Colonisation of toxic environments drives predictable lifehistory
... S1). Thus, we treat toxicity as a dichotomous (present vs. absent) rather than a continuous variable in all statistical analyses. Because species with larger adult female body size tend to exhibit larger offspring size at birth and greater fecundity (e.g. Jennions & Telford 2002), we conducted phylo ...
... S1). Thus, we treat toxicity as a dichotomous (present vs. absent) rather than a continuous variable in all statistical analyses. Because species with larger adult female body size tend to exhibit larger offspring size at birth and greater fecundity (e.g. Jennions & Telford 2002), we conducted phylo ...
using mortality profiles to infer behavior in the
... crown-height method minimizes this by metrically assessing wear (Steele 2002). Paleobiologists are most interested in the overall shape of a profile, so if there is no systematic bias in age estimations and if age classes are broad, eruption and wear methods should be sufficient. The cementum annuli ...
... crown-height method minimizes this by metrically assessing wear (Steele 2002). Paleobiologists are most interested in the overall shape of a profile, so if there is no systematic bias in age estimations and if age classes are broad, eruption and wear methods should be sufficient. The cementum annuli ...
Effect of grazing on net primary production of a Mongolian grassland
... clear that the simulated results show a satisfactory agreement with them. However, it is not always perfect, because the model simplified the real world greatly. It was set up to study potential production as a function of soil water and temperature when soil nutrient did not limit plant growth in t ...
... clear that the simulated results show a satisfactory agreement with them. However, it is not always perfect, because the model simplified the real world greatly. It was set up to study potential production as a function of soil water and temperature when soil nutrient did not limit plant growth in t ...
Life-history characteristics of coral reef gobies. II. Mortality rate
... effect on the estimated mean size/age at maturity was negligible because there were very few individuals classified as ‘developing’ and, consequently, combining these 2 categories produced very little change in the actual values of mean size/age at maturity (i.e. 0 to 4.2 mm difference, depending on ...
... effect on the estimated mean size/age at maturity was negligible because there were very few individuals classified as ‘developing’ and, consequently, combining these 2 categories produced very little change in the actual values of mean size/age at maturity (i.e. 0 to 4.2 mm difference, depending on ...
Convergence of Complex Cognitive Abilities in Cetaceans and
... Convergent evolution is a process that takes place on many levels. The convergent evolution of flight is a superb example of convergence of function without convergence of structure. Bats, insects and birds, as well as the extinct flying reptiles all evolved the capacity for active flight. Yet none ...
... Convergent evolution is a process that takes place on many levels. The convergent evolution of flight is a superb example of convergence of function without convergence of structure. Bats, insects and birds, as well as the extinct flying reptiles all evolved the capacity for active flight. Yet none ...
Fredrik Olajos
... growth, reaching maximum body size in six years after which growth was drastically inhibited (fig. 2). The monomorphic populations also showed the highest average growth rate the first six years with 40.1 and 35.5 mm/year (fig. 3). In the polymorphic populations the first two years of growth were ve ...
... growth, reaching maximum body size in six years after which growth was drastically inhibited (fig. 2). The monomorphic populations also showed the highest average growth rate the first six years with 40.1 and 35.5 mm/year (fig. 3). In the polymorphic populations the first two years of growth were ve ...
climate change change in mammal status increase in atmospheric
... 13. Loss of Indigenous management --> changed status of dingoes PLAUSIBILITY: low-moderate. IMPACT: low-moderate. The abundance and ecology of dingoes may have been previously keyed to Indigenous management and hunting. 14. Pastoralism --> changed status of dingoes PLAUSIBILITY: moderate-high. IMPAC ...
... 13. Loss of Indigenous management --> changed status of dingoes PLAUSIBILITY: low-moderate. IMPACT: low-moderate. The abundance and ecology of dingoes may have been previously keyed to Indigenous management and hunting. 14. Pastoralism --> changed status of dingoes PLAUSIBILITY: moderate-high. IMPAC ...
minimum group size and other conservation
... of increased leopard predation. In addition, over at least one seven-month period, the rate of vervet losses was more than three times greater during periods of researcher absence than during periods of researcher presence (Isbell & Young, 1993). It is possible that the leopards, being wary of human ...
... of increased leopard predation. In addition, over at least one seven-month period, the rate of vervet losses was more than three times greater during periods of researcher absence than during periods of researcher presence (Isbell & Young, 1993). It is possible that the leopards, being wary of human ...
Two-phase extinction of “Southern Hemispheric” birds in the
... Taking into account that North American avifaunas are less well known than the European ones, the general pattern in North America is similar to that seen in Europe. This is especially evident for forest-dwelling taxa, with early Eocene North American avifaunas showing a high taxonomic congruence wi ...
... Taking into account that North American avifaunas are less well known than the European ones, the general pattern in North America is similar to that seen in Europe. This is especially evident for forest-dwelling taxa, with early Eocene North American avifaunas showing a high taxonomic congruence wi ...
The roles of productivity and ecosystem size in determining food
... Abstract. Many different drivers, including productivity, ecosystem size, and disturbance, have been considered to explain natural variation in the length of food chains. Much remains unknown about the role of these various drivers in determining food chain length, and particularly about the mechani ...
... Abstract. Many different drivers, including productivity, ecosystem size, and disturbance, have been considered to explain natural variation in the length of food chains. Much remains unknown about the role of these various drivers in determining food chain length, and particularly about the mechani ...
Resource partitioning among top predators in a Miocene food web
... T. longirostris (all .900 kg) would have been improbable prey for all three carnivorans (table 1), particularly if we consider that a solitary lifestyle has been inferred at least for the two sabre-toothed cats [38]. The social behaviour of M. anceps has not been evaluated but, by analogy with other ...
... T. longirostris (all .900 kg) would have been improbable prey for all three carnivorans (table 1), particularly if we consider that a solitary lifestyle has been inferred at least for the two sabre-toothed cats [38]. The social behaviour of M. anceps has not been evaluated but, by analogy with other ...
Slow swimming, fast strikes: effects of feeding behavior on scaling of
... activity of ODH (y) ranged from 134 to 1253 U g−1 and decreased significantly (P<0.0001) with increasing size (M; y=1768.2×M–0.20; Fig. 1A, Table 1). However individuals <17.76 g had a slightly positive (P<0.05) scaling coefficient (y=832.1×M0.06±0.027; Fig. 1A, Table 1). The negative scaling observ ...
... activity of ODH (y) ranged from 134 to 1253 U g−1 and decreased significantly (P<0.0001) with increasing size (M; y=1768.2×M–0.20; Fig. 1A, Table 1). However individuals <17.76 g had a slightly positive (P<0.05) scaling coefficient (y=832.1×M0.06±0.027; Fig. 1A, Table 1). The negative scaling observ ...
POPULATION VIABILITY ANALYSIS Mark S. Boyce Journal Article
... Random events can be extremely important in extinction, especially for small populations, the target of most PVA (121). In a sense, the distinction between deterministic and stochastic processes in ecology is artificial because all ecological processes are stochastic. Mapard Smith (97) points out th ...
... Random events can be extremely important in extinction, especially for small populations, the target of most PVA (121). In a sense, the distinction between deterministic and stochastic processes in ecology is artificial because all ecological processes are stochastic. Mapard Smith (97) points out th ...
Horn polyphenism in the beetle Onthophagus taurus
... and weighed. Pairs were then provided widi a new breeding container and allowed to breed for additional 4 days, this time provided with cow dung. Order of treatment was reversed in the other six pairs. Because variation in brood ball weight between resources may be due to natural differences in wate ...
... and weighed. Pairs were then provided widi a new breeding container and allowed to breed for additional 4 days, this time provided with cow dung. Order of treatment was reversed in the other six pairs. Because variation in brood ball weight between resources may be due to natural differences in wate ...
Population Viability Analysis Annual Review of Ecology and
... Service have been evaluating PVAs for many species or populations proposed for listing under the Endangered Species Act (152). Establishing criteria for what constitutes a viable population is no longer strictly an academic pursuit. PVAs have been attempted for at least 35 species; perhaps the most ...
... Service have been evaluating PVAs for many species or populations proposed for listing under the Endangered Species Act (152). Establishing criteria for what constitutes a viable population is no longer strictly an academic pursuit. PVAs have been attempted for at least 35 species; perhaps the most ...
Will Small Population Sizes Warn Us of Impending Extinctions?
... Such knowledge is important, given the key role of population size in current schemes for classifying species as endangered (IUCN 2001) and because changes in numbers are the key measure used to quantify population viability in most situations (e.g., Gerber et al. 1999). This focus on population siz ...
... Such knowledge is important, given the key role of population size in current schemes for classifying species as endangered (IUCN 2001) and because changes in numbers are the key measure used to quantify population viability in most situations (e.g., Gerber et al. 1999). This focus on population siz ...
UMWiki Retired June 30, 2016 | IT@UMN
... predictions. First, annual worldwide landings of fish and shellfish by the end of the 21st century will be less than 80 million tons. Second, virtually all of the predictions regarding species composition and energy flow within a marine community, based on models developed to date with incomplete in ...
... predictions. First, annual worldwide landings of fish and shellfish by the end of the 21st century will be less than 80 million tons. Second, virtually all of the predictions regarding species composition and energy flow within a marine community, based on models developed to date with incomplete in ...
ON THE ECOLOGY OF INVASIVE SPECIES, EXTINCTION
... Chapter one provides a brief overview of the three-decade progress of invasive mammal eradication on islands. I review the history of eradication techniques developed in New Zealand, and describe some recent successes in western Mexico and Galápagos that I have been part of over the past decade. Cha ...
... Chapter one provides a brief overview of the three-decade progress of invasive mammal eradication on islands. I review the history of eradication techniques developed in New Zealand, and describe some recent successes in western Mexico and Galápagos that I have been part of over the past decade. Cha ...
ON THE ECOLOGY OF INVASIVE SPECIES, EXTINCTION
... Chapter one provides a brief overview of the three-decade progress of invasive mammal eradication on islands. I review the history of eradication techniques developed in New Zealand, and describe some recent successes in western Mexico and Galápagos that I have been part of over the past decade. Cha ...
... Chapter one provides a brief overview of the three-decade progress of invasive mammal eradication on islands. I review the history of eradication techniques developed in New Zealand, and describe some recent successes in western Mexico and Galápagos that I have been part of over the past decade. Cha ...
Marine iguana project to continue
... juveniles but has fallen sharply for adults. Thus, increased recruitment to an iguana population after heavy mortality can lead t6 increased pressure on the hatchling's food resources at the same time as there is decreased pressure on the adult's food supply. Predation Although iguanas appear to be ...
... juveniles but has fallen sharply for adults. Thus, increased recruitment to an iguana population after heavy mortality can lead t6 increased pressure on the hatchling's food resources at the same time as there is decreased pressure on the adult's food supply. Predation Although iguanas appear to be ...
View full paper - Griffith University
... obvious. For example, their hydrodynamic body shape is very similar to that of seals and is well suited to the marine environment in which both animals live. Physiological and metabolic adaptations enable them to withstand the very cold temperatures of their terrestrial and aquatic environments. How ...
... obvious. For example, their hydrodynamic body shape is very similar to that of seals and is well suited to the marine environment in which both animals live. Physiological and metabolic adaptations enable them to withstand the very cold temperatures of their terrestrial and aquatic environments. How ...
Chapter 5 Overview of Living Primates
... limb proportions and upper-body shape. Locomotion includes knuckle-walking on the ground and brachiation in the trees. Eat a variety of plant and animal foods. Large communities of as many as 50 ...
... limb proportions and upper-body shape. Locomotion includes knuckle-walking on the ground and brachiation in the trees. Eat a variety of plant and animal foods. Large communities of as many as 50 ...
Lack, Skutch, and Moreau: The Early Development of
... tion on reproductive rate. J. R. Baker cleared the from year to year, and the population density of way for this type of evolutionary thinking 10 the birds tends to be constant over long periods. years earlier in his writings on the evolution of Let us examine the effects of an increase in rate bree ...
... tion on reproductive rate. J. R. Baker cleared the from year to year, and the population density of way for this type of evolutionary thinking 10 the birds tends to be constant over long periods. years earlier in his writings on the evolution of Let us examine the effects of an increase in rate bree ...
Tyto alba (Barn Owl) Prey Preference Based on
... specifically, in a study conducted by Lyman and Power, behaviors in specific age classes within the rodent species were suggested to make them more susceptible to predation. Lyman and Power’s work lead to the conclusion that rodents in an intermediate age group were more likely to be selected as pre ...
... specifically, in a study conducted by Lyman and Power, behaviors in specific age classes within the rodent species were suggested to make them more susceptible to predation. Lyman and Power’s work lead to the conclusion that rodents in an intermediate age group were more likely to be selected as pre ...
Megafauna
In terrestrial zoology, megafauna (Ancient Greek megas ""large"" + New Latin fauna ""animal"") are large or giant animals. The most common thresholds used are 45 kilograms (100 lb) or 100 kilograms (220 lb). This thus includes many species not popularly thought of as overly large, such as white-tailed deer, red kangaroo, and humans.In practice, the most common usage encountered in academic and popular writing describes land animals roughly larger than a human that are not (solely) domesticated. The term is especially associated with the Pleistocene megafauna – the land animals often larger than modern counterparts considered archetypical of the last ice age, such as mammoths, the majority of which in northern Eurasia, the Americas and Australia became extinct as recently as 10,000–40,000 years ago. It is also commonly used for the largest extant wild land animals, especially elephants, giraffes, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, and large bovines. Megafauna may be subcategorized by their trophic position into megaherbivores (e.g., elk), megacarnivores (e.g., lions), and, more rarely, megaomnivores (e.g., bears).Other common uses are for giant aquatic species, especially whales, any larger wild or domesticated land animals such as larger antelope and cattle, as well as numerous dinosaurs and other extinct giant reptilians.The term is also sometimes applied to animals (usually extinct) of great size relative to a more common or surviving type of the animal, for example the 1 m (3 ft) dragonflies of the Carboniferous period.