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... octamer of highly conserved core histones: H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. The binding of linker histone H1 to DNA entry/exit points of nucleosomes and linker DNA between two nucleosomes facilitates further compaction of chromatin into a higher-order structure. The accessibility and compaction of chromatin in ...
... octamer of highly conserved core histones: H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. The binding of linker histone H1 to DNA entry/exit points of nucleosomes and linker DNA between two nucleosomes facilitates further compaction of chromatin into a higher-order structure. The accessibility and compaction of chromatin in ...
E-cadherin controls β-catenin and NF
... 480 cells the activity of the fibronectin and LEF1 promoters was upregulated by co-expression of VP16-Rel (supplementary material Fig. S4), a fusion chimera containing the Rel DNA-binding domain of NF-κB-p65 and the transactivator domain of VP-16. We checked with ChIP experiments whether binding of ...
... 480 cells the activity of the fibronectin and LEF1 promoters was upregulated by co-expression of VP16-Rel (supplementary material Fig. S4), a fusion chimera containing the Rel DNA-binding domain of NF-κB-p65 and the transactivator domain of VP-16. We checked with ChIP experiments whether binding of ...
Internal ribosome entry in the coding region of murine hepatitis virus
... To test whether ORF 5b can be expressed independently of ribosomes that enter from the 5' end of the mRNA, we translated mRNA derived from BamHI-linearized pZ5ab (the tricistronic mRNA Z5ab). The result is shown in Fig. 2 (a), lane 6. As expected the upstream ORF Z was expressed, resulting in the sy ...
... To test whether ORF 5b can be expressed independently of ribosomes that enter from the 5' end of the mRNA, we translated mRNA derived from BamHI-linearized pZ5ab (the tricistronic mRNA Z5ab). The result is shown in Fig. 2 (a), lane 6. As expected the upstream ORF Z was expressed, resulting in the sy ...
II. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TESTS
... CS Anterior root of the spinal nerve consists of: a) dendritsand axons of the neurons ofspinal ganglion b) axonsof somatic motorneurons of the spinal cord c) axons of visceral motor neurons of the spinal cord d) axonsof motor somatic and vegetativeneurons of the spinal cord e) axons of vegetativeneu ...
... CS Anterior root of the spinal nerve consists of: a) dendritsand axons of the neurons ofspinal ganglion b) axonsof somatic motorneurons of the spinal cord c) axons of visceral motor neurons of the spinal cord d) axonsof motor somatic and vegetativeneurons of the spinal cord e) axons of vegetativeneu ...
Transcription • Transcription factors • Chromatin • RNA polymerase II
... isomerases (PPIases) might be involved in isomerization in vivo. Mammalian Pin1 and yeast ESS1 proteins, which possess PPIase activity, are good candidates for proteins regulating CTD structure and function through proline isomerization (see Ref. [36] for review). They interact with phospho-CTD and ...
... isomerases (PPIases) might be involved in isomerization in vivo. Mammalian Pin1 and yeast ESS1 proteins, which possess PPIase activity, are good candidates for proteins regulating CTD structure and function through proline isomerization (see Ref. [36] for review). They interact with phospho-CTD and ...
Ciliary Microtubule Capping Structures Contain A
... To determine if the 97-kD polypeptides stained on immunoblots are present at the ciliary tip, the antibodies to the 97-kD polypeptides were affinity-purified from nitrocellulose blots and were used for immunofluorescence microscopy. The affinity-purified antibodies were tested by immunoblotting as s ...
... To determine if the 97-kD polypeptides stained on immunoblots are present at the ciliary tip, the antibodies to the 97-kD polypeptides were affinity-purified from nitrocellulose blots and were used for immunofluorescence microscopy. The affinity-purified antibodies were tested by immunoblotting as s ...
Xin_Zhou_Master_Thesis
... start translation. The consequence is that ribosomes frequently reach the end of an mRNA without terminating at a stop codon and cannot be released. It is estimated that this event occurs about 13000 times per cell per generation (Moore et al., 2005) so it is obvious that there must be some mechanis ...
... start translation. The consequence is that ribosomes frequently reach the end of an mRNA without terminating at a stop codon and cannot be released. It is estimated that this event occurs about 13000 times per cell per generation (Moore et al., 2005) so it is obvious that there must be some mechanis ...
On the origins of cells: a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions
... sufficient concentrations of reactants to forge the transition from geochemistry to biochemistry. The chemistry of what is known as the RNA-world could have taken place within these naturally forming, catalyticwalled compartments to give rise to replicating systems. Sufficient concentrations of prec ...
... sufficient concentrations of reactants to forge the transition from geochemistry to biochemistry. The chemistry of what is known as the RNA-world could have taken place within these naturally forming, catalyticwalled compartments to give rise to replicating systems. Sufficient concentrations of prec ...
Glycosylation and Sorting of Secretory Proteins in the Endoplasmic
... 1. Glycosylation of proteins trapped in the yeast ER (I) .........................40 1.1 N-glycans are extended in the ER when ER-to-Golgi traffic is blocked .. 40 1.2 Och1p relocates to the ER when COPII-mediated traffic is impaired .... 41 1.3 Recycling of Och1p is mediated by COPI ............... ...
... 1. Glycosylation of proteins trapped in the yeast ER (I) .........................40 1.1 N-glycans are extended in the ER when ER-to-Golgi traffic is blocked .. 40 1.2 Och1p relocates to the ER when COPII-mediated traffic is impaired .... 41 1.3 Recycling of Och1p is mediated by COPI ............... ...
RNA Processing Bodies, Peroxisomes, Golgi Bodies, Mitochondria
... et al. 2010). Interestingly, although actin filaments sustain long-distance transport of plant organelles, it has recently been observed that microtubules influence short-distance behavior, causing pauses for both peroxisomes (Chuong et al. 2005) and the Golgi (Crowell et al. 2009, Gutierrez et al. ...
... et al. 2010). Interestingly, although actin filaments sustain long-distance transport of plant organelles, it has recently been observed that microtubules influence short-distance behavior, causing pauses for both peroxisomes (Chuong et al. 2005) and the Golgi (Crowell et al. 2009, Gutierrez et al. ...
PDF-document - homepage.ruhr-uni-bochum.de - Ruhr
... For visual stimulation, a pseudo-random square pattern (60 3 60° total size; 4 3 4° pixel size) was projected via a galvanometer mounted double mirror array on to an orthogonal screen in front of the animal. Stimulus movements in different directions and at various speeds were induced by galvanomete ...
... For visual stimulation, a pseudo-random square pattern (60 3 60° total size; 4 3 4° pixel size) was projected via a galvanometer mounted double mirror array on to an orthogonal screen in front of the animal. Stimulus movements in different directions and at various speeds were induced by galvanomete ...
ZAMZAMI N, KROEMER G, 2001. The mitochondrion in apoptosis
... located in the OMM). The VDAC is normally permeable to solutes of up to 5 kDa, thereby allowing the free exchange of respiratory-chain substrates such as NADH, FADH and ATP/ADP between the mitochondrial intermembrane space and the cytosol. In contrast, the IMM is almost impermeable — a feature that ...
... located in the OMM). The VDAC is normally permeable to solutes of up to 5 kDa, thereby allowing the free exchange of respiratory-chain substrates such as NADH, FADH and ATP/ADP between the mitochondrial intermembrane space and the cytosol. In contrast, the IMM is almost impermeable — a feature that ...
actin filament-membrane attachment: are membrane particles
... cytoplasm; and secondly, in order to provide directional movement, the actin filaments must be attached to a membrane with a precisely determined polarity. A mechanism for locating actin filaments in specific regions of cells with the requisite polarity could be achieved by having sites for the nucl ...
... cytoplasm; and secondly, in order to provide directional movement, the actin filaments must be attached to a membrane with a precisely determined polarity. A mechanism for locating actin filaments in specific regions of cells with the requisite polarity could be achieved by having sites for the nucl ...
PDF
... Trypanosoma brucei is a protozoan pathogen, which threatens thousands of people and kills millions of farm animals in sub-Saharan Africa [1]. In order to shuttle between different hosts, this parasite had to develop a complex life cycle, which includes two very different host environments: the vascu ...
... Trypanosoma brucei is a protozoan pathogen, which threatens thousands of people and kills millions of farm animals in sub-Saharan Africa [1]. In order to shuttle between different hosts, this parasite had to develop a complex life cycle, which includes two very different host environments: the vascu ...
RNA Processing Bodies, Peroxisomes, Golgi
... et al. 2010). Interestingly, although actin filaments sustain long-distance transport of plant organelles, it has recently been observed that microtubules influence short-distance behavior, causing pauses for both peroxisomes (Chuong et al. 2005) and the Golgi (Crowell et al. 2009, Gutierrez et al. ...
... et al. 2010). Interestingly, although actin filaments sustain long-distance transport of plant organelles, it has recently been observed that microtubules influence short-distance behavior, causing pauses for both peroxisomes (Chuong et al. 2005) and the Golgi (Crowell et al. 2009, Gutierrez et al. ...
The dynamics of plant plasma membrane proteins
... mobility (Fig. 1). This involves lateral diffusion within the plasma membrane, which has been implicated as an important determinant for controlling protein-protein interactions and is suggested to influence rates of intracellular sorting of membrane proteins (Singer and Nicolson, 1972; Simons and I ...
... mobility (Fig. 1). This involves lateral diffusion within the plasma membrane, which has been implicated as an important determinant for controlling protein-protein interactions and is suggested to influence rates of intracellular sorting of membrane proteins (Singer and Nicolson, 1972; Simons and I ...
Proteomics of Plasma Membranes from Poplar Trees Reveals
... Proteomics of Plasma Membranes from Poplar Trees Reveals Tissue Distribution of Transporters, Receptors, and Proteins in Cell ...
... Proteomics of Plasma Membranes from Poplar Trees Reveals Tissue Distribution of Transporters, Receptors, and Proteins in Cell ...
Sarcomere assembly in C. elegans muscle
... below. The first protein to consider is UNC-52/perlecan, which is found in the basement membrane between the body wall muscle cells and the hypodermis, and is concentrated at muscle cell dense bodies and M-lines (Francis and Waterston, 1991; Rogalski et al., 1993; Mullen et al., 1999). UNC-52/perlca ...
... below. The first protein to consider is UNC-52/perlecan, which is found in the basement membrane between the body wall muscle cells and the hypodermis, and is concentrated at muscle cell dense bodies and M-lines (Francis and Waterston, 1991; Rogalski et al., 1993; Mullen et al., 1999). UNC-52/perlca ...
Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types have no nuclei, and a few others have many.Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome. The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression—the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nucleoskeleton (which includes nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole.Because the nuclear membrane is impermeable to large molecules, nuclear pores are required that regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes. The interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound sub compartments, its contents are not uniform, and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. The best-known of these is the nucleolus, which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA.