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Calcium homeostasis in plants
Calcium homeostasis in plants

... the PM (Clarkson and Hanson, 1980). The precise roles of these high Ca concentrations at the PM are not known. The Ca that is sequestered in the vacuole is found mostly as salts of oxalic, phosphoric and phytic acids. Although these are often thought of as insoluble, they may be mobilizable (Borcher ...
Life, Death, and Cell Proliferation
Life, Death, and Cell Proliferation

Cloning vectors for the expression of green fluorescent protein
Cloning vectors for the expression of green fluorescent protein

... of the expression cassette, useful if subsequent subcloning is to remain unbiased with regard to the orientation of the expression cassette. In contrast, Series II vectors carry different restriction sites on either side of the cassette, facilitating directional subcloning. Furthermore, pAVA122 has ...
Sister Chromatid Cohesion Control and Aneuploidy
Sister Chromatid Cohesion Control and Aneuploidy

... problems, a tumor growing out of control and the incapability to reproduce? These questions can be answered if we look at the biological functions of a protein complex, named cohesin, which is the main protagonist in the regulation of sister chromatid cohesion during chromosome segregation in cell d ...
Lipid extraction techniques for stable isotope analysis of
Lipid extraction techniques for stable isotope analysis of

... (Dobush et al., 1985). As a result, stable isotope values on tissue extracted with polar solvents tend to be more enriched in 13C and 15N than tissue extracted with non-polar solvents (Logan and Lutcavage, 2008). However, some studies have found no difference between techniques (Schlechtriem et al., ...
PDF
PDF

... Fig. 1. Distribution of GFP-SmB during Drosophila oogenesis. The egg chamber is made up of a germline cyst surrounded by a monolayer of somatic follicle cells. Owing to incomplete cytokinesis, the cystocysts remain connected to each other through specialised cytoplasmic bridges. The oocyte is specif ...
Myosin V Plays an Essential Role in the Thyroid Hormone
Myosin V Plays an Essential Role in the Thyroid Hormone

... (11), and unconventional myosins are found in virtually all cell types, where they participate in cell contraction, cell motility, and vesicle trafficking (12). Four unconventional myosin family members (I, V, VI, and VII) have been reported to participate in membrane trafficking (12, 13). Myosin V ...
Full Article - PDF - Journal of Biotech Research
Full Article - PDF - Journal of Biotech Research

Suppressor analysis of the protein kinase Elm1p, an enzyme
Suppressor analysis of the protein kinase Elm1p, an enzyme

... known as invasive growth (116). Haploid cells undergoing this differentiation alter their bud site selection, slightly elongate, and require many of the same elements used in the mating MAP kinase cascade. Diploid yeast cells can enter an alternative growth mode when there are adequate sources of ca ...
PowerPoint
PowerPoint

... Tonsil (Tonsillar Fossa) - MOST COMMON CYST opens on neck ANTERIOR TO STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLE 3rd Branchial Cleft Cyst- more inferior on neck; also ANTERIOR TO STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLE - tract opens to piriform recess or below HYOID near Larynx (thyrohyoid membrane) ...
T cell co-stimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for
T cell co-stimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for

... signaling (25), or a combination of pathways. Decreased phosphorylation of various signaling molecules, such as Erk, Vav, PLCγ and PI3 kinase (PI3K), has been reported (21, 24), but these molecules are common effectors shared by both the TCR and costimulatory pathways and also may not be direct targ ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
Sample pages 1 PDF

... The root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. and the cyst nematodes, Heterodera and Globodera spp., are sedentary parasites of roots of many crop plant species that collectively incite billions of dollars in annual crop losses around the world. While both nematode groups use very similar parasitic stra ...
1 Calcium at the Cell Wall
1 Calcium at the Cell Wall

... Given the substantial differences in [Ca2+] between the cell wall and cytoplasm, together with the realization that the ions are serving rather different functions in these two compartments, it becomes an interesting question how Ca2+ operates at the interface. Of course it is well appreciated that ...
Distinct and collaborative roles of Drosophila EXT family proteins in
Distinct and collaborative roles of Drosophila EXT family proteins in

Ultrastructure of the Epidermal Cell Wall and Cuticle of Tomato Fruit
Ultrastructure of the Epidermal Cell Wall and Cuticle of Tomato Fruit

... The epidermis plays a pivotal role in plant development and interaction with the ...
Many ways to telomere dysfunction: in vivo studies using
Many ways to telomere dysfunction: in vivo studies using

... (Boulton and Jackson, 1996, 1998; Laroche et al., 1998; Gravel et al., 1998; Nugent et al., 1998b). The analysis of Ku86 de®cient mice, however, depicts a very di€erent scenario. Although Ku86 de®ciency in the mouse results in telomeric fusions (Bailey et al., 1999; Hsu et al., 2000; Samper et al., ...
Arabinogalactan proteins are involved in root hair development in
Arabinogalactan proteins are involved in root hair development in

The mating pair stabilization protein, TraN, of the F plasmid is an
The mating pair stabilization protein, TraN, of the F plasmid is an

... Unlike R100 TraN, F TraN requires OmpA in the recipient cell for efficient MPS. The authors have identified three external loops (aa 172–187, 212–220 and 281–284) in the highly divergent region from aa 164 to aa 333 as candidates for interaction with OmpA. These loops were identified using both site ...
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling

... Autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system constitute the major degradative processes in the cell. While increasing evidence suggests that there is significant crosstalk between autophagy and the ubiquitin systems, we would like to highlight two important distinctions. First, autophagy generates ...
Virus Research Influenza virus morphogenesis and budding
Virus Research Influenza virus morphogenesis and budding

... but not for assembly and bud release. Indeed, virus replication can be abortive at many stages of the viral life cycle. For example, in HeLa cells infected with influenza virus, bud formation occurred on the cell surface, but failed to be released (Gujuluva et al., 1994). Morphogenesis and budding re ...
OPTIMISATION OF CHO CELL GROWTH AND
OPTIMISATION OF CHO CELL GROWTH AND

Auxin and self-organization at the shoot apical
Auxin and self-organization at the shoot apical

... cells of the tunica mostly divide anticlinally (i.e. perpendicular to the SAM surface), generating a typical layered structure, as daughter cells usually remain in the same layer as their parents. The tunica can be composed of several layers of cells (two in the case of Arabidopsis, named L1 and L2) ...
Lipid Metabolism
Lipid Metabolism

... During exercise in humans, FFA transport is saturated as unbound FFA concentrations increase in the plasma (2-3 hr extensions)  Maximal velocity of palmitate uptake is increased with muscular contraction and reduced with low CHO availability ...
Muscle Fiber
Muscle Fiber

... muscle is striated in the same manner as in skeletal muscle. It has typical myofibrils that contain actin and myosin filaments almost identical to those found in skeletal muscle. ...
ICAM-1 - The Journal of Cell Biology
ICAM-1 - The Journal of Cell Biology

... residues and appears to mediate a charged interaction with o~-actinin which is not highly dependent on the order of the residues. ...
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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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