![Herbivore-mediated structural diversity of vegetation Ruifrok](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/016186339_1-23302d94406d33dffd63d0b22ae910d7-300x300.png)
Herbivore-mediated structural diversity of vegetation Ruifrok
... chose the barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis) (3.5 kg) as the smallest model herbivore species. Barnacle geese rely strongly on large ungulates to enhance the plant quality in productive ecosystems (Olff et al. 1997). Alternatively, barnacle geese can occur in high densities, thereby maintaining the v ...
... chose the barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis) (3.5 kg) as the smallest model herbivore species. Barnacle geese rely strongly on large ungulates to enhance the plant quality in productive ecosystems (Olff et al. 1997). Alternatively, barnacle geese can occur in high densities, thereby maintaining the v ...
Brave New Propagules: Terrestrial Embryos in Anamniotic Eggs
... incubation for anamniotes The chorion, an extra-embryonic membrane composed of several proteins, encloses the anamniotic embryo during incubation. After fertilization, the chorion of anamniotes undergoes a change in the proteins and a release of the contents of the egg’s cortical granules that bind ...
... incubation for anamniotes The chorion, an extra-embryonic membrane composed of several proteins, encloses the anamniotic embryo during incubation. After fertilization, the chorion of anamniotes undergoes a change in the proteins and a release of the contents of the egg’s cortical granules that bind ...
DDT Persuasive Essay - APES -
... the caterpillar population, which bring us to the second point, survival of species is needed to maintain the equilibrium of an ecosystem. DDT causes damage to the environment and people by creating fluctuation in the ecosystem. The aforementioned dilemma with the dying lizards cause a decrease in d ...
... the caterpillar population, which bring us to the second point, survival of species is needed to maintain the equilibrium of an ecosystem. DDT causes damage to the environment and people by creating fluctuation in the ecosystem. The aforementioned dilemma with the dying lizards cause a decrease in d ...
Giant Clams - Deepak Apte
... called Zooxanthellae, a unicellular algae), demonstrating an unusual phenomenon of endosymbiosis. Endosymbiosis can be seen in many animal species, however, Giant Clams are unique because they have improved this strategy significantly. Unlike other animals they cultivate zooxanthellae in a special ...
... called Zooxanthellae, a unicellular algae), demonstrating an unusual phenomenon of endosymbiosis. Endosymbiosis can be seen in many animal species, however, Giant Clams are unique because they have improved this strategy significantly. Unlike other animals they cultivate zooxanthellae in a special ...
The ecological module of BOATS-1.0
... representations of biological and ecological processes, and is computationally efficient, allowing extensive parameterspace analyses even when implemented globally. As such, it enables the exploration of the linkages between ocean biogeochemistry, climate, and upper trophic levels at the global scal ...
... representations of biological and ecological processes, and is computationally efficient, allowing extensive parameterspace analyses even when implemented globally. As such, it enables the exploration of the linkages between ocean biogeochemistry, climate, and upper trophic levels at the global scal ...
Patterns of disturbance and recovery in littoral rock pools
... ABSTRACT: Patterns of &sturbance and recovery were investigated in algal-dominated littoral rock pools on the west coast of Italy from February 1991 to November 1993. The assemblage was a mosaic of canopyforming species interspersed amongst patches of turf-forming and encrusting algae. T h e effects ...
... ABSTRACT: Patterns of &sturbance and recovery were investigated in algal-dominated littoral rock pools on the west coast of Italy from February 1991 to November 1993. The assemblage was a mosaic of canopyforming species interspersed amongst patches of turf-forming and encrusting algae. T h e effects ...
Offspring size in a resident species affects community assembly
... Watersipora settlers to examine their effects on community assembly. Offspring size was manipulated by collecting field settled Watersipora, measuring within 24 hours of settlement (when settler size is still a good predictor of original larval size; Marshall & Keough 2003) and splitting offspring s ...
... Watersipora settlers to examine their effects on community assembly. Offspring size was manipulated by collecting field settled Watersipora, measuring within 24 hours of settlement (when settler size is still a good predictor of original larval size; Marshall & Keough 2003) and splitting offspring s ...
Morphology and Dispersal of One- and Two
... the terminal velocity is less than about 80 cm sec- I, and thus the resistance to falling is high, do fruits move with the local horizontal wind speed. Because the diaspores of C. flava have a high rate of descent, they must not remain airborne very long, and much of their horizontal movement must o ...
... the terminal velocity is less than about 80 cm sec- I, and thus the resistance to falling is high, do fruits move with the local horizontal wind speed. Because the diaspores of C. flava have a high rate of descent, they must not remain airborne very long, and much of their horizontal movement must o ...
PDF copy - Integrative Biology - University of California, Berkeley
... equilibrium gliding, and landing. Recent research conflates these features by considering only locomotor performance as averaged over the entire trajectory, typically by measuring the vertical height lost and total horizontal distance traveled during a gliding episode (e.g., Ando & Shiraishi 1993, Ja ...
... equilibrium gliding, and landing. Recent research conflates these features by considering only locomotor performance as averaged over the entire trajectory, typically by measuring the vertical height lost and total horizontal distance traveled during a gliding episode (e.g., Ando & Shiraishi 1993, Ja ...
Allometry – Relations to Energy and Abundance
... follows environmental temperature changes, but this dependency can be modified by the behaviour of the animal. Thus, body temperature of poikilothermic animals is much more variable than that of mammals or birds. As a consequence of this temperature dependency, the body temperature of poikilothermic ...
... follows environmental temperature changes, but this dependency can be modified by the behaviour of the animal. Thus, body temperature of poikilothermic animals is much more variable than that of mammals or birds. As a consequence of this temperature dependency, the body temperature of poikilothermic ...
A complex social structure with fission–fusion properties can emerge
... Eq. 1 in different tropical forests (Enquist et al. 1999). Exponent values measured in most forest types are in the range 1.5<β<4 (Enquist and Niklas 2001; Niklas et al. 2003), while a typical spider monkey habitat in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, had a value of 2.6 (Boyer et al. 2006). The number ...
... Eq. 1 in different tropical forests (Enquist et al. 1999). Exponent values measured in most forest types are in the range 1.5<β<4 (Enquist and Niklas 2001; Niklas et al. 2003), while a typical spider monkey habitat in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, had a value of 2.6 (Boyer et al. 2006). The number ...
growth rates and body condition of juvenile green turtles
... benefits since rapid growth in the early years allows for reaching sexual maturity sooner and contributing to the breeding population (Bjorndal et al. 2013). Taxa vary in the stage of development at which reproduction occurs because an animal’s ability to reproduce is tied to its life history strat ...
... benefits since rapid growth in the early years allows for reaching sexual maturity sooner and contributing to the breeding population (Bjorndal et al. 2013). Taxa vary in the stage of development at which reproduction occurs because an animal’s ability to reproduce is tied to its life history strat ...
Zoning as a means of mitigating conflicts with large
... In some areas, sources of conflict may exist that either cannot be mitigated, are too expensive to mitigate on the required scale, cannot be moved, or are given political priority over large carnivores. Here, the option would be to create zones where carnivores are not allowed to reach high populati ...
... In some areas, sources of conflict may exist that either cannot be mitigated, are too expensive to mitigate on the required scale, cannot be moved, or are given political priority over large carnivores. Here, the option would be to create zones where carnivores are not allowed to reach high populati ...
Models of Extinction: A Review
... features of the extinction record are found to be independent of the measure used, and in this case it is probably safe to assume that they are real effects rather than artifacts of the variation in stage lengths. The use of the stages as a time scale has other problems associated with it as well. F ...
... features of the extinction record are found to be independent of the measure used, and in this case it is probably safe to assume that they are real effects rather than artifacts of the variation in stage lengths. The use of the stages as a time scale has other problems associated with it as well. F ...
Models of Extinction
... features of the extinction record are found to be independent of the measure used, and in this case it is probably safe to assume that they are real effects rather than artifacts of the variation in stage lengths. The use of the stages as a time scale has other problems associated with it as well. F ...
... features of the extinction record are found to be independent of the measure used, and in this case it is probably safe to assume that they are real effects rather than artifacts of the variation in stage lengths. The use of the stages as a time scale has other problems associated with it as well. F ...
Plio-Pleistocene large carnivores from the Italian peninsula
... considerable attention by scientists because its members encompass most of the possible ecological and morphological adaptations to the life on terrestrial or aquatic environments (Gittleman 1985; Nowak 1999). Although their variability is remarkable, carnivores are not unusual in terms of species t ...
... considerable attention by scientists because its members encompass most of the possible ecological and morphological adaptations to the life on terrestrial or aquatic environments (Gittleman 1985; Nowak 1999). Although their variability is remarkable, carnivores are not unusual in terms of species t ...
The Population Dynamics of Red and Western Grey Kangaroos in
... (1) Red and western grey kangaroo populations were monitored on Kinchega National Park and some adjoining sheep stations on a quarterly basis between 1973 and 1981. Kangaroos inside the Park were constrained whilst those outside were not. (2) The years 1973-1976 experienced exceptionally high rainfa ...
... (1) Red and western grey kangaroo populations were monitored on Kinchega National Park and some adjoining sheep stations on a quarterly basis between 1973 and 1981. Kangaroos inside the Park were constrained whilst those outside were not. (2) The years 1973-1976 experienced exceptionally high rainfa ...
Theoretical and empirical studies on population dynamics, species
... The first studies of population dynamics are at least as old as the findings of Fibonacci in the XIII century for the increase of rabbit populations (Sigler 2002). The field evolved since then until the 1920’s, when Alfred Lotka and Vito Volterra proposed independently a pair of first order nonlinea ...
... The first studies of population dynamics are at least as old as the findings of Fibonacci in the XIII century for the increase of rabbit populations (Sigler 2002). The field evolved since then until the 1920’s, when Alfred Lotka and Vito Volterra proposed independently a pair of first order nonlinea ...
Carrion cycling in food webs: comparisons among terrestrial and
... necrophagy for a large portion of their diet (Kaiser and Moore 1999, Tamburri and Barry 1999, Smith and Baco 2003). For example, mobile scavengers (e.g. the hagfishes) have evolved highly sensitive chemoreceptive abilities which allow them to detect distant carrion resources and have the ability to ...
... necrophagy for a large portion of their diet (Kaiser and Moore 1999, Tamburri and Barry 1999, Smith and Baco 2003). For example, mobile scavengers (e.g. the hagfishes) have evolved highly sensitive chemoreceptive abilities which allow them to detect distant carrion resources and have the ability to ...
INCLUDE BISON
... e.g., Plains Bison maintain prairie ecosystems by grazing, dispersing seeds, wallowing, & fertilizing. ...
... e.g., Plains Bison maintain prairie ecosystems by grazing, dispersing seeds, wallowing, & fertilizing. ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... As a part of our long-term research program on the ecological and evolutionary interactions among Triturus newts – primarily between T. cristatus and T. marmoratus and their hybrids (e.g. Arntzen & Hedlund, 1990; Arntzen & Wallis, 1991; Jehle & Arntzen, 2000) – we studied the environmental factors t ...
... As a part of our long-term research program on the ecological and evolutionary interactions among Triturus newts – primarily between T. cristatus and T. marmoratus and their hybrids (e.g. Arntzen & Hedlund, 1990; Arntzen & Wallis, 1991; Jehle & Arntzen, 2000) – we studied the environmental factors t ...
Predator size-prey size relationships of marine fish
... ABSTRACT: We utilized a long-term data base collected over a broad geographic range to examine predator size - prey size relationships for 18 species of marine fish predators from continental shelf waters off the northeast US coast. Regression analysis was used to illustrate interspecific variation ...
... ABSTRACT: We utilized a long-term data base collected over a broad geographic range to examine predator size - prey size relationships for 18 species of marine fish predators from continental shelf waters off the northeast US coast. Regression analysis was used to illustrate interspecific variation ...
Crossfertilizing aquatic and terrestrial research to understand
... advance modern ecology.2–4 For example, removal ...
... advance modern ecology.2–4 For example, removal ...
Rate of recovery of lichen-dominated tundra vegetation after
... vegetation cover vegetation are evidenced (Ektova et Ermokhina 2012). If number of reindeer individuals increases in future (exponential growth is expected in worst scenarion) more dangerous changes in natural ecosystems might be expected in the region. The present situation requires significant cor ...
... vegetation cover vegetation are evidenced (Ektova et Ermokhina 2012). If number of reindeer individuals increases in future (exponential growth is expected in worst scenarion) more dangerous changes in natural ecosystems might be expected in the region. The present situation requires significant cor ...
Inverse density dependence and the Allee effect
... eat the flour, but they also eat their own eggs as they encounter these on their travels’35. Because of this, eggs are less likely to escape oophagy at high densities. However, females lay more eggs, and eggs with a higher percentage of fertility, when they have been stimulated by successive copulat ...
... eat the flour, but they also eat their own eggs as they encounter these on their travels’35. Because of this, eggs are less likely to escape oophagy at high densities. However, females lay more eggs, and eggs with a higher percentage of fertility, when they have been stimulated by successive copulat ...
Megafauna
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Elephant_near_ndutu.jpg?width=300)
In terrestrial zoology, megafauna (Ancient Greek megas ""large"" + New Latin fauna ""animal"") are large or giant animals. The most common thresholds used are 45 kilograms (100 lb) or 100 kilograms (220 lb). This thus includes many species not popularly thought of as overly large, such as white-tailed deer, red kangaroo, and humans.In practice, the most common usage encountered in academic and popular writing describes land animals roughly larger than a human that are not (solely) domesticated. The term is especially associated with the Pleistocene megafauna – the land animals often larger than modern counterparts considered archetypical of the last ice age, such as mammoths, the majority of which in northern Eurasia, the Americas and Australia became extinct as recently as 10,000–40,000 years ago. It is also commonly used for the largest extant wild land animals, especially elephants, giraffes, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, and large bovines. Megafauna may be subcategorized by their trophic position into megaherbivores (e.g., elk), megacarnivores (e.g., lions), and, more rarely, megaomnivores (e.g., bears).Other common uses are for giant aquatic species, especially whales, any larger wild or domesticated land animals such as larger antelope and cattle, as well as numerous dinosaurs and other extinct giant reptilians.The term is also sometimes applied to animals (usually extinct) of great size relative to a more common or surviving type of the animal, for example the 1 m (3 ft) dragonflies of the Carboniferous period.