Animal Adaptations - Mr. Hill`s Science Website
... savanna and desert lands and get most of their water from the plants they eat. Though they cannot fly, ostriches are fleet, strong runners. They can sprint up to 43 miles (70 kilometers) an hour and run over distance at 31 miles (50 kilometers) an hour. They may use their wings as "rudders" to help ...
... savanna and desert lands and get most of their water from the plants they eat. Though they cannot fly, ostriches are fleet, strong runners. They can sprint up to 43 miles (70 kilometers) an hour and run over distance at 31 miles (50 kilometers) an hour. They may use their wings as "rudders" to help ...
Wellborn2000The American Midland Naturalist
... moderate-sized lake with much littoral emergent (Typha) and submerged (Myriophyllum, Potomogeton) vegetation. South Lake contains predatory fish, including bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), an important consumer of Hyalella (Wellborn, 1994a). I collected paired and unpaired Hyalella in littoral vegeta ...
... moderate-sized lake with much littoral emergent (Typha) and submerged (Myriophyllum, Potomogeton) vegetation. South Lake contains predatory fish, including bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), an important consumer of Hyalella (Wellborn, 1994a). I collected paired and unpaired Hyalella in littoral vegeta ...
Urban, M. C. 2007. Predator size and phenology shape prey survival
... Roos et al. 2003a) because the size of a predator’s gape or capture apparatus frequently constrains its ability to handle large prey (Hambright 1991; Scharf et al. 2000). Therefore, a gape-limited predator for a focal prey species can be deWned by the relative size diVerences between predator and pr ...
... Roos et al. 2003a) because the size of a predator’s gape or capture apparatus frequently constrains its ability to handle large prey (Hambright 1991; Scharf et al. 2000). Therefore, a gape-limited predator for a focal prey species can be deWned by the relative size diVerences between predator and pr ...
Reverse evolution: driving forces behind
... operons in the genome, i.e. that multiple operons, as found in the genomes of many large bacteria, are required to achieve high growth rates [27 ,28]. U ltramicobacteria do often have small genomes and for a number of taxa it has been shown that they possess only a single copy of the ribosomal opero ...
... operons in the genome, i.e. that multiple operons, as found in the genomes of many large bacteria, are required to achieve high growth rates [27 ,28]. U ltramicobacteria do often have small genomes and for a number of taxa it has been shown that they possess only a single copy of the ribosomal opero ...
HORIZONS Modelling emergent trophic strategies in plankton
... Using affinity as a proxy for competitive ability, we can make simple predictions about how the trophic strategy scales with size. The uptake rate is the affinity multiplied by the resource concentration (nutrients, light or food) (Fig. 2a). A dominant trophic strategy among organisms of a given siz ...
... Using affinity as a proxy for competitive ability, we can make simple predictions about how the trophic strategy scales with size. The uptake rate is the affinity multiplied by the resource concentration (nutrients, light or food) (Fig. 2a). A dominant trophic strategy among organisms of a given siz ...
Stoichiometry of nutrient excretion by fish: interspecific variation in a
... species. We addressed several hypotheses. Our first null hypothesis was that fish species other than gizzard shad would have similar excretion rates and ratios (per individual or per biomass) as shad. The alternative hypothesis was that fish species vary significantly in nutrient excretion rates and ...
... species. We addressed several hypotheses. Our first null hypothesis was that fish species other than gizzard shad would have similar excretion rates and ratios (per individual or per biomass) as shad. The alternative hypothesis was that fish species vary significantly in nutrient excretion rates and ...
terrestrial food webs All wet or dried up? Real differences between
... terrestrial differences are consistent across the global range of primary productivity, indicating that structural contrasts between the two systems are preserved despite large variation in energy input. We argue that variable selective forces drive differences in plant allocation patterns in aquati ...
... terrestrial differences are consistent across the global range of primary productivity, indicating that structural contrasts between the two systems are preserved despite large variation in energy input. We argue that variable selective forces drive differences in plant allocation patterns in aquati ...
Climate change and southern calamary
... With such profound and direct effects of temperature on the life-cycles and life-history of squids, our emerging understanding of the crucial role of cephalopods in many ecosystems, and the increasing commercial importance of this group, it is little wonder that many researchers have begun to ponder ...
... With such profound and direct effects of temperature on the life-cycles and life-history of squids, our emerging understanding of the crucial role of cephalopods in many ecosystems, and the increasing commercial importance of this group, it is little wonder that many researchers have begun to ponder ...
Migratory connectivity in Arctic geese: spring stopovers are the weak
... closely related to resting metabolic rate (RMR). Daily energetic expenditure can thus reliably be predicted from body mass at least in the range above 1 kg (Fig. 2, methods and references indicated in key). To convert mass loss (g/ day) to energy (kJ/day) we have employed the value of 24 kJ/g body m ...
... closely related to resting metabolic rate (RMR). Daily energetic expenditure can thus reliably be predicted from body mass at least in the range above 1 kg (Fig. 2, methods and references indicated in key). To convert mass loss (g/ day) to energy (kJ/day) we have employed the value of 24 kJ/g body m ...
Emergence and maintenance of biodiversity in an evolutionary food
... trophic interactions, interference competition, and energy availability affect a food web’s maximum trophic level and contrast this with conditions for high diversity. ...
... trophic interactions, interference competition, and energy availability affect a food web’s maximum trophic level and contrast this with conditions for high diversity. ...
University of Groningen Herbivores, resources and risks
... resources as herbivores are regulated by predators [5,12]. Previous research has elucidated the complexity of trophic interactions by breaking each trophic level into more fundamental components (Figure 1). Specifically, the roles of abiotic factors, disturbances, quality and quantity of primary pro ...
... resources as herbivores are regulated by predators [5,12]. Previous research has elucidated the complexity of trophic interactions by breaking each trophic level into more fundamental components (Figure 1). Specifically, the roles of abiotic factors, disturbances, quality and quantity of primary pro ...
Patch Size and Population Density: The Effect of Immigration
... number of immigrants per unit area decreases, is constant, or increases in relation to patch size. Species that disperse at ground level are likely to show negative relationships between patch size and immigration per unit area. This is because the probability of intercepting a patch will be proport ...
... number of immigrants per unit area decreases, is constant, or increases in relation to patch size. Species that disperse at ground level are likely to show negative relationships between patch size and immigration per unit area. This is because the probability of intercepting a patch will be proport ...
Towards cancer-aware life-history modelling
... has resulted in these tissues being differentially protected from cancer, and/or constrained in size and/or other mortalities occur before cancer, meaning lower effective cancer incidence [15]. Noble et al. [15] additionally showed that when considering families of tissues, their slopes were approxi ...
... has resulted in these tissues being differentially protected from cancer, and/or constrained in size and/or other mortalities occur before cancer, meaning lower effective cancer incidence [15]. Noble et al. [15] additionally showed that when considering families of tissues, their slopes were approxi ...
slides pdf
... • In tropical rain forests, rainfall is relatively constant, while in tropical dry forests precipitation is highly seasonal • Tropical forests are vertically layered and competition for light is intense ...
... • In tropical rain forests, rainfall is relatively constant, while in tropical dry forests precipitation is highly seasonal • Tropical forests are vertically layered and competition for light is intense ...
Towards cancer-aware life-history modelling
... has resulted in these tissues being differentially protected from cancer, and/or constrained in size and/or other mortalities occur before cancer, meaning lower effective cancer incidence [15]. Noble et al. [15] additionally showed that when considering families of tissues, their slopes were approxi ...
... has resulted in these tissues being differentially protected from cancer, and/or constrained in size and/or other mortalities occur before cancer, meaning lower effective cancer incidence [15]. Noble et al. [15] additionally showed that when considering families of tissues, their slopes were approxi ...
Predictors of species sensitivity to fragmentation
... However, a reanalysis of the data with the Cox proportional hazard model by Vucetich et al. (2000) did provide support for a positive relationship. The animal studies that did not support the hypothesis compared the standard deviation or the coefficient of variation of population size between extant ...
... However, a reanalysis of the data with the Cox proportional hazard model by Vucetich et al. (2000) did provide support for a positive relationship. The animal studies that did not support the hypothesis compared the standard deviation or the coefficient of variation of population size between extant ...
Evaluating performance costs of sexually selected traits
... compromise between natural and sexual selection (and within the confines of genetic, developmental and physical constraints). Therefore, while they will have a net positive effect on at least one component of Darwinian fitness, such as fecundity (e.g. number of females obtained by a male), they typi ...
... compromise between natural and sexual selection (and within the confines of genetic, developmental and physical constraints). Therefore, while they will have a net positive effect on at least one component of Darwinian fitness, such as fecundity (e.g. number of females obtained by a male), they typi ...
Habitat degradation and fishing effects on the size structure of coral
... assemblages, as many life history characteristics, such as age at maturity, reproductive output, and natural mortality are positively related to size in marine fishes (Jennings et al. 1999, Froese and Binohlan 2000, Denny et al. 2002), and it can be a useful proxy of overall productivity of fish assem ...
... assemblages, as many life history characteristics, such as age at maturity, reproductive output, and natural mortality are positively related to size in marine fishes (Jennings et al. 1999, Froese and Binohlan 2000, Denny et al. 2002), and it can be a useful proxy of overall productivity of fish assem ...
Summary
... resources must be in short supply (Pianka 1981). In the marine environment, the resources subject to limitation are primarily food and space. Therefore, it is relevant to ask if marine ecosystems are close to their carrying capacity. Christensen and Pauly (1998) provide a functional definition of ca ...
... resources must be in short supply (Pianka 1981). In the marine environment, the resources subject to limitation are primarily food and space. Therefore, it is relevant to ask if marine ecosystems are close to their carrying capacity. Christensen and Pauly (1998) provide a functional definition of ca ...
Steady state solutions of an ecosystem mod
... size classes are added sequentially until virtually all limiting nutrient is exhausted or until no larger algal size class can grow fast enough to invade the existing community. In this context, the problem of high ambient nitrate levels in the equatorial Pacific is reduced to the question: What kee ...
... size classes are added sequentially until virtually all limiting nutrient is exhausted or until no larger algal size class can grow fast enough to invade the existing community. In this context, the problem of high ambient nitrate levels in the equatorial Pacific is reduced to the question: What kee ...
Trophic strategies, animal diversity and body size
... has a single evolutionary origin and all are spread among phyla. This pattern fits Sewall Wright’s [e] concept of adaptive peaks: among species, selection for similar optima for the interacting cluster of traits that comprise a life-history strategy will yield analogous adaptive peaks; that is, an a ...
... has a single evolutionary origin and all are spread among phyla. This pattern fits Sewall Wright’s [e] concept of adaptive peaks: among species, selection for similar optima for the interacting cluster of traits that comprise a life-history strategy will yield analogous adaptive peaks; that is, an a ...
The intraspecific scaling of metabolic rate with body mass in fishes
... relationship, compared with systematic variation that could depend on specific ecological or biological factors. Indeed, if variation in b is systematic, quantifying the extent of this variation and investigating its causes will be crucial for making accurate, energy-based predictions of ecological ...
... relationship, compared with systematic variation that could depend on specific ecological or biological factors. Indeed, if variation in b is systematic, quantifying the extent of this variation and investigating its causes will be crucial for making accurate, energy-based predictions of ecological ...
Ecological roles and conservation challenges of social, burrowing
... Ecological roles and conservation challenges of social, burrowing, herbivorous mammals in the world’s grasslands Ana D Davidson1,2*, James K Detling3, and James H Brown1 The world’s grassland ecosystems are shaped in part by a key functional group of social, burrowing, herbivorous mammals. Through h ...
... Ecological roles and conservation challenges of social, burrowing, herbivorous mammals in the world’s grasslands Ana D Davidson1,2*, James K Detling3, and James H Brown1 The world’s grassland ecosystems are shaped in part by a key functional group of social, burrowing, herbivorous mammals. Through h ...
Ecological Role of Predators - National Wolfwatcher Coalition
... more prone to enter into conflict with people (Inskip and Zimmermann, 2009) and are especially sought after by trophy hunters (Lindsey et al., 2007). Although targeting only males above certain age limits may prevent negative effects of trophy hunting on population trends of large felids (Whitman et ...
... more prone to enter into conflict with people (Inskip and Zimmermann, 2009) and are especially sought after by trophy hunters (Lindsey et al., 2007). Although targeting only males above certain age limits may prevent negative effects of trophy hunting on population trends of large felids (Whitman et ...
Organism Size, Life History, and N:P Stoichiometry
... organisms in analyzing how characteristics and activities of organisms influence, and are in turn influenced . by, the ecosystem in which they are found. In this article we introduce the main concepts and patterns of ecological stoichiometry and synthesize literature from a variety of fields to forg ...
... organisms in analyzing how characteristics and activities of organisms influence, and are in turn influenced . by, the ecosystem in which they are found. In this article we introduce the main concepts and patterns of ecological stoichiometry and synthesize literature from a variety of fields to forg ...
Megafauna
In terrestrial zoology, megafauna (Ancient Greek megas ""large"" + New Latin fauna ""animal"") are large or giant animals. The most common thresholds used are 45 kilograms (100 lb) or 100 kilograms (220 lb). This thus includes many species not popularly thought of as overly large, such as white-tailed deer, red kangaroo, and humans.In practice, the most common usage encountered in academic and popular writing describes land animals roughly larger than a human that are not (solely) domesticated. The term is especially associated with the Pleistocene megafauna – the land animals often larger than modern counterparts considered archetypical of the last ice age, such as mammoths, the majority of which in northern Eurasia, the Americas and Australia became extinct as recently as 10,000–40,000 years ago. It is also commonly used for the largest extant wild land animals, especially elephants, giraffes, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, and large bovines. Megafauna may be subcategorized by their trophic position into megaherbivores (e.g., elk), megacarnivores (e.g., lions), and, more rarely, megaomnivores (e.g., bears).Other common uses are for giant aquatic species, especially whales, any larger wild or domesticated land animals such as larger antelope and cattle, as well as numerous dinosaurs and other extinct giant reptilians.The term is also sometimes applied to animals (usually extinct) of great size relative to a more common or surviving type of the animal, for example the 1 m (3 ft) dragonflies of the Carboniferous period.