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Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of
Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of

... through at least five different regions were examined on each embryo, as shown in Fig. 1. Sections were made through the primitive streak, at various levels, including areas lateral to this structure (Fig. 8). In addition, sections were taken in the area pellucida anterior to Hensen's node, passing ...
Chapter ONE - VU Research Portal
Chapter ONE - VU Research Portal

Mitochondrial translation factors of Trypanosoma brucei: elongation
Mitochondrial translation factors of Trypanosoma brucei: elongation

... cytosolic tRNAs and with highly derived ribosomes having ultra-short rRNAs (Niemann et al., 2011). Of all the translation factors mentioned above, EF-Tu is therefore of special interest since it must directly interact with both imported, eukaryotic-type tRNAs and the uniquely structured ribosome. EF ...
HIV-1 Transactivator of Transcription Protein Induces Mitochondrial
HIV-1 Transactivator of Transcription Protein Induces Mitochondrial

... cells (2), thus increasing the probability that it will be found at higher concentrations in the extracellular space in brain parenchyma relative to other HIV gene products. Tat is often described as pleiotropic because of its diverse effects in the periphery and the CNS. In keeping with this, Tat e ...
Amino acids and mTORC1: from lysosomes to disease
Amino acids and mTORC1: from lysosomes to disease

... Recent findings have placed the lysosome, a key mediator of cellular catabolism, at the core of mTORC1 regulation by amino acids. A multiprotein complex that includes the Rag GTPases, Ragulator, and the v-ATPase forms an amino acid-sensing machinery on the lysosomal surface that affects the decision ...
Full Paper - Calcutta Research Group
Full Paper - Calcutta Research Group

... Collector for the first time. Dammalapati garu, who took me to the collector’s office is an important person in the Guntur political circles and a prominent man at the Sri Venkateswarswami temple1 in Guntur. He was visiting the Collector at his camp office with two of his friends to seek permission ...
chapter 9 the clinical significance of bacterial
chapter 9 the clinical significance of bacterial

... NAG and NAM building-blocks are formed in the cytoplasm of the cell.  The enzymes coded for by these genes attach 5 amino acids to each molecule of NAG and NAM.  The cytoplasmic phase is an important target for antibiotics. ...
Copper: the Jekyll and Hyde Element
Copper: the Jekyll and Hyde Element

... membrane into the circulation, and this explains the block to copper transport at this level in patients with Menkes disease (3). Copper uptake is regulated by the level of dietary copper, and the mechanism possibly involves the endocytosis of hCTR1 (see below). Copper is distributed to tissues in t ...
c-Myc Overexpression Increases Cell Size and Impairs Cartilage
c-Myc Overexpression Increases Cell Size and Impairs Cartilage

... our results indicate that c-Myc overexpression did not significantly modify the rate of proliferation in limb buds. To analyze cell size, we subjected dissociated cells of infected and control limbs to flow cytometry and compared the size of cells in both populations by forward scattering. For each ...
The auxin transporter, OsAUX1, is involved in primary root and root
The auxin transporter, OsAUX1, is involved in primary root and root

... examined a possible role of auxin in regulating plant tolerance to abiotic stress, especially that caused by heavy metals. Cd is a major environmental pollutant and causes inhibition of plant growth and alteration of metabolism, leading to a decline in crop productivity. Further, it results in sever ...
PDF - Potter Lab
PDF - Potter Lab

... Tsc1 Mutant Cells Do Not Undergo Endoreplication It has been reported that Tsc2 mutant cells undergo endoreplication (Ito and Rubin, 1999). However, our staining results suggest that, at least for Tsc1 mutant cells, endoreplication does not occur. We further performed flow cytometry analysis on Tsc1 ...
Glutamate Decreases Mitochondrial Size and Movement in Primary
Glutamate Decreases Mitochondrial Size and Movement in Primary

... We next examined the effects of the mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP, which rapidly dissipates the mitochondrial membrane potential. This can deplete cellular ATP both by preventing its synthesis and also by consumption of ATP by the F1FO ATPase. A 5 min application of FCCP promptly decreased the moveme ...
MUSCLE FATIGUE
MUSCLE FATIGUE

... of invaginations in the surface membrane called the ‘transverse tubular (T-) system’. These tubules are very narrow, but so extensive that there is about five times more surface area down the tubules than on the surface of the muscle fibre. The T-system is filled with extracellular fluid and allows ...
Promiscuity of the Euonymus Carbohydrate-Binding Domain
Promiscuity of the Euonymus Carbohydrate-Binding Domain

... molecular studies of numerous lectins demonstrated that only a limited number of carbohydratebinding motifs are present in plants. Furthermore some glycans are recognized by structurally unrelated plant lectins [2]. Since many of the abundant classical plant lectins bind to complex animal N- and O-g ...
Shh signalling and cell death in limb development
Shh signalling and cell death in limb development

... polarising region cells (A-H) or Shh beads (I-L) to the posterior margin. (A) Graft of polarising region cells to posterior margin of a stage 20 wing bud. Embryo collected immediately after the operation and subjected to in situ hybridisation with a Shh specific probe. Note Shh-expressing cells in g ...
A Cellular Hypothesis for the Induction of Blossom
A Cellular Hypothesis for the Induction of Blossom

... Paiva et al., 1998). As a cell expands, its plasma membrane and cell wall must increase in area. The incorporation of new material into the plasma membrane and cell wall is also a Ca2+dependent process and an elevated [Ca2+]cyt has been associated with expansion growth in several cell types (White, ...
pdf file - John Innes Centre
pdf file - John Innes Centre

Extrapolation of elementary rate constants of P
Extrapolation of elementary rate constants of P

... transporter or an active (uni-directional) uptake transporter, although a bidirectional facilitated ...
Chapter 4. Unnatural amino acids with caged side chains
Chapter 4. Unnatural amino acids with caged side chains

... The advent of techniques to alter the amino acids of proteins has permitted the consideration of ‘caged proteins,’ in which particular residues in a protein are provided with photo-removable protecting groups. A number of recent reviews have presented a survey of this literature.21-23 Interesting ex ...
infected nodule cells
infected nodule cells

... infection/differentiation zone. There, zinc transporters must introduce this element into rhizobia-infected cells to metallate the apoproteins that use zinc as a cofactor. MtZIP6 (Medtr4g083570) is a M. truncatula Zinc-Iron Permease (ZIP) that is expressed only in roots and nodules, with the highest ...
ARVO 2015 Annual Meeting Abstracts 164 Cornea endothelium
ARVO 2015 Annual Meeting Abstracts 164 Cornea endothelium

... downregulating senescence-related p16 while upregulating cell cycle-promoting genes. Addition of p120-Kaiso siRNA after 1-2 weeks of culture could further promote expansion by reprogramming HCECs into their progenitors through activation of RhoA-ROCKcanonical BMP signaling. Further analysis indicate ...
PfPI3K, a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase from
PfPI3K, a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase from

... endosomal membranes in yeast and on membranes of early endosomes and internal vesicles of multivesicular bodies in mammalian cells.5 PI3P interacts with FYVE or PX domains of proteins and recruits them to these intracellular locations and controls membrane and vesicular trafficking.6 Given the impor ...
In Vitro Reconstitution of SCF Substrate Ubiquitination with Purified
In Vitro Reconstitution of SCF Substrate Ubiquitination with Purified

Scarface, a secreted serine proteaselike protein, regulates polarized
Scarface, a secreted serine proteaselike protein, regulates polarized

... protein in AS cells using the available antibodies nor address the role of Scarf in the polarized distribution of other BM proteins, such as Perlecan or Collagen IV, as these two proteins were not expressed in AS cells (supplementary Fig S7 online). These results indicate that Scarf depletion causes ...
An Auxin Gradient and Maximum in the Arabidopsis
An Auxin Gradient and Maximum in the Arabidopsis

... variable number of protoplasts (usually ;150,000 to 200,000) of different sizes, we normalized their IAA concentrations according to their weight, calculated from size measurements, as follows. First, the diameter of the GFP-expressing protoplasts was measured using light microscopy, and the average ...
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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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