Algal Preferences in the Masking Behaviour of the Spider Notomithrax ursus
... of camouflage for protection or food storage has received the most attention (CruzRivera, 2001; Wicksten 1980). The mask can also possibly aid predatory spider crabs in catching prey (Wicksten 1993), increase the crab’s apparent size to rivals, and since the pieces of the mask are easily removed, it ...
... of camouflage for protection or food storage has received the most attention (CruzRivera, 2001; Wicksten 1980). The mask can also possibly aid predatory spider crabs in catching prey (Wicksten 1993), increase the crab’s apparent size to rivals, and since the pieces of the mask are easily removed, it ...
Influence of immediate predation risk by lions on
... a pride sighted together in 89.2 6 7.4% of sightings). No comparable data were available for other large predators in the area, but the presence of untagged large predators would simply make any vigilance response to lion less detectable rather than create an artificial effect. Our assumptions are t ...
... a pride sighted together in 89.2 6 7.4% of sightings). No comparable data were available for other large predators in the area, but the presence of untagged large predators would simply make any vigilance response to lion less detectable rather than create an artificial effect. Our assumptions are t ...
The evolution of growth trajectories: what limits growth
... growth might be constrained by direct fitness costs. Costs of accelerating growth might contribute to the variance in fitness that is not attributable to age or size at maturity, as well as to the variation in life-history strategies observed within and among species. Two main approaches have been t ...
... growth might be constrained by direct fitness costs. Costs of accelerating growth might contribute to the variance in fitness that is not attributable to age or size at maturity, as well as to the variation in life-history strategies observed within and among species. Two main approaches have been t ...
Co-declining mammals and dung beetles: an impending ecological
... within a context of broader land-use change. The partial replacement of native Mediterranean mammals by livestock after human colonization was largely successful in maintaining endemic dung beetle communities on the Iberian Peninsula (Verdu and Galante 2002). However, changes in traditional grazing ...
... within a context of broader land-use change. The partial replacement of native Mediterranean mammals by livestock after human colonization was largely successful in maintaining endemic dung beetle communities on the Iberian Peninsula (Verdu and Galante 2002). However, changes in traditional grazing ...
Co-declining mammals and dung beetles: an impending ecological
... within a context of broader land-use change. The partial replacement of native Mediterranean mammals by livestock after human colonization was largely successful in maintaining endemic dung beetle communities on the Iberian Peninsula (Verdu and Galante 2002). However, changes in traditional grazing ...
... within a context of broader land-use change. The partial replacement of native Mediterranean mammals by livestock after human colonization was largely successful in maintaining endemic dung beetle communities on the Iberian Peninsula (Verdu and Galante 2002). However, changes in traditional grazing ...
Questions for Chapter 55 – Dynamics of Ecosystems
... Answer—Because the length of food chains appears to be ultimately limited by the amount of energy entering a system, and the characteristic loss of usable energy (about 90%) as energy is transferred to each higher level, it would be reasonable to expect that the ectotherm-dominated food chains would ...
... Answer—Because the length of food chains appears to be ultimately limited by the amount of energy entering a system, and the characteristic loss of usable energy (about 90%) as energy is transferred to each higher level, it would be reasonable to expect that the ectotherm-dominated food chains would ...
Effects of between invasive lionfish and native Nassau grouper
... • Morning, midday and evening, positions were recorded so that distance from shelter could be measured. • Three treatments at size ratios of 1:1, 1:4, 3:1 (lionfish:Nassau grouper). • Cinderblocks were used for shelter. ...
... • Morning, midday and evening, positions were recorded so that distance from shelter could be measured. • Three treatments at size ratios of 1:1, 1:4, 3:1 (lionfish:Nassau grouper). • Cinderblocks were used for shelter. ...
Investigating the Possible Change in Breeding Strategy of African
... The availability of food resources during both breeding and non-breeding seasons has been found to play an important role in determining the clutch size of waders. Spikes in food abundance may result in an increase in clutch size in determinate layers such as the Tengmalm's Owl (Aegolius funereus) ( ...
... The availability of food resources during both breeding and non-breeding seasons has been found to play an important role in determining the clutch size of waders. Spikes in food abundance may result in an increase in clutch size in determinate layers such as the Tengmalm's Owl (Aegolius funereus) ( ...
Poor phenotypic integration of blue mussel inducible
... Different species of predators may simultaneously induce morphological defenses, but the defensive responses may be similar and integrate well if the predators belong to a similar functional group (Laforsch and Tollrian 2004), or the defenses may be dissimilar and not integrate well if the predators ...
... Different species of predators may simultaneously induce morphological defenses, but the defensive responses may be similar and integrate well if the predators belong to a similar functional group (Laforsch and Tollrian 2004), or the defenses may be dissimilar and not integrate well if the predators ...
Hibernation, daily torpor and aestivation in mammals and birds; behavioral aspects
... the surface area in relation to the volume of heat-producing tissues of animals increases with decreasing size, many small endotherms must produce an enormous amount of heat to compensate for heat loss over their relatively large body surface. While heat loss is especially pronounced during cold exp ...
... the surface area in relation to the volume of heat-producing tissues of animals increases with decreasing size, many small endotherms must produce an enormous amount of heat to compensate for heat loss over their relatively large body surface. While heat loss is especially pronounced during cold exp ...
aquatic and terrestrial habitat selection by - ETH E
... amphibians, and most probably facilitates temporal co-existence of species with complex life cycles at local spatial scales. Conservation implications. The present work has implications for the conservation of amphibians in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. We found that niche-differentiation i ...
... amphibians, and most probably facilitates temporal co-existence of species with complex life cycles at local spatial scales. Conservation implications. The present work has implications for the conservation of amphibians in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. We found that niche-differentiation i ...
The Decimation of Endemic Hawaiian Tree
... SYNOPSIS. Endemic terrestrial tree snails of the Hawai'ian Islands, like those of other oceanic islands and even some continental areas, are extremely sensitive to disturbance because of their low population numbers and small geographic ranges. Like many other plants and animals of oceanic islands, ...
... SYNOPSIS. Endemic terrestrial tree snails of the Hawai'ian Islands, like those of other oceanic islands and even some continental areas, are extremely sensitive to disturbance because of their low population numbers and small geographic ranges. Like many other plants and animals of oceanic islands, ...
Holling
... postulated that each habitat can support only a given number of animals and that predation becomes important only when the numbers of prey exceed this "carrying capacity". Hence predators merely remove surplus animals, ones that would succumb even in the absence of natural enemies. Errington exempts ...
... postulated that each habitat can support only a given number of animals and that predation becomes important only when the numbers of prey exceed this "carrying capacity". Hence predators merely remove surplus animals, ones that would succumb even in the absence of natural enemies. Errington exempts ...
PACE, MICHAEL L., AND DOLORS VAQUÉ. The importance of
... The West Long Lake experiments were different in three ways. First, the <20+rn treatment was excluded based on prior results in the Upton and Tyrrel experiments. Second, larger enclosures (40 liter) were used, and these enclosures were incubated in situ. Third, we did not measure the in situ concent ...
... The West Long Lake experiments were different in three ways. First, the <20+rn treatment was excluded based on prior results in the Upton and Tyrrel experiments. Second, larger enclosures (40 liter) were used, and these enclosures were incubated in situ. Third, we did not measure the in situ concent ...
Full text - SFU`s Summit
... stack or bottom-heavy. There is 4-5 times more biomass at the largest body-sizes than would be expected given observed PPMR. I hypothesise that the most plausible explanation is energetic subsidies. Using the same fish assemblage I show how two foundational components of habitat complexity (substrat ...
... stack or bottom-heavy. There is 4-5 times more biomass at the largest body-sizes than would be expected given observed PPMR. I hypothesise that the most plausible explanation is energetic subsidies. Using the same fish assemblage I show how two foundational components of habitat complexity (substrat ...
the kinematics of swimming in anuran larvae
... around a tadpole. It may also function to produce thrust during irregular, intricate movements, such as swimming backwards. 12. Tadpoles are comparable to subcarangiform fishes of similar si2e in their maximum swimming speed and mechanical efficiency, despite the fact that they have much less axial ...
... around a tadpole. It may also function to produce thrust during irregular, intricate movements, such as swimming backwards. 12. Tadpoles are comparable to subcarangiform fishes of similar si2e in their maximum swimming speed and mechanical efficiency, despite the fact that they have much less axial ...
Marine Ecology Progress Series 273:251
... spatial pattern of diversity on land. For the marine realm, the generality of this pattern has frequently been questioned. Here, I use a database with nearly 600 published gradients (198 of which were marine) to assess whether there is a marine latitudinal diversity gradient of similar average stren ...
... spatial pattern of diversity on land. For the marine realm, the generality of this pattern has frequently been questioned. Here, I use a database with nearly 600 published gradients (198 of which were marine) to assess whether there is a marine latitudinal diversity gradient of similar average stren ...
Mustela frenata.
... the typical mustelid body form with a long tail that is 44-70% of the length of head and body. The elongate body has short .legs, a long neck, and a dorso-ventrally compressed triangular head. The ears' are rounded and vibrissae are long (Fig. 1). Northern subspecies have a white winter pelage; sout ...
... the typical mustelid body form with a long tail that is 44-70% of the length of head and body. The elongate body has short .legs, a long neck, and a dorso-ventrally compressed triangular head. The ears' are rounded and vibrissae are long (Fig. 1). Northern subspecies have a white winter pelage; sout ...
ecological community - Department of the Environment
... listed under the Act, are one of several ‘matters of national environmental significance’. Therefore when considering the nomination of national ecological communities it is important to consider that the focus of the Act is on national extent. This means nominators should think beyond their local o ...
... listed under the Act, are one of several ‘matters of national environmental significance’. Therefore when considering the nomination of national ecological communities it is important to consider that the focus of the Act is on national extent. This means nominators should think beyond their local o ...
Hibernation.
... their body temperature (Tb) is a function of ambient temperature (Ta). The vast majority of plants and animals are ectothermic and, because they do not ‘waste’ energy on internal heat production for thermoregulation, their energy and nutrient requirements are low, but they and their bodily functions ...
... their body temperature (Tb) is a function of ambient temperature (Ta). The vast majority of plants and animals are ectothermic and, because they do not ‘waste’ energy on internal heat production for thermoregulation, their energy and nutrient requirements are low, but they and their bodily functions ...
Marsh rabbit mortalities tie pythons to the precipitous decline of
... recognized for its unique biotic communities, sits at the southern end of the Greater Everglades Ecosystem (GEE), a vast freshwater wetland (10 000 km2) encompassing most of the southern Florida peninsula [3]. The ecological processes, functionality and restoration efforts within this distinct ecos ...
... recognized for its unique biotic communities, sits at the southern end of the Greater Everglades Ecosystem (GEE), a vast freshwater wetland (10 000 km2) encompassing most of the southern Florida peninsula [3]. The ecological processes, functionality and restoration efforts within this distinct ecos ...
High intraspecific variability in the functional niche of a predator is
... et al. 2011). Accordingly, low levels of intraspecific variation have been reported in the literature (Garnier et al. 2001; Dumay et al. 2004; Buckley et al. 2010). However, because intraspecific variations in functional traits can affect ecological interactions (Bolnick et al. 2011) and ecosystem f ...
... et al. 2011). Accordingly, low levels of intraspecific variation have been reported in the literature (Garnier et al. 2001; Dumay et al. 2004; Buckley et al. 2010). However, because intraspecific variations in functional traits can affect ecological interactions (Bolnick et al. 2011) and ecosystem f ...
Does multiple seed loading in Blue Jays result in selective dispersal
... distances than when single acorns are carried in the bill. To test this, we presented free-ranging Blue Jays with pin oak acorns of different sizes over a 2-year period. In each of 16 experimental trials, we monitored the birds at a feeding station with remote cameras and determined the number of ac ...
... distances than when single acorns are carried in the bill. To test this, we presented free-ranging Blue Jays with pin oak acorns of different sizes over a 2-year period. In each of 16 experimental trials, we monitored the birds at a feeding station with remote cameras and determined the number of ac ...
Marine Ecology Progress Series 230:195
... rates are therefore typically derived by following populations in their environment over time. This is inherently difficult and time consuming; hence, estimates of copepod mortality rates are scarce and ideas as to global in situ patterns are lacking. In this study, we consider rates and patterns in ...
... rates are therefore typically derived by following populations in their environment over time. This is inherently difficult and time consuming; hence, estimates of copepod mortality rates are scarce and ideas as to global in situ patterns are lacking. In this study, we consider rates and patterns in ...
Manipulative Field Experiments in Animal Ecology: Do They
... fact, the error terms used in the statistical analysis reflect the variation between samples within a treatment replicate. Thus, authors cannot be accused of the sin of pseudo-replication if they are content to make inferences only about the variation within a single plot and they refrain from gener ...
... fact, the error terms used in the statistical analysis reflect the variation between samples within a treatment replicate. Thus, authors cannot be accused of the sin of pseudo-replication if they are content to make inferences only about the variation within a single plot and they refrain from gener ...
Megafauna
In terrestrial zoology, megafauna (Ancient Greek megas ""large"" + New Latin fauna ""animal"") are large or giant animals. The most common thresholds used are 45 kilograms (100 lb) or 100 kilograms (220 lb). This thus includes many species not popularly thought of as overly large, such as white-tailed deer, red kangaroo, and humans.In practice, the most common usage encountered in academic and popular writing describes land animals roughly larger than a human that are not (solely) domesticated. The term is especially associated with the Pleistocene megafauna – the land animals often larger than modern counterparts considered archetypical of the last ice age, such as mammoths, the majority of which in northern Eurasia, the Americas and Australia became extinct as recently as 10,000–40,000 years ago. It is also commonly used for the largest extant wild land animals, especially elephants, giraffes, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, and large bovines. Megafauna may be subcategorized by their trophic position into megaherbivores (e.g., elk), megacarnivores (e.g., lions), and, more rarely, megaomnivores (e.g., bears).Other common uses are for giant aquatic species, especially whales, any larger wild or domesticated land animals such as larger antelope and cattle, as well as numerous dinosaurs and other extinct giant reptilians.The term is also sometimes applied to animals (usually extinct) of great size relative to a more common or surviving type of the animal, for example the 1 m (3 ft) dragonflies of the Carboniferous period.