Cerebellum YAYDAR 2013-2014
... • Ventral spinocerebellar tract: Transmits proprioceptive and exteroceptive information from levels below the midthoracic cord. •, Tectocerebellar tract: Arises in the superior and inferior colliculi and carries auditory and visual information. • Trigeminocerebellar tract: Carries proprioceptive fib ...
... • Ventral spinocerebellar tract: Transmits proprioceptive and exteroceptive information from levels below the midthoracic cord. •, Tectocerebellar tract: Arises in the superior and inferior colliculi and carries auditory and visual information. • Trigeminocerebellar tract: Carries proprioceptive fib ...
Cloning vectors for the expression of green fluorescent protein
... visualized by epifluorescence microscopy, both in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and after transient expression in onion epidermal cells. Using tandem dimers and other protein fusions to GFP, we found that the previously described localization of wild-type GFP to the cell nucleus is most likely due ...
... visualized by epifluorescence microscopy, both in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and after transient expression in onion epidermal cells. Using tandem dimers and other protein fusions to GFP, we found that the previously described localization of wild-type GFP to the cell nucleus is most likely due ...
processing of defensive pigment in aplysia californica: acquisition
... For electron microscopy, snails (3–3.4 g) were anesthetized by injection of isotonic MgCl2 (1 ml g−1 wet mass) into the hemocoel. An incision along the muscular foot exposed the digestive system. The digestive gland was removed, fixed in 2.5 % glutaraldehyde in half-strength Millonig’s phosphate buf ...
... For electron microscopy, snails (3–3.4 g) were anesthetized by injection of isotonic MgCl2 (1 ml g−1 wet mass) into the hemocoel. An incision along the muscular foot exposed the digestive system. The digestive gland was removed, fixed in 2.5 % glutaraldehyde in half-strength Millonig’s phosphate buf ...
WW Domains Provide a Platform for the
... WW domains, we employed mass spectrometry to identify 148 proteins that associate with 10 human WW domains. Many of these proteins represent novel WW domain-binding partners and are components of multiprotein complexes involved in molecular processes, such as transcription, RNA processing, and cytos ...
... WW domains, we employed mass spectrometry to identify 148 proteins that associate with 10 human WW domains. Many of these proteins represent novel WW domain-binding partners and are components of multiprotein complexes involved in molecular processes, such as transcription, RNA processing, and cytos ...
RNAi: nature abhors a double-strand György Hutvágner and Phillip
... miRNAs, your RNAs Recently, >60 potential small regulatory RNAs (microRNAs or miRNAs) were identified in worms, fly embryos, and cultured human cells [53–55]. These RNAs are encoded in regions of the genome predicted to form ∼70 nt stem-loop RNAs remarkably like stRNA precursors, and two in worms ha ...
... miRNAs, your RNAs Recently, >60 potential small regulatory RNAs (microRNAs or miRNAs) were identified in worms, fly embryos, and cultured human cells [53–55]. These RNAs are encoded in regions of the genome predicted to form ∼70 nt stem-loop RNAs remarkably like stRNA precursors, and two in worms ha ...
Balancing mitochondrial biogenesis and
... metabolism is the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), the best-studied member of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor family of transcription co-activators, which orchestrates the activity of several transcription factors involved in mitochondria ...
... metabolism is the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), the best-studied member of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor family of transcription co-activators, which orchestrates the activity of several transcription factors involved in mitochondria ...
Dr.Kaan Yücel yeditepeanatomyfhs122.wordpress.com
... The pineal gland is a small, conical structure that is attached by the pineal stalk to the diencephalon. The superior part of the base of the stalk contains the habenular commissure; the inferior part of the base of the stalk contains the posterior commissure. The pineal gland possesses no nerve cel ...
... The pineal gland is a small, conical structure that is attached by the pineal stalk to the diencephalon. The superior part of the base of the stalk contains the habenular commissure; the inferior part of the base of the stalk contains the posterior commissure. The pineal gland possesses no nerve cel ...
Staphylococcus aureus Response to Neutrophil Extracellular Trap
... Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are webs of DNA covered with antimicrobial molecules that constitute a newly described killing mechanism in innate immune defense. Previous publications reported that NETs take up to 3–4 h to form via an oxidantdependent event that requires lytic death of neutro ...
... Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are webs of DNA covered with antimicrobial molecules that constitute a newly described killing mechanism in innate immune defense. Previous publications reported that NETs take up to 3–4 h to form via an oxidantdependent event that requires lytic death of neutro ...
CENP-E Is a Plus End–Directed Kinetochore Motor Required for
... of bioriented chromosomes have a net bias toward the spindle equator. Once an equatorial position is achieved, chromosomes continue to oscillate much in the same manner as during initial movement to the spindle midzone, except that these movements yield little net displacement from the metaphase pla ...
... of bioriented chromosomes have a net bias toward the spindle equator. Once an equatorial position is achieved, chromosomes continue to oscillate much in the same manner as during initial movement to the spindle midzone, except that these movements yield little net displacement from the metaphase pla ...
Doc S1.
... kit), 1µl of RT dilution and 1µl of the desired Q-PCR primer mix. Perform a LightCycler program as follows: a first step of initial polymerase activation of 15 min at 95°C, a second step of 55 cycles of amplification which consists in 15 s at 95°C (denaturation step), 30 s at 54°C (annealing step), ...
... kit), 1µl of RT dilution and 1µl of the desired Q-PCR primer mix. Perform a LightCycler program as follows: a first step of initial polymerase activation of 15 min at 95°C, a second step of 55 cycles of amplification which consists in 15 s at 95°C (denaturation step), 30 s at 54°C (annealing step), ...
Cell-Free Synthesis for Analyzing the Membrane
... protein obtained with this method will be only in the picomole range. In addition, the standard cell-free translation system will not allow the study of processes occurring in intracellular compartments downstream of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), although a modification of the method has been desc ...
... protein obtained with this method will be only in the picomole range. In addition, the standard cell-free translation system will not allow the study of processes occurring in intracellular compartments downstream of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), although a modification of the method has been desc ...
Cell-penetrating peptides and antimicrobial peptides: how different
... the first proteins to be identified with this characteristic. The ability to translocate is attributed to basic amino acid sequences in these proteins, and the minimal peptide sequence necessary for the translocation to occur within Tat [5] and pAntp [6] have been elucidated. The observation that th ...
... the first proteins to be identified with this characteristic. The ability to translocate is attributed to basic amino acid sequences in these proteins, and the minimal peptide sequence necessary for the translocation to occur within Tat [5] and pAntp [6] have been elucidated. The observation that th ...
Photophobia - Anthony B. Sims, DDS
... They proposed that photophobia is similar to referred pain involving the optic nerve and the mesencephalic root and nucleus of the trigeminal system because of its close connections to the optic fibers via the prerectal nuclei and the superior colliculus. The visual pathway provides information rega ...
... They proposed that photophobia is similar to referred pain involving the optic nerve and the mesencephalic root and nucleus of the trigeminal system because of its close connections to the optic fibers via the prerectal nuclei and the superior colliculus. The visual pathway provides information rega ...
GLYCOLIPID ANCHORING OF CELL SURFACE PROTEINS Mark C
... reported as PI structures of protein GPI-anchors. So far, lyso-alkyl PI has only been reported for the lipophosphoglycan of leishmanial parasites (see below).57 In addition, the presence of a fatty acid substituent on the inositol ring has been reported for a number of proteins and GPI-anchor precur ...
... reported as PI structures of protein GPI-anchors. So far, lyso-alkyl PI has only been reported for the lipophosphoglycan of leishmanial parasites (see below).57 In addition, the presence of a fatty acid substituent on the inositol ring has been reported for a number of proteins and GPI-anchor precur ...
Chloroplast The chloroplast is an elongated organelle
... thylakoids. A stack of thylakoids is called a granum. Two or more stacks are called grana. There can be from 2 to around 100 thylakoids in one granum. The little tube like strands connecting thylakoids from granum to granum are called s____ l_____. Fluids and nutrients are shared among all the thyla ...
... thylakoids. A stack of thylakoids is called a granum. Two or more stacks are called grana. There can be from 2 to around 100 thylakoids in one granum. The little tube like strands connecting thylakoids from granum to granum are called s____ l_____. Fluids and nutrients are shared among all the thyla ...
BRAIN STEM: MEDULLA OBLONGATA AND ITS LESIONS
... o By anatomical terms of location it is rostral to the spinal cord o The medulla oblongata extends from the lower margin of the pons to a plane passing transversely below the pyramidal decussation and above the first pair of cervical nerves o This plane corresponds with the upper border of the atlas ...
... o By anatomical terms of location it is rostral to the spinal cord o The medulla oblongata extends from the lower margin of the pons to a plane passing transversely below the pyramidal decussation and above the first pair of cervical nerves o This plane corresponds with the upper border of the atlas ...
Functions of the Cdc14-Family Phosphatase Clp1p in the Cell Cycle
... nuclear cycle regulators and the cytokinesis regulators. The nuclear cycle regulators should be able to delay cytokinesis when chromosome segregation is delayed and the progression of the nuclear cycle regulators should react to delays in cytokinesis and stop mitotic entry to prevent polyploidy. A l ...
... nuclear cycle regulators and the cytokinesis regulators. The nuclear cycle regulators should be able to delay cytokinesis when chromosome segregation is delayed and the progression of the nuclear cycle regulators should react to delays in cytokinesis and stop mitotic entry to prevent polyploidy. A l ...
Protein quality control and elimination of protein waste: The role of
... Fig. 2. Cytoplasmic protein quality control and degradation. Misfolded cytoplasmic proteins can be ubiquitinated by a set of E3 ligases which are localized to different cell compartments. Chaperones and cochaperones are involved in either preventing substrate aggregation or in disaggregation of exis ...
... Fig. 2. Cytoplasmic protein quality control and degradation. Misfolded cytoplasmic proteins can be ubiquitinated by a set of E3 ligases which are localized to different cell compartments. Chaperones and cochaperones are involved in either preventing substrate aggregation or in disaggregation of exis ...
Podosome-type adhesions and focal adhesions, so alike yet so
... Due to their involvement in physiological and pathological situations, cell-matrix adhesions are now receiving widespread attention. Indeed, podosomes and invadopodia could be involved in physiological events such as monocyte extravasation and tissue transmigration (Carman et al., 2007) or in pathol ...
... Due to their involvement in physiological and pathological situations, cell-matrix adhesions are now receiving widespread attention. Indeed, podosomes and invadopodia could be involved in physiological events such as monocyte extravasation and tissue transmigration (Carman et al., 2007) or in pathol ...
Transcriptionally repressed germ cells lack a
... (Seydoux et al., 1996). In this organism, several newly transcribed mRNAs have been detected in somatic blastomeres as early as the 4-cell stage, but none to date have been detected in germ-line blastomeres (Seydoux and Fire, 1994; Seydoux et al., 1996). This soma-germ line difference was shown to d ...
... (Seydoux et al., 1996). In this organism, several newly transcribed mRNAs have been detected in somatic blastomeres as early as the 4-cell stage, but none to date have been detected in germ-line blastomeres (Seydoux and Fire, 1994; Seydoux et al., 1996). This soma-germ line difference was shown to d ...
Escherichia coli Karl Skoog
... Escherichia coli is a bacterium that normally grows in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms and it is named after its finder, the German scientist, Theodor Escherich. E. coli is essential for producing vitamin K in its hosts, as infection of germ-free rats deficient in vitamin K with E. col ...
... Escherichia coli is a bacterium that normally grows in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms and it is named after its finder, the German scientist, Theodor Escherich. E. coli is essential for producing vitamin K in its hosts, as infection of germ-free rats deficient in vitamin K with E. col ...
Bacterial chromosome segregation
... DnaA (DnaA boxes) and repeats of an AT-rich sequence (13-mers) (reviewed by Thomas & Jagura-Burdzy, 1991). The chromosomal replication origins of different bacteria vary in the number of DnaA boxes (consensus sequence TTNTCCACA) as well as the number of AT-rich repeats. The most highly studied and b ...
... DnaA (DnaA boxes) and repeats of an AT-rich sequence (13-mers) (reviewed by Thomas & Jagura-Burdzy, 1991). The chromosomal replication origins of different bacteria vary in the number of DnaA boxes (consensus sequence TTNTCCACA) as well as the number of AT-rich repeats. The most highly studied and b ...
Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types have no nuclei, and a few others have many.Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome. The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression—the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nucleoskeleton (which includes nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole.Because the nuclear membrane is impermeable to large molecules, nuclear pores are required that regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes. The interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound sub compartments, its contents are not uniform, and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. The best-known of these is the nucleolus, which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA.