexokinase, consisting of two lobes wit ...
... 401–507) and a variable extreme C-terminal domain (amino acids 507– 613). The structures of the ATPase domains from several Hsp70s have been solved (Flaherty et al., 1990; Harrison et al., 1997; Sriram et al., 1997). These structures resemble that of actin and hexokinase, consisting of two lobes wit ...
Comparison of Methods for Estimating Unbound Intracellular
... Animal Bridging Research Organization. Three lots of liver samples were pooled and homogenized in 66.7 mM isotonic phosphate buffer at 1:3 (w/v) producing 25% homogenates. By diluting these homogenates, 12.5% and 6.25% homogenates were also prepared. Diazepam, pitavastatin, pravastatin, and rosuvast ...
... Animal Bridging Research Organization. Three lots of liver samples were pooled and homogenized in 66.7 mM isotonic phosphate buffer at 1:3 (w/v) producing 25% homogenates. By diluting these homogenates, 12.5% and 6.25% homogenates were also prepared. Diazepam, pitavastatin, pravastatin, and rosuvast ...
An important role for glutathione and y
... vacuolar pools were extracted following the method of Ohsumi et al. (1988). Briefly, this method was based on the specific loss of the permeability barrier of the plasma membrane of the yeast cell in the presence of cupric ion (Cu"). The cytoplasmic content of metabolic intermediates was estimated o ...
... vacuolar pools were extracted following the method of Ohsumi et al. (1988). Briefly, this method was based on the specific loss of the permeability barrier of the plasma membrane of the yeast cell in the presence of cupric ion (Cu"). The cytoplasmic content of metabolic intermediates was estimated o ...
AXR3 and SHY2 interact to regulate root hair development
... promoters of Aux/IAA genes themselves contain AREs, it is predicted that an increase in auxin levels initially reduces Aux/IAA levels by promoting their degradation, but subsequently replenishes Aux/IAA pools by promoting transcription from Aux/IAA genes (Kepinski and Leyser, 2002). This model for a ...
... promoters of Aux/IAA genes themselves contain AREs, it is predicted that an increase in auxin levels initially reduces Aux/IAA levels by promoting their degradation, but subsequently replenishes Aux/IAA pools by promoting transcription from Aux/IAA genes (Kepinski and Leyser, 2002). This model for a ...
single cotyledon (sic) mutants of pea and their significance in
... several embryo mutants of pea have been identified that have cellular or morphological abnormalities [Johnson et al., 1994; Liu et al., 1996], including the formation of a single cotyledon. In this paper, three single-cotyledon mutants are described in detail. Two of these, sic1 and sic2, are single ...
... several embryo mutants of pea have been identified that have cellular or morphological abnormalities [Johnson et al., 1994; Liu et al., 1996], including the formation of a single cotyledon. In this paper, three single-cotyledon mutants are described in detail. Two of these, sic1 and sic2, are single ...
Inhibition of Golgi function causes plastid starch accumulation
... granules which were significantly larger after 3 h of incubation in BFA (Fig. 1D). Small isodiametric cells tended to show larger starch granules (Fig. 1E, F) than larger elongated cells (Fig. 1G). Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the results obtained through Lugol staining. Plastids in BY ...
... granules which were significantly larger after 3 h of incubation in BFA (Fig. 1D). Small isodiametric cells tended to show larger starch granules (Fig. 1E, F) than larger elongated cells (Fig. 1G). Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the results obtained through Lugol staining. Plastids in BY ...
BRAIN CCR2 Ly-6C monocytes are crucial for the
... lacking CCR2 in both the radioresistant and non-radioresistant compartment (CCR2/!CCR2/, filled squares) have slightly less disease compared to those chimeras that lack CCR2 in the periphery only (CCR2/!CCR2+/+) without reaching statistical significance. In addition, detailed immunohistologica ...
... lacking CCR2 in both the radioresistant and non-radioresistant compartment (CCR2/!CCR2/, filled squares) have slightly less disease compared to those chimeras that lack CCR2 in the periphery only (CCR2/!CCR2+/+) without reaching statistical significance. In addition, detailed immunohistologica ...
Pseudomonas aeruginosa poplar tree response in the rhizosphere
... gene. The other knockout mutants were investigated as they were part of the top 20 induced genes of P. aeruginosa PAO1 contacted with poplar trees and mutants were readily available. Quorum sensing has a significant role in bacterial colonization and virulence in bacteria (Gallagher et al., 2002; Ch ...
... gene. The other knockout mutants were investigated as they were part of the top 20 induced genes of P. aeruginosa PAO1 contacted with poplar trees and mutants were readily available. Quorum sensing has a significant role in bacterial colonization and virulence in bacteria (Gallagher et al., 2002; Ch ...
The PDZ-GEF Dizzy regulates cell shape of migrating macrophages
... after germ band retraction (Fig. 2I,K). This indicates that these macrophages did not properly adhere to the posterior end of the germ band and failed to enter the posterior germ band before and during its retraction. Later, during the phase of ‘central spreading’ at stage 14, macrophages in wild-ty ...
... after germ band retraction (Fig. 2I,K). This indicates that these macrophages did not properly adhere to the posterior end of the germ band and failed to enter the posterior germ band before and during its retraction. Later, during the phase of ‘central spreading’ at stage 14, macrophages in wild-ty ...
as a PDF
... factor brachyury, influence convergent extension [16]. In addition, convergent extension is also modulated by adhesion factors such as cadherins and protocadherins [17, 18]. Finally, signaling via Wnt pathways is also critical, a s inhibition of Wnt, Frizzled, or Dishevelled activity suppresses conv ...
... factor brachyury, influence convergent extension [16]. In addition, convergent extension is also modulated by adhesion factors such as cadherins and protocadherins [17, 18]. Finally, signaling via Wnt pathways is also critical, a s inhibition of Wnt, Frizzled, or Dishevelled activity suppresses conv ...
Sharing In The Swap Shop - Memes, Groups and Altruism
... share all their resources (SL = 4) with those holding identical cultural attributes (SSL = 3). Figure 1 and tables 3 and 4 show a typical simulation run. Figure 1 & Tables 3 & 4 about here! 4.2 Experiment B – Multiple Regions with “In-Group” Sharing Similar results are obtained as those for experim ...
... share all their resources (SL = 4) with those holding identical cultural attributes (SSL = 3). Figure 1 and tables 3 and 4 show a typical simulation run. Figure 1 & Tables 3 & 4 about here! 4.2 Experiment B – Multiple Regions with “In-Group” Sharing Similar results are obtained as those for experim ...
AMPA Receptors Are Involved in Store-Operated Calcium
... neurons were loaded with the Fura-2 AM Ca2+ indicator in 2 mM CaCl2 -containing medium, and the Ca2+ signal was recorded. The cells were then treated with 2 mM Ca2+ medium supplemented with 100 µM AMPA in the absence or presence of 100 µM ML-9. After the addition of AMPA, an increase in [Ca2+ ]i cha ...
... neurons were loaded with the Fura-2 AM Ca2+ indicator in 2 mM CaCl2 -containing medium, and the Ca2+ signal was recorded. The cells were then treated with 2 mM Ca2+ medium supplemented with 100 µM AMPA in the absence or presence of 100 µM ML-9. After the addition of AMPA, an increase in [Ca2+ ]i cha ...
Introduction - HAL
... Pol µ and poldo not show a cooperative effect for immunoglobulin gene rearrangement The participation of pol µ in the DNA end processing of light chain and that of pol in heavy chain gene rearrangement raises the question whether the two DNA polymerase activities might partially compensate for ...
... Pol µ and poldo not show a cooperative effect for immunoglobulin gene rearrangement The participation of pol µ in the DNA end processing of light chain and that of pol in heavy chain gene rearrangement raises the question whether the two DNA polymerase activities might partially compensate for ...
Polysaccharides of higher fungi: biological role, structure and
... directly interact with the components of the NF-κB pathway leading to its up- or down-regulation. In spite of this, the appearance of ROS in the nucleus might exclusively lead to the reduction of NF-κB binding to DNA, which may also cause inflammation processes and pathological conditions [43–45]. O ...
... directly interact with the components of the NF-κB pathway leading to its up- or down-regulation. In spite of this, the appearance of ROS in the nucleus might exclusively lead to the reduction of NF-κB binding to DNA, which may also cause inflammation processes and pathological conditions [43–45]. O ...
Energetic Crosstalk Between Organelles
... SR load, because high ADP concentrations are known to inhibit or reverse the SR calcium pump. We thus replaced external ADP with ATP in the loading solutions. Under these conditions, mitochondria can only use the ADP coming from the hydrolysis of ATP catalyzed by the cellular ATPases.1 SR load was u ...
... SR load, because high ADP concentrations are known to inhibit or reverse the SR calcium pump. We thus replaced external ADP with ATP in the loading solutions. Under these conditions, mitochondria can only use the ADP coming from the hydrolysis of ATP catalyzed by the cellular ATPases.1 SR load was u ...
Helen D. Kollias and John C. McDermott
... multifunctional growth factors that regulate key events of metazoan development, disease, and repair (44, 45). In 1981, TGF- effects were first reported by Roberts and colleagues (65), who found that TGF- induced rat kidney fibroblasts to proliferate. Since then, TGF- has been found to have a ple ...
... multifunctional growth factors that regulate key events of metazoan development, disease, and repair (44, 45). In 1981, TGF- effects were first reported by Roberts and colleagues (65), who found that TGF- induced rat kidney fibroblasts to proliferate. Since then, TGF- has been found to have a ple ...
Energetic Crosstalk Between Organelles
... SR load, because high ADP concentrations are known to inhibit or reverse the SR calcium pump. We thus replaced external ADP with ATP in the loading solutions. Under these conditions, mitochondria can only use the ADP coming from the hydrolysis of ATP catalyzed by the cellular ATPases.1 SR load was u ...
... SR load, because high ADP concentrations are known to inhibit or reverse the SR calcium pump. We thus replaced external ADP with ATP in the loading solutions. Under these conditions, mitochondria can only use the ADP coming from the hydrolysis of ATP catalyzed by the cellular ATPases.1 SR load was u ...
Chapter 06 (Urinalyisis
... 1. Hematuria is the presence of abnormal numbers of red cells in urine due to: glomerular damage, tumors which erode the urinary tract anywhere along its length, kidney trauma, urinary tract stones, renal infarcts, acute tubular necrosis, upper and lower uri urinary tract infections, nephrotoxins, a ...
... 1. Hematuria is the presence of abnormal numbers of red cells in urine due to: glomerular damage, tumors which erode the urinary tract anywhere along its length, kidney trauma, urinary tract stones, renal infarcts, acute tubular necrosis, upper and lower uri urinary tract infections, nephrotoxins, a ...
Towards evolving a better repressor
... all metabolic pathways. At the most basic level, a protein binds to a particular DNA sequence (operator) on the genome and either positively or negatively alters the level of transcription. Together, the protein and its operator form an epigenetic switch that regulates gene expression. In an effort ...
... all metabolic pathways. At the most basic level, a protein binds to a particular DNA sequence (operator) on the genome and either positively or negatively alters the level of transcription. Together, the protein and its operator form an epigenetic switch that regulates gene expression. In an effort ...
Influenza Virus Infections Significant Contribution to Clearance of Fc
... with either 1 g recombinant murine IL-12 in 1% NMS-PBS or 1% NMSPBS alone on days 0, 1, 2, and 3. The total volume used for each daily i.n. inoculation was 50 l per mouse. Mice were then boosted i.n. with 3 g H1N1 on days 14 and 28. Mice initially receiving IL-12 were given another 1-g dose of I ...
... with either 1 g recombinant murine IL-12 in 1% NMS-PBS or 1% NMSPBS alone on days 0, 1, 2, and 3. The total volume used for each daily i.n. inoculation was 50 l per mouse. Mice were then boosted i.n. with 3 g H1N1 on days 14 and 28. Mice initially receiving IL-12 were given another 1-g dose of I ...
Recent developments in the cell and molecular biology of root hairs
... second in transvacuolar strands. These authors also showed that the cessation of streaming caused by the toxin mycalolide B cannot be reversed (mycalolide B causes irreversible disorganisation of actin filaments) in comparison with the effects of cytochalasin B which are reversible. There are many r ...
... second in transvacuolar strands. These authors also showed that the cessation of streaming caused by the toxin mycalolide B cannot be reversed (mycalolide B causes irreversible disorganisation of actin filaments) in comparison with the effects of cytochalasin B which are reversible. There are many r ...
The Cellular and Humoral Immune Response against Primary
... inactive. The SCV is able to survive well outside of host cells, and is resistant to a variety of environmental and chemical conditions such as desiccation and disinfectants (17). In this form, C. burnetii can survive in the environment for a long period of time. The metabolically active, replicati ...
... inactive. The SCV is able to survive well outside of host cells, and is resistant to a variety of environmental and chemical conditions such as desiccation and disinfectants (17). In this form, C. burnetii can survive in the environment for a long period of time. The metabolically active, replicati ...