Reproduction in three sympatric lizard species from west
... the reproductive tracts of both males and females have decreased in size. This size decrease is accompanied by an increase in the size of the fat bodies. Fat bodies continue to enlarge as the growing season ...
... the reproductive tracts of both males and females have decreased in size. This size decrease is accompanied by an increase in the size of the fat bodies. Fat bodies continue to enlarge as the growing season ...
Benthic grazers and suspension feeders: Which one assumes the
... ABSTRACT: Size-frequency histograms of biomass, secondary production, respiration a n d energy flow of 4 dominant macrobenthic communities of the intertidal bay of K6nlgshafen were analysed and compared. In the shallow sandy fiats (Nereis-Corophium-belt [N.C.-belt], seagrass-bed and Arenicola-flat) ...
... ABSTRACT: Size-frequency histograms of biomass, secondary production, respiration a n d energy flow of 4 dominant macrobenthic communities of the intertidal bay of K6nlgshafen were analysed and compared. In the shallow sandy fiats (Nereis-Corophium-belt [N.C.-belt], seagrass-bed and Arenicola-flat) ...
Lesson 6: Attack and Defense
... Although dinosaurs were certainly not the insatiable, blood-thirsty monsters that are commonly depicted by Hollywood, there is no doubt that dinosaurs lived with the threat or with the self-sustaining necessity of violence. Herbivorous dinosaurs had to avoid being caught and killed, and carnivorous ...
... Although dinosaurs were certainly not the insatiable, blood-thirsty monsters that are commonly depicted by Hollywood, there is no doubt that dinosaurs lived with the threat or with the self-sustaining necessity of violence. Herbivorous dinosaurs had to avoid being caught and killed, and carnivorous ...
Ancient ecology of 15-million-year-old browsing
... −32 to −24‰ (Dienes 1980; Farquahar et al. 1989; Boutton 1991). This range is important because it can have ecological significance: More negative δ13C values, i.e., less than −30‰, are frequently found in modern forested habitats with closed canopies (van der Merwe and Medina 1989; Cerling and Harr ...
... −32 to −24‰ (Dienes 1980; Farquahar et al. 1989; Boutton 1991). This range is important because it can have ecological significance: More negative δ13C values, i.e., less than −30‰, are frequently found in modern forested habitats with closed canopies (van der Merwe and Medina 1989; Cerling and Harr ...
A pharyngeal jaw evolutionary innovation
... volutionary innovations are adaptive traits that allow a lineage to cross a functional barrier and gain access to new niches (1). They are often framed as “key innovations” that can promote rapid diversification in the groups that evolve them (2, 3), and the search for key innovations has become a m ...
... volutionary innovations are adaptive traits that allow a lineage to cross a functional barrier and gain access to new niches (1). They are often framed as “key innovations” that can promote rapid diversification in the groups that evolve them (2, 3), and the search for key innovations has become a m ...
Seasonal shifts in predator diversity
... size classes) changes during a season. I used a field experiment to test (i) how seasonal changes in size distribution influence the mortality rates of natural populations and (ii) whether the change in mortality can be predicted simply based on per-capita effects of individual size classes or whether ...
... size classes) changes during a season. I used a field experiment to test (i) how seasonal changes in size distribution influence the mortality rates of natural populations and (ii) whether the change in mortality can be predicted simply based on per-capita effects of individual size classes or whether ...
4.5 Factors Controlling Population Size S. Preston 1 A2 Unit BY4
... Weather, predation, parasitism (disease), food supply, living space and competition may affect population growth. The effect of density dependent factors varies with the size of the population whereas the effect of density independent will be the same regardless of the population size. Be able to de ...
... Weather, predation, parasitism (disease), food supply, living space and competition may affect population growth. The effect of density dependent factors varies with the size of the population whereas the effect of density independent will be the same regardless of the population size. Be able to de ...
The Evolution of Avian Senescence Patterns
... is consistent with evolutionary senescence theory, which posits that species with low mortality rates from predation or accident will be released from selection for rapid maturity and early reproduction, and will exhibit retarded aging. Comparative analyses of avian life history parameters to date, ...
... is consistent with evolutionary senescence theory, which posits that species with low mortality rates from predation or accident will be released from selection for rapid maturity and early reproduction, and will exhibit retarded aging. Comparative analyses of avian life history parameters to date, ...
Chapter 14: Conserving Biodiversity
... = non-native species introduced to a new area either purposely or accidentally by human activity Often destructive because they have not evolved with local species Brown tree snake, introduced to Guam, caused many local bird species to go extinct Domestic cats in Wisconsin kill 39 million bird ...
... = non-native species introduced to a new area either purposely or accidentally by human activity Often destructive because they have not evolved with local species Brown tree snake, introduced to Guam, caused many local bird species to go extinct Domestic cats in Wisconsin kill 39 million bird ...
Shifts of the feeding niche along the size dimension of three
... and Micropogonias furnieri) and its ontogenetic changes in a mudflat area of a tropical bay in southeastern Brazil were described. The working hypothesis is that these three species shift the use of the available resources throughout their growth. Early juveniles of D. rhombeus and M. furnieri fed m ...
... and Micropogonias furnieri) and its ontogenetic changes in a mudflat area of a tropical bay in southeastern Brazil were described. The working hypothesis is that these three species shift the use of the available resources throughout their growth. Early juveniles of D. rhombeus and M. furnieri fed m ...
Plant Classification for Ecological Purposes: is
... success in particular types of habitat and failure in others. Already, various schemes have been put forward and functional classifications have been applied to organisms as disparate as seaweeds, phytoplankton, butterflies and fungi. Perhaps the most surprising development from this research activi ...
... success in particular types of habitat and failure in others. Already, various schemes have been put forward and functional classifications have been applied to organisms as disparate as seaweeds, phytoplankton, butterflies and fungi. Perhaps the most surprising development from this research activi ...
Community stability and selective extinction during Earth`s
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Feb. 1, 2015; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/014688. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. ...
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Feb. 1, 2015; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/014688. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. ...
David Golowo, Jr
... eastern half of the Connecticut coast. Brooks and Dodson? noticed that there was great diversity among the plankton in the New England lakes as compared to those in the Connecticut. These lakes also lacked large zooplankters like Alos pseudoharengus unlike the lakes in Connecticut which had large nu ...
... eastern half of the Connecticut coast. Brooks and Dodson? noticed that there was great diversity among the plankton in the New England lakes as compared to those in the Connecticut. These lakes also lacked large zooplankters like Alos pseudoharengus unlike the lakes in Connecticut which had large nu ...
Body-mass constraints on foraging behaviour determine population
... 1. In community and population ecology, there is a chronic gap between the classic Eltonian ecology describing patterns in abundance and body mass across species and ecosystems and the more process oriented foraging ecology addressing interactions and quantitative population dynamics. However, this ...
... 1. In community and population ecology, there is a chronic gap between the classic Eltonian ecology describing patterns in abundance and body mass across species and ecosystems and the more process oriented foraging ecology addressing interactions and quantitative population dynamics. However, this ...
Ecological and evolutionary consequences of size
... above a minimum size that is mandated by fisheries managers or determined by the gear (e.g. mesh size). Furthermore, historical data show that almost all fisheries start out by preferentially harvesting the large individuals (Jennings & Kaiser 1998; Jackson et al. 2001). Thus, in a strict sense, mos ...
... above a minimum size that is mandated by fisheries managers or determined by the gear (e.g. mesh size). Furthermore, historical data show that almost all fisheries start out by preferentially harvesting the large individuals (Jennings & Kaiser 1998; Jackson et al. 2001). Thus, in a strict sense, mos ...
Pastoral Livestock Herding - Society For Range Management
... Privatisation provided tremendous incentives for increasing livestock numbers State cancelled its subsidies in most livestock related areas and herders responded by increasing livestock numbers to overcome the risk Break of the centralised livestock procurement and an absence of adequate repla ...
... Privatisation provided tremendous incentives for increasing livestock numbers State cancelled its subsidies in most livestock related areas and herders responded by increasing livestock numbers to overcome the risk Break of the centralised livestock procurement and an absence of adequate repla ...
Get PDF - Wiley Online Library
... taxa, especially in aquatic systems. Smaller body size in warmer geographical regions has also been widely observed. Since body size is a fundamental determinant of many biological attributes, climate-warming-related changes in size could ripple across multiple levels of ecological organization. Som ...
... taxa, especially in aquatic systems. Smaller body size in warmer geographical regions has also been widely observed. Since body size is a fundamental determinant of many biological attributes, climate-warming-related changes in size could ripple across multiple levels of ecological organization. Som ...
The evolution of plumage polymorphism in birds of prey and owls
... any cross-taxa comparison (Harvey & Pagel, 1991). The fact that no thorough test of the avoidance-image hypothesis has been carried out so far is surprising because the theory makes two clear predictions which can easily be tested. First, polymorphism should be higher in species hunting birds or mam ...
... any cross-taxa comparison (Harvey & Pagel, 1991). The fact that no thorough test of the avoidance-image hypothesis has been carried out so far is surprising because the theory makes two clear predictions which can easily be tested. First, polymorphism should be higher in species hunting birds or mam ...
Feral cats and small mammal decline in Kakadu National Park (wrap
... National Park in the Northern Territory. Two 64 hectare predator-proof exclosures were constructed, and four non-fenced sites with two burning regimes were established as comparisons. Small and medium-sized mammals and reptiles were sampled before fence construction. Capture and release trapping was ...
... National Park in the Northern Territory. Two 64 hectare predator-proof exclosures were constructed, and four non-fenced sites with two burning regimes were established as comparisons. Small and medium-sized mammals and reptiles were sampled before fence construction. Capture and release trapping was ...
Sample Chapter 03
... described the parallel colonization of finches on two small islands in the Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean. Tristan is one of the world’s most isolated island systems, lying midway between South America and the tip of South Africa. Of the three islands, two of them, Inaccessi ...
... described the parallel colonization of finches on two small islands in the Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean. Tristan is one of the world’s most isolated island systems, lying midway between South America and the tip of South Africa. Of the three islands, two of them, Inaccessi ...
Zooplankton population dynamics: measuring in situ growth and
... is interrupted by a lack of food. Thus, we have a very simple community dominated by C. finmarchicus and euphausiids in 3 different size ranges: juveniles (calyptopes and furcilia) and 2 cohorts with an age of 1 and 2 yr, respectively. We took 3 short-term cruises onboard RV ‘Johan Ruud’ from May 11 ...
... is interrupted by a lack of food. Thus, we have a very simple community dominated by C. finmarchicus and euphausiids in 3 different size ranges: juveniles (calyptopes and furcilia) and 2 cohorts with an age of 1 and 2 yr, respectively. We took 3 short-term cruises onboard RV ‘Johan Ruud’ from May 11 ...
stasis, change, and functional constraint in the evolution of animal
... The term body plan (often used as a synonym of ground plan and bauplan) has been used with quite different meanings. The use of “body plan” in studies of evolutionary stasis and change can produce mistaken inferences when disparate meanings are mixed within an argument. As an example, stasis in body ...
... The term body plan (often used as a synonym of ground plan and bauplan) has been used with quite different meanings. The use of “body plan” in studies of evolutionary stasis and change can produce mistaken inferences when disparate meanings are mixed within an argument. As an example, stasis in body ...
Fish abundance with no fishing: predictions based on
... described in many short-term studies. 6. Biomass of the contemporary North Sea fish community (defined as all fishes with body mass 64 g−66 kg) is 38% lower than predicted in the absence of exploitation, while the mean turnover time is almost twice as fast (falls from 3·5 to 1·9 years) and 70% less ...
... described in many short-term studies. 6. Biomass of the contemporary North Sea fish community (defined as all fishes with body mass 64 g−66 kg) is 38% lower than predicted in the absence of exploitation, while the mean turnover time is almost twice as fast (falls from 3·5 to 1·9 years) and 70% less ...
On the relationship between trophic position, body mass and
... on food webs by considering how energy affects trophic position, thus including greater food web complexity. In addition, it presents an explicit connection between the Metabolic theory of ecology and food web topology. We show that the trophic position of small animals can be limited by their abili ...
... on food webs by considering how energy affects trophic position, thus including greater food web complexity. In addition, it presents an explicit connection between the Metabolic theory of ecology and food web topology. We show that the trophic position of small animals can be limited by their abili ...
Megafauna
In terrestrial zoology, megafauna (Ancient Greek megas ""large"" + New Latin fauna ""animal"") are large or giant animals. The most common thresholds used are 45 kilograms (100 lb) or 100 kilograms (220 lb). This thus includes many species not popularly thought of as overly large, such as white-tailed deer, red kangaroo, and humans.In practice, the most common usage encountered in academic and popular writing describes land animals roughly larger than a human that are not (solely) domesticated. The term is especially associated with the Pleistocene megafauna – the land animals often larger than modern counterparts considered archetypical of the last ice age, such as mammoths, the majority of which in northern Eurasia, the Americas and Australia became extinct as recently as 10,000–40,000 years ago. It is also commonly used for the largest extant wild land animals, especially elephants, giraffes, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, and large bovines. Megafauna may be subcategorized by their trophic position into megaherbivores (e.g., elk), megacarnivores (e.g., lions), and, more rarely, megaomnivores (e.g., bears).Other common uses are for giant aquatic species, especially whales, any larger wild or domesticated land animals such as larger antelope and cattle, as well as numerous dinosaurs and other extinct giant reptilians.The term is also sometimes applied to animals (usually extinct) of great size relative to a more common or surviving type of the animal, for example the 1 m (3 ft) dragonflies of the Carboniferous period.