Temporal Regulation of RNA Polymerase II by Srb10 and Kin28
... whose pol II molecules have shortened CTDs. In contrast, the loss of Srb2 or Srb4, both positive acting transcription factors, decreases the viability of these cells (Figure 1B). These results provide strong evidence that Srb10 is a negative regulator of transcription in vivo. An artificial holoenzy ...
... whose pol II molecules have shortened CTDs. In contrast, the loss of Srb2 or Srb4, both positive acting transcription factors, decreases the viability of these cells (Figure 1B). These results provide strong evidence that Srb10 is a negative regulator of transcription in vivo. An artificial holoenzy ...
PDF
... During their life cycle, Toxoplasma gondii parasites switch between multi- (merozoite stage) and binate-nuclear replication (tachyzoite stage) [6], with the binary division cycle of the tachyzoite (called endodyogeny, i.e. “inside two are borne”) now a major experimental model for understanding basi ...
... During their life cycle, Toxoplasma gondii parasites switch between multi- (merozoite stage) and binate-nuclear replication (tachyzoite stage) [6], with the binary division cycle of the tachyzoite (called endodyogeny, i.e. “inside two are borne”) now a major experimental model for understanding basi ...
Zygotic Genome Activation During the Maternal-to
... tied to experiments in the nineteenth century by Theodor Boveri and others, who used sea urchin embryos to investigate the relationship between cellular components and heredity (Laubichler & Davidson 2008). Cross-fertilization between gametes of different species was found to yield larvae with inter ...
... tied to experiments in the nineteenth century by Theodor Boveri and others, who used sea urchin embryos to investigate the relationship between cellular components and heredity (Laubichler & Davidson 2008). Cross-fertilization between gametes of different species was found to yield larvae with inter ...
PDF Full-text
... The understanding of the structural aspects of the plant cell wall has been inspired and guided by biochemical analysis. In our study, simple measurements of the sugar composition of cell walls from the protoplasts suggested gradual changes in the proportion of cell wall polysaccharides, such as pec ...
... The understanding of the structural aspects of the plant cell wall has been inspired and guided by biochemical analysis. In our study, simple measurements of the sugar composition of cell walls from the protoplasts suggested gradual changes in the proportion of cell wall polysaccharides, such as pec ...
Metabolism, cell growth and the bacterial cell cycle
... 2-fold in slow-growing E. coli K-12 cells compared with the initiation mass in cells growing at a normal rate45–47. Another appealing hypothesis is that division, rather than achievement of a specific mass, serves as a checkpoint for origin firing 48. However, replication is not notably perturbed wh ...
... 2-fold in slow-growing E. coli K-12 cells compared with the initiation mass in cells growing at a normal rate45–47. Another appealing hypothesis is that division, rather than achievement of a specific mass, serves as a checkpoint for origin firing 48. However, replication is not notably perturbed wh ...
In situ hybridization
... which crosslinks proteins. This will preserve the cells in the tissue, freezing them as they are at that exact moment, in essence like taking a picture of all the cells in the embryo. We then incubate the embryos in a special hybridization buffer in the presence of our labeled probe. The embryos hav ...
... which crosslinks proteins. This will preserve the cells in the tissue, freezing them as they are at that exact moment, in essence like taking a picture of all the cells in the embryo. We then incubate the embryos in a special hybridization buffer in the presence of our labeled probe. The embryos hav ...
PROTEIN DEPHOSPHORYLATION AND THE INTRACELLULAR
... (see Section 3.2.2). Together, these findings led to the idea that the hyperphosphorylation often associated with malignant transformation may be, at least in part, due to phosphatase inhibition (reviewed in (44)). ...
... (see Section 3.2.2). Together, these findings led to the idea that the hyperphosphorylation often associated with malignant transformation may be, at least in part, due to phosphatase inhibition (reviewed in (44)). ...
Cell Analogy
... The nucleus controls the cell’s functions and contains DNA. The castle controls the kingdom and contains the queen. DNA contains the instructions for making proteins and enzymes, which repair the cell and drive cell processes. The queen’s brain contains all the information needed to make decisions t ...
... The nucleus controls the cell’s functions and contains DNA. The castle controls the kingdom and contains the queen. DNA contains the instructions for making proteins and enzymes, which repair the cell and drive cell processes. The queen’s brain contains all the information needed to make decisions t ...
Micronuclei Bearing Acentric Extrachromosomal Chromatin Are
... elimination of amplified c-myc genes was accelerated by the treatment of the cells with low concentration of hydroxyurea (5, 8), and the elimination was accompanied by the specific inclusion of DMs into micronuclei, as shown by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a DM-specific probe (4, ...
... elimination of amplified c-myc genes was accelerated by the treatment of the cells with low concentration of hydroxyurea (5, 8), and the elimination was accompanied by the specific inclusion of DMs into micronuclei, as shown by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a DM-specific probe (4, ...
GSDMD membrane pore formation constitutes
... caspase 1 and caspase 11 driven pyroptosis, is to form a pore within the membrane. Using structural techniques they show that caspase 1-cleaved Gasdermin D forms pore-like structures and, when combined with their work using different pore-blocking molecules to prevent inflammasome drivencell death, ...
... caspase 1 and caspase 11 driven pyroptosis, is to form a pore within the membrane. Using structural techniques they show that caspase 1-cleaved Gasdermin D forms pore-like structures and, when combined with their work using different pore-blocking molecules to prevent inflammasome drivencell death, ...
Disrupted mRNA sorting in CNS neurons
... translation, and provide a means for movement. To date, most studies have focused on the sequences and structural features of mRNAs which are sufficient to direct localization when introduced as reporter constructs (Mayford et al., 1996b; MacDonald and Kerr, 1998; Muslimov et al., 1997; for review s ...
... translation, and provide a means for movement. To date, most studies have focused on the sequences and structural features of mRNAs which are sufficient to direct localization when introduced as reporter constructs (Mayford et al., 1996b; MacDonald and Kerr, 1998; Muslimov et al., 1997; for review s ...
REVIEW - The Journal of Cell Biology
... accounts for ~ 2 5 - 3 0 % of the total thylakoid membrane proteins, and it consists of at least two integral polypeptides (90) of similar molecular weights (cf. reference 4). Several peripheral membrane proteins including ferredoxin, ferredoxinNADP reductase (cf. reference 19), plastocyanin (53, 61 ...
... accounts for ~ 2 5 - 3 0 % of the total thylakoid membrane proteins, and it consists of at least two integral polypeptides (90) of similar molecular weights (cf. reference 4). Several peripheral membrane proteins including ferredoxin, ferredoxinNADP reductase (cf. reference 19), plastocyanin (53, 61 ...
Expip is a cargo adaptor for Sec24p ... export the plasma membrane H+ ATPase from the
... of which is coated with ribosomes that allow coupling of protein translation with translocation into the ER. As newly synthesized proteins emerge from the ribosome, they can interact directly with the translocation machinery. There are three distinct mechanisms of translocation depending on the loca ...
... of which is coated with ribosomes that allow coupling of protein translation with translocation into the ER. As newly synthesized proteins emerge from the ribosome, they can interact directly with the translocation machinery. There are three distinct mechanisms of translocation depending on the loca ...
Studies on polar cell wall growth and antibiotic susceptibility of
... importance in ton scale production of amino acids. Apart from that, it becomes more and more important for medical studies, where it serves as model organism due to its close relation to bacteria causing several pathogens such as tuberculosis, diphtheria and leprosy. C. glutamicum, like Mycobacteriu ...
... importance in ton scale production of amino acids. Apart from that, it becomes more and more important for medical studies, where it serves as model organism due to its close relation to bacteria causing several pathogens such as tuberculosis, diphtheria and leprosy. C. glutamicum, like Mycobacteriu ...
Studies of the cat`s medial interlaminar nucleus
... the A laminae are comprised mostly of X- and Y-cells, this suggests that, although Y-cells on average are larger than X-cells, considerable overlap exists in their size distribution. No differences between t h e ipsilateral and contralateral terminal zones were found on any measure. Since MIN cells ...
... the A laminae are comprised mostly of X- and Y-cells, this suggests that, although Y-cells on average are larger than X-cells, considerable overlap exists in their size distribution. No differences between t h e ipsilateral and contralateral terminal zones were found on any measure. Since MIN cells ...
In vivo single-RNA tracking shows that most tRNA diffuses freely in
... in labeling tRNA in vivo, since incorporation of RNA hairpins for MS2 or aptamer binding may interfere with tRNA interaction with the aminoacyl synthetases, elongation factors or ribosomes. However, tRNA molecules can be labeled in vitro by either derivatization of the charged amino acid (17), or vi ...
... in labeling tRNA in vivo, since incorporation of RNA hairpins for MS2 or aptamer binding may interfere with tRNA interaction with the aminoacyl synthetases, elongation factors or ribosomes. However, tRNA molecules can be labeled in vitro by either derivatization of the charged amino acid (17), or vi ...
Cerebellum
... connections with the brainstem and cerebral cortex. It receives information on the activity of the muscles via proprioceptive input from the cerebral cortex, the muscles, the tendons, and the joints. It also receives input concerning equilibrium from the vestibular nuclei. This afferent input is tra ...
... connections with the brainstem and cerebral cortex. It receives information on the activity of the muscles via proprioceptive input from the cerebral cortex, the muscles, the tendons, and the joints. It also receives input concerning equilibrium from the vestibular nuclei. This afferent input is tra ...
Lipid raft–associated protein sorting in exosomes
... is likely to be relevant for the biogenesis of exosomes.10 A first step involves segregation of proteins at the limiting membrane of the endosome. The second step is inward budding with selected cargo into internal vesicles. At least 3 protein complexes, named endosomal sorting complex responsible f ...
... is likely to be relevant for the biogenesis of exosomes.10 A first step involves segregation of proteins at the limiting membrane of the endosome. The second step is inward budding with selected cargo into internal vesicles. At least 3 protein complexes, named endosomal sorting complex responsible f ...
The more and smaller cells mutants of Arabidopsis
... reduction in cell size in leaves on higher nodes (Ashby, 1948); whether this phenomenon is physiological or genetically controlled remains to be answered. Recent molecular genetic studies indicate that miRNAs and transacting siRNAs regulate heteroblasty. miR172 in maize promotes the juvenile-to-adul ...
... reduction in cell size in leaves on higher nodes (Ashby, 1948); whether this phenomenon is physiological or genetically controlled remains to be answered. Recent molecular genetic studies indicate that miRNAs and transacting siRNAs regulate heteroblasty. miR172 in maize promotes the juvenile-to-adul ...
Vertebrate hairy and Enhancer of split related proteins
... must have a signi®cant role under some circumstances. Most bHLH proteins bind as either hetero- or homodimers to a consensus DNA sequence of CANNTG, known as an E-box. Additional binding speci®city is derived from interactions between the basic regions and the middle two bases, as well as bases ¯ank ...
... must have a signi®cant role under some circumstances. Most bHLH proteins bind as either hetero- or homodimers to a consensus DNA sequence of CANNTG, known as an E-box. Additional binding speci®city is derived from interactions between the basic regions and the middle two bases, as well as bases ¯ank ...
Protein secretion and surface display in Gram
... spdABC (surface protein display), as being required for the trafficking of YSIRK/GS proteins into the cross wall compartment [65]. Mutants that lack any one of the three spdABC genes display increased thickness of the cross wall compartment and delayed cell separation during staphylococcal cell divi ...
... spdABC (surface protein display), as being required for the trafficking of YSIRK/GS proteins into the cross wall compartment [65]. Mutants that lack any one of the three spdABC genes display increased thickness of the cross wall compartment and delayed cell separation during staphylococcal cell divi ...
Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types have no nuclei, and a few others have many.Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome. The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression—the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nucleoskeleton (which includes nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole.Because the nuclear membrane is impermeable to large molecules, nuclear pores are required that regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes. The interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound sub compartments, its contents are not uniform, and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. The best-known of these is the nucleolus, which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA.