An Auxin Gradient and Maximum in the Arabidopsis
... variable number of protoplasts (usually ;150,000 to 200,000) of different sizes, we normalized their IAA concentrations according to their weight, calculated from size measurements, as follows. First, the diameter of the GFP-expressing protoplasts was measured using light microscopy, and the average ...
... variable number of protoplasts (usually ;150,000 to 200,000) of different sizes, we normalized their IAA concentrations according to their weight, calculated from size measurements, as follows. First, the diameter of the GFP-expressing protoplasts was measured using light microscopy, and the average ...
Genetic Analysis of Female Gametophyte Development and Function
... the flower (Raven et al., 1992). The angiosperm male gametophyte (i.e., the pollen grain or microgametophyte), which develops within the stamen’s anther, is a three-celled structure comprised of two sperm cells encased within a vegetative cell (McCormick, 1993). The female gametophyte is also referr ...
... the flower (Raven et al., 1992). The angiosperm male gametophyte (i.e., the pollen grain or microgametophyte), which develops within the stamen’s anther, is a three-celled structure comprised of two sperm cells encased within a vegetative cell (McCormick, 1993). The female gametophyte is also referr ...
Bactericidal Effects of Natural Tenderizing Enzymes on Escherichia
... (Figure 1). However, there was not a difference (P > 0.05) in E. coli populations among samples exposed to bromelain concentrations of 1, 2 or 4 mg/ml at 5 and 25°C. At 48 h, a bromelain concentration of 4mg/ml was the most efficient on E. coli reducing the log CFU/ml population by 5.5 (P < 0.0001). ...
... (Figure 1). However, there was not a difference (P > 0.05) in E. coli populations among samples exposed to bromelain concentrations of 1, 2 or 4 mg/ml at 5 and 25°C. At 48 h, a bromelain concentration of 4mg/ml was the most efficient on E. coli reducing the log CFU/ml population by 5.5 (P < 0.0001). ...
Processing of 20S prerRNA to 18S ribosomal RNA in yeast requires
... intermediates, nor accumulation of aberrant species was detected upon depletion of Rrp10p in these experiments (Figure 2D). The kinetics of pre-rRNA processing and rRNA accumulation were analysed in (methyl-3H) methionine pulse± chase experiments (Figure 3). In a GAL::PROTA-RRP10 strain grown in the ...
... intermediates, nor accumulation of aberrant species was detected upon depletion of Rrp10p in these experiments (Figure 2D). The kinetics of pre-rRNA processing and rRNA accumulation were analysed in (methyl-3H) methionine pulse± chase experiments (Figure 3). In a GAL::PROTA-RRP10 strain grown in the ...
Bax cleavage is mediated by calpain during drug-induced
... 10 mM of the tetrapeptide aldehyde speci®c for caspase-3 (AcDEVD-CHO) as described in the Materials and methods. Controls consisted of membrane extracts preincubated with the same volume of the inhibitor vehicles DMSO, EtOH and IsoproOH as well as buer alone with 35S-methionine-labeled Bax (B). (c) ...
... 10 mM of the tetrapeptide aldehyde speci®c for caspase-3 (AcDEVD-CHO) as described in the Materials and methods. Controls consisted of membrane extracts preincubated with the same volume of the inhibitor vehicles DMSO, EtOH and IsoproOH as well as buer alone with 35S-methionine-labeled Bax (B). (c) ...
Regulation and mechanism of potassium release from K analysis
... largely been restricted to two areas: compartmental analysis, in which efflux kinetics are used to determine subcellular pool sizes as well as other fluxes such as influx into the cell, and fluxes to the vacuole and shoot (Pitman & Saddler, 1967; Macklon, 1975; Memon et al., 1985; Kronzucker et al., ...
... largely been restricted to two areas: compartmental analysis, in which efflux kinetics are used to determine subcellular pool sizes as well as other fluxes such as influx into the cell, and fluxes to the vacuole and shoot (Pitman & Saddler, 1967; Macklon, 1975; Memon et al., 1985; Kronzucker et al., ...
Biochemical Aspects of Lipid Storage and
... SYNOPSIS. The high energy content of lipids makes these compounds attractive to active metazoans as alight form of fuel storage. Animals have evolved complex systems of enzymes and transport proteins in order to utilize lipids for the generation of energy. While the enzymatic'systems responsible for ...
... SYNOPSIS. The high energy content of lipids makes these compounds attractive to active metazoans as alight form of fuel storage. Animals have evolved complex systems of enzymes and transport proteins in order to utilize lipids for the generation of energy. While the enzymatic'systems responsible for ...
The regulation and plasticity of root hair patterning
... the absorptive area, particularly in the Pi-rich topsoil layer. The coordination of shoot and root responses involves trafficking of systemic signals, such as sugar, microRNAs and hormones, through the vasculature to tune the responses in roots (Lin et al., 2014). The morphological responses of root ...
... the absorptive area, particularly in the Pi-rich topsoil layer. The coordination of shoot and root responses involves trafficking of systemic signals, such as sugar, microRNAs and hormones, through the vasculature to tune the responses in roots (Lin et al., 2014). The morphological responses of root ...
the physiology of mechanoelectrical transduction channels in hearing
... the strength and durability of this region (134). With application of force to the tip of the bundle, the stereocilia bend at their ankles and, because of the extracellular links connecting adjacent ranks, the entire array bends as one (45, 135). Transduction is polarized so that deflection of the b ...
... the strength and durability of this region (134). With application of force to the tip of the bundle, the stereocilia bend at their ankles and, because of the extracellular links connecting adjacent ranks, the entire array bends as one (45, 135). Transduction is polarized so that deflection of the b ...
Up-regulation of junctophilin-2 prevents ER stress and apoptosis in
... emerging evidence suggests that intracellular Ca2+ mishandling during I/R plays a key role in cell death. Junctophilin-2 (JPH2) is a junctional membrane-binding structural protein. It mechanically maintains the fixed distance between the T-tubule and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), thus allowing th ...
... emerging evidence suggests that intracellular Ca2+ mishandling during I/R plays a key role in cell death. Junctophilin-2 (JPH2) is a junctional membrane-binding structural protein. It mechanically maintains the fixed distance between the T-tubule and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), thus allowing th ...
A Pd8 Tetrafacial Molecular Barrel as Carrier for Water Insoluble
... etal−ligand coordination driven self-assembly has evolved as a powerful approach to achieve discrete nanometer-sized molecular architectures.1 After the successful synthesis of the famous “molecular square” in 1990 via this approach, the next two decades have seen a tremendous growth in this field wi ...
... etal−ligand coordination driven self-assembly has evolved as a powerful approach to achieve discrete nanometer-sized molecular architectures.1 After the successful synthesis of the famous “molecular square” in 1990 via this approach, the next two decades have seen a tremendous growth in this field wi ...
The Roles of Aquaporins in Plant Stress Responses
... also show differential responses to water stress, salt, and cold stress. NIPs are able to transport water, glycerol, ammonia, silicic acid, and other solutes between plant and bacterial symbionts. Compared to PIPs and TIPs, NIPs have less water transport activity, but higher permeability to small or ...
... also show differential responses to water stress, salt, and cold stress. NIPs are able to transport water, glycerol, ammonia, silicic acid, and other solutes between plant and bacterial symbionts. Compared to PIPs and TIPs, NIPs have less water transport activity, but higher permeability to small or ...
Larynx
... • Connected by membranes and ligaments and moved by muscles • Lined by mucous membrane ...
... • Connected by membranes and ligaments and moved by muscles • Lined by mucous membrane ...
Arabidopsis Kinetochore Fiber-Associated MAP65-4
... the midzone of the spindle during anaphase and with phragmoplast MTs using immunostaining methods (Smertenko et al., 2008). Immunostaining methods have localized MAP65-6 to mitochondria (Mao et al., 2005) or to the anaphase spindle (Smertenko et al., 2008). On the basis of these different studies, i ...
... the midzone of the spindle during anaphase and with phragmoplast MTs using immunostaining methods (Smertenko et al., 2008). Immunostaining methods have localized MAP65-6 to mitochondria (Mao et al., 2005) or to the anaphase spindle (Smertenko et al., 2008). On the basis of these different studies, i ...
The neutrophil in vascular inflammation
... advanced imaging techniques have yielded new insights into the mechanisms by which neutrophils contribute to defense against bacterial infections and also against sterile injury. In these settings, neutrophils are recruited by various mechanisms depending on the situation. We also describe how these ...
... advanced imaging techniques have yielded new insights into the mechanisms by which neutrophils contribute to defense against bacterial infections and also against sterile injury. In these settings, neutrophils are recruited by various mechanisms depending on the situation. We also describe how these ...
Calcium-induced calcium release supports recruitment of synaptic
... dent SK channel, did not vary the spontaneous activity reduction obtained with caffeine (data not shown), thus ruling out a potential contribution of SK-evoked hyperpolarization due to Ca2⫹ release from ER. Reduction during prolonged caffeine application could alternatively be explained by eventual ...
... dent SK channel, did not vary the spontaneous activity reduction obtained with caffeine (data not shown), thus ruling out a potential contribution of SK-evoked hyperpolarization due to Ca2⫹ release from ER. Reduction during prolonged caffeine application could alternatively be explained by eventual ...
Oral Pictorial Essay Sample
... Manifest as cysts, sinuses, fistulas, and ectopic glands. Embryogenesis: vestigial remnants from incomplete obliteration or buried cell rests. ...
... Manifest as cysts, sinuses, fistulas, and ectopic glands. Embryogenesis: vestigial remnants from incomplete obliteration or buried cell rests. ...
Title Molecular Pathways: The Role of Primary Cilia in Cancer
... The details of the dynamic regulation of entry and exit of Hh pathway proteins into and out of the cilia are just now being unraveled. There are three Gli proteins (Gli1, Gli2 and Gli3) encoded by distinct genes. These Gli proteins are post-translationally processed into repressor (with the exceptio ...
... The details of the dynamic regulation of entry and exit of Hh pathway proteins into and out of the cilia are just now being unraveled. There are three Gli proteins (Gli1, Gli2 and Gli3) encoded by distinct genes. These Gli proteins are post-translationally processed into repressor (with the exceptio ...
A B23-interacting sequence as a tool to visualize protein interactions
... (Fankhauser et al., 1991). In this latter case, B23 could serve as a molecular chaperone for Rev (Olson, 2004). In addition, it was also proposed that B23 could play a role in nucleocytoplasmic transport since it can shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm (Borer et al., 1989; Fankhauser et al ...
... (Fankhauser et al., 1991). In this latter case, B23 could serve as a molecular chaperone for Rev (Olson, 2004). In addition, it was also proposed that B23 could play a role in nucleocytoplasmic transport since it can shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm (Borer et al., 1989; Fankhauser et al ...
NF-kB as a primary regulator of the stress response
... facilitating recruitment of aPKCs to the TNF receptor complex. The aPKCs then function to directly activate IKK2 and consequently NF-kB. The precise mechanism by which intracellular signals are relayed from the cell membrane to the nucleus are complex and varied. One theme involves the integration o ...
... facilitating recruitment of aPKCs to the TNF receptor complex. The aPKCs then function to directly activate IKK2 and consequently NF-kB. The precise mechanism by which intracellular signals are relayed from the cell membrane to the nucleus are complex and varied. One theme involves the integration o ...
Microtubules Contribute to Tubule Elongation and
... The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of tubules and sheet-like structures in eukaryotic cells. Some ER tubules dynamically change their morphology, and others form stable structures. In plants, it has been thought that the ER tubule extension is driven by the actin-myosin machinery. Here, we ...
... The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of tubules and sheet-like structures in eukaryotic cells. Some ER tubules dynamically change their morphology, and others form stable structures. In plants, it has been thought that the ER tubule extension is driven by the actin-myosin machinery. Here, we ...
Stockholm University
... chemical shifts were calculated for the Hα protons (Figure 3) [35]. When comparing the secondary chemical shifts at pH 3.2, 5.8, and 7, two stretches of amino acid residues are seen to move towards higher secondary chemical shift values with decreasing pH, residues A2 through Q6, and residues Q9 thr ...
... chemical shifts were calculated for the Hα protons (Figure 3) [35]. When comparing the secondary chemical shifts at pH 3.2, 5.8, and 7, two stretches of amino acid residues are seen to move towards higher secondary chemical shift values with decreasing pH, residues A2 through Q6, and residues Q9 thr ...
