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Small mammals feeding on hypogeous fungi
... Kataržyte and Kutorga (2011) observed that the Apodemus mice, and the bank vole Myodes glareolus feed on fungi for most of the year with the number of faecal samples containing spores increasing from 50% in the spring to 83% in the autumn. The number of fungal species found also increased. The ...
... Kataržyte and Kutorga (2011) observed that the Apodemus mice, and the bank vole Myodes glareolus feed on fungi for most of the year with the number of faecal samples containing spores increasing from 50% in the spring to 83% in the autumn. The number of fungal species found also increased. The ...
Comparison of snail density, standing stock, and body size between
... studies reported standing stock (or provided information to estimate standing stock) from 84 ecosystems; of these, 23 studies also reported density from 65 ecosystems. Many researchers in the review sampled ecosystems once, at a single site. Studies in Caribbean karst wetlands, large streams, and we ...
... studies reported standing stock (or provided information to estimate standing stock) from 84 ecosystems; of these, 23 studies also reported density from 65 ecosystems. Many researchers in the review sampled ecosystems once, at a single site. Studies in Caribbean karst wetlands, large streams, and we ...
indirect effects of large herbivores on snakes in an african savanna
... more difficult to detect. Indirect effects or interactions follow when one species produces a change in a variable associated with a second species by changing one or more other variables, at least one of which is associated with a third species (Wootton 1994, Abrams et al. 1996). The general role an ...
... more difficult to detect. Indirect effects or interactions follow when one species produces a change in a variable associated with a second species by changing one or more other variables, at least one of which is associated with a third species (Wootton 1994, Abrams et al. 1996). The general role an ...
Retention Time and the Functional Response of Beavers J. M.
... Functional response experiment., were conducted durand ponds uslng Hancock traps and transferred either to ing &la>-October 1992. Experimental enclosure., wele 0.9-mi cagev (for retention tlme exper~ments)or 30 x 5 0 constructed In m ~ x e d declduou.,-coniferous woodland m enclosures (for functiona ...
... Functional response experiment., were conducted durand ponds uslng Hancock traps and transferred either to ing &la>-October 1992. Experimental enclosure., wele 0.9-mi cagev (for retention tlme exper~ments)or 30 x 5 0 constructed In m ~ x e d declduou.,-coniferous woodland m enclosures (for functiona ...
interspecific competition alters nonlinear selection on offspring size
... fitness. Importantly, estimates of fecundity across the study period were correlated positively (correlation coefficients among weeks ranged between 0.484 and 0.74), suggesting that there was no trade-off between early and late reproduction. Zooids that are brooding larvae are also clearly distingui ...
... fitness. Importantly, estimates of fecundity across the study period were correlated positively (correlation coefficients among weeks ranged between 0.484 and 0.74), suggesting that there was no trade-off between early and late reproduction. Zooids that are brooding larvae are also clearly distingui ...
SEA PENS AND BURROWING MEGAFAUNA
... characteristics of selected biotope complexes found at some or all of the sites. These reviews are intended to summarize the available information relevant to conservation management, including the ecological characteristics of each biotope complex, its conservation importance, its sensitivity to na ...
... characteristics of selected biotope complexes found at some or all of the sites. These reviews are intended to summarize the available information relevant to conservation management, including the ecological characteristics of each biotope complex, its conservation importance, its sensitivity to na ...
Together is Better: The Importance of
... measuring changes in wet mass under different feeding regimes in combination with different states of symbiosis under laboratory conditions. I predicted that anemones with symbionts present and food provided (S+/ F+) would gain the most mass and this treatment served as the positive control in this ...
... measuring changes in wet mass under different feeding regimes in combination with different states of symbiosis under laboratory conditions. I predicted that anemones with symbionts present and food provided (S+/ F+) would gain the most mass and this treatment served as the positive control in this ...
Coevolution of Cycads and Dinosaurs
... became genetically isolated much like populations of plants and animals that become separated by vast stretches of ocean. Similar evidence can be found in the distribution of extant cycad species, which typically inhabit small areas where they occupy specialized ecological niches. As an example, the ...
... became genetically isolated much like populations of plants and animals that become separated by vast stretches of ocean. Similar evidence can be found in the distribution of extant cycad species, which typically inhabit small areas where they occupy specialized ecological niches. As an example, the ...
Comparing aquatic and terrestrial grazing ecosystems: is the grass
... In terrestrial ecosystems, the term ‘grazing’ typically refers to the consumption of grasses while ‘browsing’ refers to the consumption of forbs or trees and the more general term ‘herbivory’ refers to consumption of plants in general (McNaughton and Georgiadis 1986). The term ‘grazing ecosystem’ is ...
... In terrestrial ecosystems, the term ‘grazing’ typically refers to the consumption of grasses while ‘browsing’ refers to the consumption of forbs or trees and the more general term ‘herbivory’ refers to consumption of plants in general (McNaughton and Georgiadis 1986). The term ‘grazing ecosystem’ is ...
Herbivory and the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program
... insects, pollinators, prey, herbivores, decomposers. ...
... insects, pollinators, prey, herbivores, decomposers. ...
Do marine phytoplankton follow Bergmann`s rule sensu lato
... has been applied to both of these phenomena, and also to latitudinal patterns in size of ectothermic organisms, although the thermoregulatory explanation cannot apply in the latter case. Blackburn, Gaston & Loder (1999) suggested using the term ‘Bergmann’s rule’ for latitudinal replacements among cl ...
... has been applied to both of these phenomena, and also to latitudinal patterns in size of ectothermic organisms, although the thermoregulatory explanation cannot apply in the latter case. Blackburn, Gaston & Loder (1999) suggested using the term ‘Bergmann’s rule’ for latitudinal replacements among cl ...
Parallel shifts in ecology and natural selection in an island lizard
... the maximum NDVI within the 2 × 2 subpixel array for each 16 d period. Thereafter, we computed monthly NDVI composites by taking the maximum NDVI within two consecutive 16 d periods. In the subsequent spatial averaging within the study region for each month, we only included 500 m pixels if their ND ...
... the maximum NDVI within the 2 × 2 subpixel array for each 16 d period. Thereafter, we computed monthly NDVI composites by taking the maximum NDVI within two consecutive 16 d periods. In the subsequent spatial averaging within the study region for each month, we only included 500 m pixels if their ND ...
The Niah Excavations al1d al1 Assessment of the Impact of Early
... During glacial maxima, the freezing of a vast amount of the world's surface water caused a general lowering of sea level. Such recessions of the sea would have placed Niah cave in an inland position, much farther from the coast than it is at present. Elsewhere in the world, recessions of the order o ...
... During glacial maxima, the freezing of a vast amount of the world's surface water caused a general lowering of sea level. Such recessions of the sea would have placed Niah cave in an inland position, much farther from the coast than it is at present. Elsewhere in the world, recessions of the order o ...
Word - The Open University
... lengthy juvenile period before they reach sexual maturity. Most anthropoid primates are omnivorous, but as they diversified to occupy different ecological niches, some species became more specialised. Some eat mainly fruit (the guenons and spider monkeys), or seeds (the sakis), or leaves (the colobu ...
... lengthy juvenile period before they reach sexual maturity. Most anthropoid primates are omnivorous, but as they diversified to occupy different ecological niches, some species became more specialised. Some eat mainly fruit (the guenons and spider monkeys), or seeds (the sakis), or leaves (the colobu ...
Metapopulation Ecology - Department of Ecology and Evolutionary
... of habitat patches are occupied, because sites that go extinct are immediately recolonised owing to the ‘rescue effect’. Similarly, a large local population is less likely to become extinct than a small population, and a large patch is more likely to be colonised than a small one as modelled by Hast ...
... of habitat patches are occupied, because sites that go extinct are immediately recolonised owing to the ‘rescue effect’. Similarly, a large local population is less likely to become extinct than a small population, and a large patch is more likely to be colonised than a small one as modelled by Hast ...
Asymmetric effects of intra- and interspecific competition on a pond
... effect varied between morphs. Paedomorph and metamorph production were more strongly affected by intraspecific than interspecific competition, while the production of overwintering larvae was affected by each type of competition approximately equally. Paedomorphs largely occurred only at low conspecifi ...
... effect varied between morphs. Paedomorph and metamorph production were more strongly affected by intraspecific than interspecific competition, while the production of overwintering larvae was affected by each type of competition approximately equally. Paedomorphs largely occurred only at low conspecifi ...
Large predators and their prey in a southern African savanna: a
... restricted some meta-analyses (e.g. Carbone et al. 1999) to only the most common prey used by each predator. It is thus important to test generalizations such as those cited above on primary data sets comprising complete prey profiles in which the frequencies of all prey types and size classes are r ...
... restricted some meta-analyses (e.g. Carbone et al. 1999) to only the most common prey used by each predator. It is thus important to test generalizations such as those cited above on primary data sets comprising complete prey profiles in which the frequencies of all prey types and size classes are r ...
The role of biotic forces in driving macroevolution: beyond the Red
... role for biotic factors in driving macroevolutionary change [15–18]. For example, competition-driven clade–clade replacements have been hypothesized for diverse taxonomic groups, including cheilostome bryozoans replacing cyclostome bryozoans [19], angiosperms replacing gymnosperms [20] and bivalves ...
... role for biotic factors in driving macroevolutionary change [15–18]. For example, competition-driven clade–clade replacements have been hypothesized for diverse taxonomic groups, including cheilostome bryozoans replacing cyclostome bryozoans [19], angiosperms replacing gymnosperms [20] and bivalves ...
Trilobites - Western Washington University
... Trilobites are hard-shelled, segmented arthropods that existed over 300 million years ago in the Earth's ancient seas. They were extinct before the dinosaurs existed, and are one of the key signature creatures of the Paleozoic Era, the first era to exhibit a proliferation of the complex life-forms t ...
... Trilobites are hard-shelled, segmented arthropods that existed over 300 million years ago in the Earth's ancient seas. They were extinct before the dinosaurs existed, and are one of the key signature creatures of the Paleozoic Era, the first era to exhibit a proliferation of the complex life-forms t ...
Spatial groupings, part 2
... – Also, environmental relationships are much less clearly evidenced by animals than plants. • Their inconspicuousness makes it more difficult to study them, and their mobility had lead to greater environmental adaptability among them. ...
... – Also, environmental relationships are much less clearly evidenced by animals than plants. • Their inconspicuousness makes it more difficult to study them, and their mobility had lead to greater environmental adaptability among them. ...
Effects of resource abundance on habitat selection and spatial
... 2001; MCDONALD and ST CLAIR 2004) have been used. These studies have contributed significantly to the understanding of small mammal biology, however there are some important methodological drawbacks that should be taken into consideration when using these methods, and which leave room for improvemen ...
... 2001; MCDONALD and ST CLAIR 2004) have been used. These studies have contributed significantly to the understanding of small mammal biology, however there are some important methodological drawbacks that should be taken into consideration when using these methods, and which leave room for improvemen ...
- Wiley Online Library
... they will colonize most of the Top End of the Northern Territory in the next 20 years (Freeland & Martin 1985; van Dam et al. 2002). In Australia, cane toads occupy a broad range of habitats, attain high population densities (up to 2138 individuals per hectare, Freeland 1986), and have much higher f ...
... they will colonize most of the Top End of the Northern Territory in the next 20 years (Freeland & Martin 1985; van Dam et al. 2002). In Australia, cane toads occupy a broad range of habitats, attain high population densities (up to 2138 individuals per hectare, Freeland 1986), and have much higher f ...
Historical Mammal Extinction on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean
... species-level) extinction in vertebrates, although it is clear that at the population level such diseases (especially ones regarded as emerging within particular taxa) may have far-reaching effects, including outright extirpation [1]. To date, the few welldocumented examples of complete extinction i ...
... species-level) extinction in vertebrates, although it is clear that at the population level such diseases (especially ones regarded as emerging within particular taxa) may have far-reaching effects, including outright extirpation [1]. To date, the few welldocumented examples of complete extinction i ...
Guts and Brains
... forest rhino in the last interglacial environments of northern Europe. A focus on prime-aged individuals has been documented at various locations. Such a specialization is unknown in other carnivores and has been interpreted as a good sign of niche separation (Stiner, 2002). In the Levant, archaeozo ...
... forest rhino in the last interglacial environments of northern Europe. A focus on prime-aged individuals has been documented at various locations. Such a specialization is unknown in other carnivores and has been interpreted as a good sign of niche separation (Stiner, 2002). In the Levant, archaeozo ...
2014, vol 24 - Department of Biological Sciences
... Dartmouth College runs an annual 9-10 week ecological field research program in Costa Rica and the Caribbean. Manuscripts from the research projects in this program have been published in the annual volume “Dartmouth Studies in Tropical Ecology” since 1989. Copies are held in the Dartmouth library a ...
... Dartmouth College runs an annual 9-10 week ecological field research program in Costa Rica and the Caribbean. Manuscripts from the research projects in this program have been published in the annual volume “Dartmouth Studies in Tropical Ecology” since 1989. Copies are held in the Dartmouth library a ...
Megafauna
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Elephant_near_ndutu.jpg?width=300)
In terrestrial zoology, megafauna (Ancient Greek megas ""large"" + New Latin fauna ""animal"") are large or giant animals. The most common thresholds used are 45 kilograms (100 lb) or 100 kilograms (220 lb). This thus includes many species not popularly thought of as overly large, such as white-tailed deer, red kangaroo, and humans.In practice, the most common usage encountered in academic and popular writing describes land animals roughly larger than a human that are not (solely) domesticated. The term is especially associated with the Pleistocene megafauna – the land animals often larger than modern counterparts considered archetypical of the last ice age, such as mammoths, the majority of which in northern Eurasia, the Americas and Australia became extinct as recently as 10,000–40,000 years ago. It is also commonly used for the largest extant wild land animals, especially elephants, giraffes, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, and large bovines. Megafauna may be subcategorized by their trophic position into megaherbivores (e.g., elk), megacarnivores (e.g., lions), and, more rarely, megaomnivores (e.g., bears).Other common uses are for giant aquatic species, especially whales, any larger wild or domesticated land animals such as larger antelope and cattle, as well as numerous dinosaurs and other extinct giant reptilians.The term is also sometimes applied to animals (usually extinct) of great size relative to a more common or surviving type of the animal, for example the 1 m (3 ft) dragonflies of the Carboniferous period.