Nerve activates contraction
... Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure A pressure gradient must exist Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high pressure area to a lower pressure area Example: High pressure in the kidney capillaries pushes water and waste solutes into kidney tu ...
... Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure A pressure gradient must exist Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high pressure area to a lower pressure area Example: High pressure in the kidney capillaries pushes water and waste solutes into kidney tu ...
Growth-induced Microcracking and Repair Mechanisms of Fruit
... contamination and other external stressors [1-4]. Generally, this cuticular layer is made up of epicuticular wax (non-polar organic solvent-extractable wax) embedded within a matrix of solvent-insoluble cutin composed of covalently cross-linked hydroxy and hydroxyl-epoxy fatty acids, all produced by ...
... contamination and other external stressors [1-4]. Generally, this cuticular layer is made up of epicuticular wax (non-polar organic solvent-extractable wax) embedded within a matrix of solvent-insoluble cutin composed of covalently cross-linked hydroxy and hydroxyl-epoxy fatty acids, all produced by ...
Submembraneous microtubule cytoskeleton: biochemical and
... homology with TRPV1-Ct and the crystal structure of FHIT was used as a template for predicting the structure of TRPV1-Ct [32]. Remarkably, FHIT also binds to tubulin [34]. Different post-translationally modified tubulin, like tyrosinated tubulin (a marker for dynamic microtubules), detyrosinated tubu ...
... homology with TRPV1-Ct and the crystal structure of FHIT was used as a template for predicting the structure of TRPV1-Ct [32]. Remarkably, FHIT also binds to tubulin [34]. Different post-translationally modified tubulin, like tyrosinated tubulin (a marker for dynamic microtubules), detyrosinated tubu ...
- PlantingScience
... Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Organisms (5-‐LS1.C) o Plants acquire their material for growth chiefly from air and water (5-‐LS1-‐1) Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems (5-‐ LS2 ...
... Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Organisms (5-‐LS1.C) o Plants acquire their material for growth chiefly from air and water (5-‐LS1-‐1) Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems (5-‐ LS2 ...
Redox States of Plastids and Mitochondria
... likely leads to the observed increase in ROS production (Stonebloom et al., 2009). Thus, genetic studies have identified plastid and mitochondrial mutants that both induce the production of ROS, but with opposite effects on intercellular transport via PD. Numerous conditions that limit plant growth ...
... likely leads to the observed increase in ROS production (Stonebloom et al., 2009). Thus, genetic studies have identified plastid and mitochondrial mutants that both induce the production of ROS, but with opposite effects on intercellular transport via PD. Numerous conditions that limit plant growth ...
Gutsy moves in mice: cellular and molecular dynamics of endoderm
... the DE lineage [7]. Analysis of the localization of pan-VEmarkers also fit the displacement model. At first, VE markers such as Ttr, Afp, Sox7 or Hnf4a are present in a layer of cells surrounding the entire conceptus, but when gastrulation is complete, their domain of expression is restricted to pro ...
... the DE lineage [7]. Analysis of the localization of pan-VEmarkers also fit the displacement model. At first, VE markers such as Ttr, Afp, Sox7 or Hnf4a are present in a layer of cells surrounding the entire conceptus, but when gastrulation is complete, their domain of expression is restricted to pro ...
Epithelium of Mice T Cells in the Small Intestinal δγ with Variable
... lymphoid organs and give rise to T cell precursors of IEL remains controversial. In this study, we explored the possibility that ␥␦⫹ T cells in cryptopatch aggregates are lineally related to TCR ␥␦⫹ IEL. TCRGV5 was preferentially rearranged in cryptopatch aggregates, similar to TCR ␥␦⫹ IEL. Furtherm ...
... lymphoid organs and give rise to T cell precursors of IEL remains controversial. In this study, we explored the possibility that ␥␦⫹ T cells in cryptopatch aggregates are lineally related to TCR ␥␦⫹ IEL. TCRGV5 was preferentially rearranged in cryptopatch aggregates, similar to TCR ␥␦⫹ IEL. Furtherm ...
Auxin transport through non-hair cells sustains root
... Auxin distribution is controlled by the movement of auxin into and out of individual cells. Protonated auxin enters cells from the cell wall by diffusion, while the ion enters via the activity of AUX1/LAX auxin-influx facilitators. AUX1 activity increases efficiency of auxin uptake compared to diffu ...
... Auxin distribution is controlled by the movement of auxin into and out of individual cells. Protonated auxin enters cells from the cell wall by diffusion, while the ion enters via the activity of AUX1/LAX auxin-influx facilitators. AUX1 activity increases efficiency of auxin uptake compared to diffu ...
LvNotch specifies secondary mesenchyme - Development
... embryos were fixed with freshly prepared room temperature 2% paraformaldehyde in artificial sea water for 10 minutes, followed by brief (≈1 minute) permeabilization in 100% methanol. In addition, YoPro (5 µm final concentration) was added during the first wash after incubation with the secondary ant ...
... embryos were fixed with freshly prepared room temperature 2% paraformaldehyde in artificial sea water for 10 minutes, followed by brief (≈1 minute) permeabilization in 100% methanol. In addition, YoPro (5 µm final concentration) was added during the first wash after incubation with the secondary ant ...
Differential Th17 CD4 T-cell depletion in pathogenic
... The classic paradigm for CD4 T-cell differentiation delineates a pathway in which memory CD4 T cells are defined based on their ability to produce either interferon (IFN)–␥ (Th1 cells) or interleukin (IL)–4 (Th2 cells).1 However, the exclusivity of this model has been challenged with the recent desc ...
... The classic paradigm for CD4 T-cell differentiation delineates a pathway in which memory CD4 T cells are defined based on their ability to produce either interferon (IFN)–␥ (Th1 cells) or interleukin (IL)–4 (Th2 cells).1 However, the exclusivity of this model has been challenged with the recent desc ...
Fast Facts: EGFR Act MUT+ Lung Cancer
... NSCLC does not always have obvious symptoms and so the majority of patients are not diagnosed until the disease is at an advanced stage4, when the chances for cure or significant clinical benefit are limited. Types of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer ...
... NSCLC does not always have obvious symptoms and so the majority of patients are not diagnosed until the disease is at an advanced stage4, when the chances for cure or significant clinical benefit are limited. Types of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer ...
Fig 1.
... Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder among older adults, and is characterized by the progressive deterioration of cognitive functions and the cerebral accumulation of both extracellular amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in hippocampal regions of the brain ...
... Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder among older adults, and is characterized by the progressive deterioration of cognitive functions and the cerebral accumulation of both extracellular amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in hippocampal regions of the brain ...
IL-15 and dermal fibroblasts induce proliferation of natural
... Figure 2. CD25hiCD69lo T cells isolated from skin contain a population of natural regulatory T cells. (A) Skin-resident T cells isolated from skin cultured in IL-2 and IL-15 contained increased numbers of FOXP3⫹ T cells that also expressed high levels of CD25 and low levels of CD69. (B) Skin-residen ...
... Figure 2. CD25hiCD69lo T cells isolated from skin contain a population of natural regulatory T cells. (A) Skin-resident T cells isolated from skin cultured in IL-2 and IL-15 contained increased numbers of FOXP3⫹ T cells that also expressed high levels of CD25 and low levels of CD69. (B) Skin-residen ...
Neural crest-derived stem cells
... signaling pathway, does not alter smooth muscle or neuronal fate acquisition by neural crest cells, pointing at an involvement of alternative signaling pathways (Buchmann-Moller et al., 2009). Wnt (wingless in Drosophila) acting via the intracellular molecule β-catenin represents a good example of a ...
... signaling pathway, does not alter smooth muscle or neuronal fate acquisition by neural crest cells, pointing at an involvement of alternative signaling pathways (Buchmann-Moller et al., 2009). Wnt (wingless in Drosophila) acting via the intracellular molecule β-catenin represents a good example of a ...
The chimeric leucine-rich repeat/extensin cell wall protein
... forming cells of the collet region, 2 d after germination (1). In 4-dayold seedlings, GUS activity was mainly detected in rhizodermal cells of the root differentiation zone (rdz) and in the root cap (2,3). In the differentiation zone, only trichoblast cell files (t), which alternate with atrichoblas ...
... forming cells of the collet region, 2 d after germination (1). In 4-dayold seedlings, GUS activity was mainly detected in rhizodermal cells of the root differentiation zone (rdz) and in the root cap (2,3). In the differentiation zone, only trichoblast cell files (t), which alternate with atrichoblas ...
Merotelic kinetochore orientation occurs frequently during early
... orientation) and promotes the correct attachment of sisters to opposite spindle poles (amphytelic orientation, or biorientation) (Nicklas, 1997; Rieder and Salmon, 1998). Little is known about the initial incidence of merotelic kinetochore orientation and the correction mechanisms that may operate t ...
... orientation) and promotes the correct attachment of sisters to opposite spindle poles (amphytelic orientation, or biorientation) (Nicklas, 1997; Rieder and Salmon, 1998). Little is known about the initial incidence of merotelic kinetochore orientation and the correction mechanisms that may operate t ...
Identification of a zebrafish model of muscular dystrophy
... postulated previously and MTJ structural abnormalities have been identified in the Dystrophin-deficient, mdx mouse model, in vivo evidence of pathology based on muscle attachment failure is thus far lacking. Therefore the sapjre mutation may provide a model for a novel pathological mechanism of Duch ...
... postulated previously and MTJ structural abnormalities have been identified in the Dystrophin-deficient, mdx mouse model, in vivo evidence of pathology based on muscle attachment failure is thus far lacking. Therefore the sapjre mutation may provide a model for a novel pathological mechanism of Duch ...
Microbial Immune Suppression Mediated by Direct Engagement of Inhibitory Fc Receptor
... genes). Fc␥RI, Fc␥RIIA, and Fc␥RIII are activating receptors associated with ITAM (15), whereas Fc␥RIIB is an inhibitory receptor that has an ITIM in its cytoplasmic tail (16). Many immunosuppressive signals described for Fc␥RIIB such as inhibition of phagocytosis of IgG-coated particles (17), calci ...
... genes). Fc␥RI, Fc␥RIIA, and Fc␥RIII are activating receptors associated with ITAM (15), whereas Fc␥RIIB is an inhibitory receptor that has an ITIM in its cytoplasmic tail (16). Many immunosuppressive signals described for Fc␥RIIB such as inhibition of phagocytosis of IgG-coated particles (17), calci ...
Structure and function of basement membranes
... that basement membranes are spatially and temporally unique. This may seem obvious today, but 10 years ago it was still jusl a hypothesis. At that time, the structural aspects of extracellular matrices and basement membranes were emphasized over any functional aspects, and so were commonalties over ...
... that basement membranes are spatially and temporally unique. This may seem obvious today, but 10 years ago it was still jusl a hypothesis. At that time, the structural aspects of extracellular matrices and basement membranes were emphasized over any functional aspects, and so were commonalties over ...
mast cells and basophils
... the complement peptides. Whilst skin mast cells are able to release histamine in response to a range of polycationic stimuli [87, 88], possibly via direct interaction with the G protein [89], lung mast cells fail to respond to any of these agents. Despite IL-3 being a potent growth factor for murine ...
... the complement peptides. Whilst skin mast cells are able to release histamine in response to a range of polycationic stimuli [87, 88], possibly via direct interaction with the G protein [89], lung mast cells fail to respond to any of these agents. Despite IL-3 being a potent growth factor for murine ...
Early steps in cold sensing by plant cells: the role of actin
... presence of the alcohol, the cold-induced cas30 expression was inhibited at all concentrations tested (Figure 2a). BA treatment also strongly inhibited the development of freezing tolerance (Figure 2b) without affecting cell viability (data not shown). Similar results were obtained by treating cells ...
... presence of the alcohol, the cold-induced cas30 expression was inhibited at all concentrations tested (Figure 2a). BA treatment also strongly inhibited the development of freezing tolerance (Figure 2b) without affecting cell viability (data not shown). Similar results were obtained by treating cells ...
Bacteria - TeacherWeb
... Some bacteria perform a simple form of sexual reproduction called conjugation that involves two parents who combine their genetic material to produce a new organism that differs from both parents. During conjugation, one bacterium transfers some of its genetic material into another. ...
... Some bacteria perform a simple form of sexual reproduction called conjugation that involves two parents who combine their genetic material to produce a new organism that differs from both parents. During conjugation, one bacterium transfers some of its genetic material into another. ...
