- Wiley Online Library
... higher rate and therefore can accumulate more nutritional resources (Wendt 1996). Presumably, this effect of larval size on feeding ability was responsible for the effects we observed on post-metamorphic survival and growth. It would be interesting to determine how food availability mitigates the ef ...
... higher rate and therefore can accumulate more nutritional resources (Wendt 1996). Presumably, this effect of larval size on feeding ability was responsible for the effects we observed on post-metamorphic survival and growth. It would be interesting to determine how food availability mitigates the ef ...
ch 9 notes
... Resembled living apes in many traits Dead End in Ape Evolution: The Oreopithecids Climate Shifts and Habitat Changes Climate changes occurred during this time in Europe and Asia, resulting in the disappearance of fruit resources commonly exploited by the apes. Miocene Ape Survivors Give Rise to Mode ...
... Resembled living apes in many traits Dead End in Ape Evolution: The Oreopithecids Climate Shifts and Habitat Changes Climate changes occurred during this time in Europe and Asia, resulting in the disappearance of fruit resources commonly exploited by the apes. Miocene Ape Survivors Give Rise to Mode ...
Flightless ducks, giant mice and pygmy mammoths
... details and causes, in North America as many as thirty-five mammalian genera may have become extinct in as little as 2000 years between about 12,000 and 10,000 RYBP (Faith and Surovell 2009). In this paper, we review archaeological and paleontological evidence of Late Quaternary animal extinctions on ...
... details and causes, in North America as many as thirty-five mammalian genera may have become extinct in as little as 2000 years between about 12,000 and 10,000 RYBP (Faith and Surovell 2009). In this paper, we review archaeological and paleontological evidence of Late Quaternary animal extinctions on ...
Evolutionary food web model based on body masses gives realistic
... Classical models addressing the structure and stability of food webs are based on stochastic algorithms that produce structural patterns similar to empirically measured food webs [1], such as the niche model [2] or the cascade model [3]. A more recent approach is to use the empirically found allomet ...
... Classical models addressing the structure and stability of food webs are based on stochastic algorithms that produce structural patterns similar to empirically measured food webs [1], such as the niche model [2] or the cascade model [3]. A more recent approach is to use the empirically found allomet ...
ecosystem development
... but irregular perturbation such as a major drought, flood or fire. When such a perturbation becomes a regular event, an ecosystem may be maintained at an intermediate stage of development which can eventually lead to its demise. In wetlands the recurrent changes in water levels that are caused by se ...
... but irregular perturbation such as a major drought, flood or fire. When such a perturbation becomes a regular event, an ecosystem may be maintained at an intermediate stage of development which can eventually lead to its demise. In wetlands the recurrent changes in water levels that are caused by se ...
Evolution of reproductive life histories in island birds worldwide
... of insularity, latitude or body size. 4. DISCUSSION This study confirms the frequently cited but seldom tested expectation that island birds generally have lower fecundity, greater reproductive investment and extended developmental periods when compared with their mainland counterparts. However, for ...
... of insularity, latitude or body size. 4. DISCUSSION This study confirms the frequently cited but seldom tested expectation that island birds generally have lower fecundity, greater reproductive investment and extended developmental periods when compared with their mainland counterparts. However, for ...
Journal of Animal - Centre d`études biologiques de Chizé
... processing rate. Removing the thorns from three of the species affected these parameters differently, according to the size and density of thorns. 3. Animals took larger bites from larger patches (branches), and bite mass declined as patch exploitation progressed, implying that animals were selectin ...
... processing rate. Removing the thorns from three of the species affected these parameters differently, according to the size and density of thorns. 3. Animals took larger bites from larger patches (branches), and bite mass declined as patch exploitation progressed, implying that animals were selectin ...
Macroecology: more than the division of food and
... and MacArthur (1959), the unimodal distribution of the number of species of different sizes at the continental to global scale. Brown and Maurer (1989) suggested that the assembly of continental biotas was the result of the interaction of evolutionary, physiological and ecological processes. Using a ...
... and MacArthur (1959), the unimodal distribution of the number of species of different sizes at the continental to global scale. Brown and Maurer (1989) suggested that the assembly of continental biotas was the result of the interaction of evolutionary, physiological and ecological processes. Using a ...
Megaladapids of Madagascar
... Lepilemurs the long, narrow molars and large molar crests, and most strikingly of all, the lack of upper incisors (Megaladapids had a dental formula of 0133/2133). These dental features are indicative of a predominately folivorous diet. The lack of upper incisors is consistent with folivorous eating ...
... Lepilemurs the long, narrow molars and large molar crests, and most strikingly of all, the lack of upper incisors (Megaladapids had a dental formula of 0133/2133). These dental features are indicative of a predominately folivorous diet. The lack of upper incisors is consistent with folivorous eating ...
PREDATOR – PREY RELATIONS AND FOOD WEBS
... smaller individuals are generally more common in an area than larger individuals (White et al. 2007; Reuman et al. 2008). Smaller prey individuals may, however, be harder to detect than larger ones, as a result of access to more, smaller, hiding places. These effects of body size will to some extent ...
... smaller individuals are generally more common in an area than larger individuals (White et al. 2007; Reuman et al. 2008). Smaller prey individuals may, however, be harder to detect than larger ones, as a result of access to more, smaller, hiding places. These effects of body size will to some extent ...
Linking behavioural changes to vital rates in a capital
... Harmful algae are phytoplankton that produce toxins at certain times in their life cycle. These toxins are well recognized to have a potential impact on humans and animals. Among marine mammals, domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxin produced by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia spp, has caused mortality events s ...
... Harmful algae are phytoplankton that produce toxins at certain times in their life cycle. These toxins are well recognized to have a potential impact on humans and animals. Among marine mammals, domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxin produced by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia spp, has caused mortality events s ...
Policy Brief - Worldwatch Institute
... climate change—and all of these are almost exclusively human-driven. The world’s oceans and forests are particularly threatened. Industrial fishing with trawls from large vessels causes extensive damage to both marine health and species biodiversity. And coral reefs, which are great harbors of biodi ...
... climate change—and all of these are almost exclusively human-driven. The world’s oceans and forests are particularly threatened. Industrial fishing with trawls from large vessels causes extensive damage to both marine health and species biodiversity. And coral reefs, which are great harbors of biodi ...
Extinction: bad genes or bad luck?
... critica1population size varies with the species, of course, but is generally very small. The classic mechanisms of competition and predation have been challenged. MacArthur (1 972), for example, wrote: «On the mainland ... the degree of synchrony and orderliness of the predation needed to cause comp ...
... critica1population size varies with the species, of course, but is generally very small. The classic mechanisms of competition and predation have been challenged. MacArthur (1 972), for example, wrote: «On the mainland ... the degree of synchrony and orderliness of the predation needed to cause comp ...
Principles of population viability analysis (PVA)
... Habitat fragmentation resulting from habitat destruction or alteration can turn a single population into a meta-population if the process of fragmentation creates gaps between suitable habitat patches that cannot be crossed in the course of normal range movements of a species. Determining whether a ...
... Habitat fragmentation resulting from habitat destruction or alteration can turn a single population into a meta-population if the process of fragmentation creates gaps between suitable habitat patches that cannot be crossed in the course of normal range movements of a species. Determining whether a ...
Mass-Scaled Rates of Respiration and Intrinsic
... mortality before reproduction was neglected (only 1, with estimated mass, entered in Fig. 4). Epiphanes senta (p): r, of very roughly 0.7 d-' for amictic, and up to 1.2 d-' for unfertilized mictic females, for 16 to 17 "C, based on Ferris (1932), using a pre-fecund period of 65 h, the reported egg-l ...
... mortality before reproduction was neglected (only 1, with estimated mass, entered in Fig. 4). Epiphanes senta (p): r, of very roughly 0.7 d-' for amictic, and up to 1.2 d-' for unfertilized mictic females, for 16 to 17 "C, based on Ferris (1932), using a pre-fecund period of 65 h, the reported egg-l ...
Heart Chambers - Cloudfront.net
... • Some chordates have respiratory structures in addition to gills and lungs – Many bony fishes, for example, have accessory organs for respiration, such as simple air sacs, that are derived from the gut – All lancelets and some sea snakes respire by the diffusion of oxygen across their body surfaces ...
... • Some chordates have respiratory structures in addition to gills and lungs – Many bony fishes, for example, have accessory organs for respiration, such as simple air sacs, that are derived from the gut – All lancelets and some sea snakes respire by the diffusion of oxygen across their body surfaces ...
COMMENTARY Why might they be giants? Towards an
... Like other biogeographic patterns, polar gigantism likely will defy simple explanatory frameworks. One set of theories invokes biophysical and physiological explanations; these focus on the effects of unusual levels of environmental factors in polar environments, particularly temperature, oxygen and ...
... Like other biogeographic patterns, polar gigantism likely will defy simple explanatory frameworks. One set of theories invokes biophysical and physiological explanations; these focus on the effects of unusual levels of environmental factors in polar environments, particularly temperature, oxygen and ...
Phylogenetic signal in predator–prey body
... From a functional morphological standpoint, it is not surprising that slopes vary among taxonomic groups: these differences surely reflect different physiological constraints. For example, birds are more constrained in body size than fishes due to the high energy demands of flight, which leads to a dec ...
... From a functional morphological standpoint, it is not surprising that slopes vary among taxonomic groups: these differences surely reflect different physiological constraints. For example, birds are more constrained in body size than fishes due to the high energy demands of flight, which leads to a dec ...
Marine Arthropods: A Successful Design Worksheet Arthropoda
... arthropods to exploit nearly every niche on Earth. ...
... arthropods to exploit nearly every niche on Earth. ...
Ground Rules, exams, etc. (no “make up” exams) Text: read
... Delayed sexual maturity, Small clutch size, Parental care ...
... Delayed sexual maturity, Small clutch size, Parental care ...
Presentation
... help scientists to identify mammalian fossils. These characteristics include a lower jaw consisting of a large, teeth-bearing bone connected by a joint directly to the skull; complex teeth that are replaced just once in a lifetime; and distinctive features of the limbs and the backbone. Mammals are ...
... help scientists to identify mammalian fossils. These characteristics include a lower jaw consisting of a large, teeth-bearing bone connected by a joint directly to the skull; complex teeth that are replaced just once in a lifetime; and distinctive features of the limbs and the backbone. Mammals are ...
Body size and sexual size dimorphism in primates
... in times of scarcity, constraints would thus be on the minimum size and the evolution of male-biased sexual size dimorphism would not be constrained. This idea has been used as one of many explanations of Bergmann’s rule (Bergmann, 1847; Murphy, 1985), which predicts greater body size in higher lati ...
... in times of scarcity, constraints would thus be on the minimum size and the evolution of male-biased sexual size dimorphism would not be constrained. This idea has been used as one of many explanations of Bergmann’s rule (Bergmann, 1847; Murphy, 1985), which predicts greater body size in higher lati ...
What is an apex predator?
... sea urchins (Estes et al. 2011), cats maintain island productivity by suppressing rabbits (Bergstrom et al. 2009), plants benefit when fish reduce dragonfly predation on pollinating insects (Knight et al. 2005), and nutrient cycling is influenced by the stress response of herbivorous grasshoppers to hun ...
... sea urchins (Estes et al. 2011), cats maintain island productivity by suppressing rabbits (Bergstrom et al. 2009), plants benefit when fish reduce dragonfly predation on pollinating insects (Knight et al. 2005), and nutrient cycling is influenced by the stress response of herbivorous grasshoppers to hun ...
A review of important concepts in the trophic organization of pelagic
... Areas of low nutrients and low turbulence (downward transport) are the other extreme in the environmental spectrum. The primary producers in these regions are dominated by microflagellate species and, perhaps, bacteria which are only efficiently exploited by small herbivores and micro-zooplankton. T ...
... Areas of low nutrients and low turbulence (downward transport) are the other extreme in the environmental spectrum. The primary producers in these regions are dominated by microflagellate species and, perhaps, bacteria which are only efficiently exploited by small herbivores and micro-zooplankton. T ...
Community stability and selective extinction during the Permian
... extinction intervals, and all other paleocommunities, including Ph0, as intervals of background extinction. Species were partitioned among guilds according to trophic ecology and body size (11) (Fig. 1A). Amniotes were divided into ten guilds, with herbivores feeding on a single producer guild, whil ...
... extinction intervals, and all other paleocommunities, including Ph0, as intervals of background extinction. Species were partitioned among guilds according to trophic ecology and body size (11) (Fig. 1A). Amniotes were divided into ten guilds, with herbivores feeding on a single producer guild, whil ...
Megafauna
In terrestrial zoology, megafauna (Ancient Greek megas ""large"" + New Latin fauna ""animal"") are large or giant animals. The most common thresholds used are 45 kilograms (100 lb) or 100 kilograms (220 lb). This thus includes many species not popularly thought of as overly large, such as white-tailed deer, red kangaroo, and humans.In practice, the most common usage encountered in academic and popular writing describes land animals roughly larger than a human that are not (solely) domesticated. The term is especially associated with the Pleistocene megafauna – the land animals often larger than modern counterparts considered archetypical of the last ice age, such as mammoths, the majority of which in northern Eurasia, the Americas and Australia became extinct as recently as 10,000–40,000 years ago. It is also commonly used for the largest extant wild land animals, especially elephants, giraffes, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, and large bovines. Megafauna may be subcategorized by their trophic position into megaherbivores (e.g., elk), megacarnivores (e.g., lions), and, more rarely, megaomnivores (e.g., bears).Other common uses are for giant aquatic species, especially whales, any larger wild or domesticated land animals such as larger antelope and cattle, as well as numerous dinosaurs and other extinct giant reptilians.The term is also sometimes applied to animals (usually extinct) of great size relative to a more common or surviving type of the animal, for example the 1 m (3 ft) dragonflies of the Carboniferous period.