Allee effects, extinctions, and chaotic transients in simple population
... to it. Plants can satiate seed and fruit predators by the periodic synchronous production of large seed crops, socalled mast seeding or fruiting. For example, in field studies Crawley and Long (1995) found that per-capita rates of acorn loss of Quercus robur L. to invertebrate seed predators were gr ...
... to it. Plants can satiate seed and fruit predators by the periodic synchronous production of large seed crops, socalled mast seeding or fruiting. For example, in field studies Crawley and Long (1995) found that per-capita rates of acorn loss of Quercus robur L. to invertebrate seed predators were gr ...
The Use of Extant Non-Indigenous Tortoises as a Restoration Tool
... Island was a low-risk, high reward strategy (Table 1), based on the biological characteristics of these tortoises and the attributes of Round Island. According to fossil evidence, the low lying Aldabra atoll, home to A. gigantea, was colonized at least three times by these giant tortoises, following ...
... Island was a low-risk, high reward strategy (Table 1), based on the biological characteristics of these tortoises and the attributes of Round Island. According to fossil evidence, the low lying Aldabra atoll, home to A. gigantea, was colonized at least three times by these giant tortoises, following ...
CHAPTER 4: THE PRIMATES
... A. The history of vertebrate life on earth is divided into three eras: the Paleozoic, the Mesozoic, and the Cenozoic. B. Each era is divided into periods, and each period is divided into epochs. C. Anthropologists are concerned with the Cenozoic era, which includes two periods: the Tertiary and the ...
... A. The history of vertebrate life on earth is divided into three eras: the Paleozoic, the Mesozoic, and the Cenozoic. B. Each era is divided into periods, and each period is divided into epochs. C. Anthropologists are concerned with the Cenozoic era, which includes two periods: the Tertiary and the ...
Community-wide body size differences between nocturnal and
... We surveyed insects using four sampling techniques that target active insects, thus permitting comparison of day–night activity: no-kill malaise traps, pitfall traps, visual searches, and social spider nest captures. The prey-capture webs of social spider nests of the genus Anelosimus (Araneae: Ther ...
... We surveyed insects using four sampling techniques that target active insects, thus permitting comparison of day–night activity: no-kill malaise traps, pitfall traps, visual searches, and social spider nest captures. The prey-capture webs of social spider nests of the genus Anelosimus (Araneae: Ther ...
effects of temperature on the size of aquatic ectotherms
... Published studies of the effects of rearing temperature on size-at-stage of aquatic ectotherms were examined. Whilst some genetic evolution during the experiments may have been unavoidable in species with very short generation times (e.g. protists, bacteria), the rapidity of response even in some of ...
... Published studies of the effects of rearing temperature on size-at-stage of aquatic ectotherms were examined. Whilst some genetic evolution during the experiments may have been unavoidable in species with very short generation times (e.g. protists, bacteria), the rapidity of response even in some of ...
Taphonomic decoding of the paleobiological information locked in a
... Abstract.—The processes of fossilization have usually been perceived by paleontologists as destructive ones, leading to consecutive (and in most cases irretrievable) losses of paleobiological information. However, recent developments of conceptual issues and methodological approaches have revealed t ...
... Abstract.—The processes of fossilization have usually been perceived by paleontologists as destructive ones, leading to consecutive (and in most cases irretrievable) losses of paleobiological information. However, recent developments of conceptual issues and methodological approaches have revealed t ...
Chap.19 Extinction, conservation and restoration
... species that have ever lived are now extinct. • The several million species of plants and animals living today are derived from a small fraction of those alive at any time in the distant past. • At least three times in the past 570 million years the earth has experienced a series of extinction so de ...
... species that have ever lived are now extinct. • The several million species of plants and animals living today are derived from a small fraction of those alive at any time in the distant past. • At least three times in the past 570 million years the earth has experienced a series of extinction so de ...
Plankton: the paradox and the power law arXiv
... organisms do no more than double in body mass. One suggestion is that, although plankton species may individually fluctuate in complicated ways, patterns become more regular after aggregation to the assemblage as a whole (Huisman and Weissing, 1999; Scheffer et al., 2003); it remains to be seen whet ...
... organisms do no more than double in body mass. One suggestion is that, although plankton species may individually fluctuate in complicated ways, patterns become more regular after aggregation to the assemblage as a whole (Huisman and Weissing, 1999; Scheffer et al., 2003); it remains to be seen whet ...
Allee effects, extinctions, and chaotic transients in simple population
... populations do not grow without bound, there is growing consensus due to mathematical and empirical advances that negative density dependent factors operate at higher population densities (Wolda & Dennis 1993; Turchin 1995; Harrison & Cappuccino 1995). At lower population densities, any of these fac ...
... populations do not grow without bound, there is growing consensus due to mathematical and empirical advances that negative density dependent factors operate at higher population densities (Wolda & Dennis 1993; Turchin 1995; Harrison & Cappuccino 1995). At lower population densities, any of these fac ...
SIZE RATIOS
... The analysis of size ratios of coexisting species has been a major focus in evolutionary ecology for more than three decades. The idea that body size differences follow empirical "rules" and may reflect resource partitioning has arisen several times in the ecological literature. Dyar (1890) describe ...
... The analysis of size ratios of coexisting species has been a major focus in evolutionary ecology for more than three decades. The idea that body size differences follow empirical "rules" and may reflect resource partitioning has arisen several times in the ecological literature. Dyar (1890) describe ...
NotesChapter7
... Mechanisms of Chance Extinction in Single Populations Population extinction is certain if, in the long term, the mortality rate is higher than the birth rate (Barbault and Sastrapradja 1995) in the absence of migration. If migration is present, extinction is certain if, in the long term, the combine ...
... Mechanisms of Chance Extinction in Single Populations Population extinction is certain if, in the long term, the mortality rate is higher than the birth rate (Barbault and Sastrapradja 1995) in the absence of migration. If migration is present, extinction is certain if, in the long term, the combine ...
NotesChapter7
... A metapopulation is made up of a number of spatially separated, extinction-prone local populations (or subpopulations) that are linked by migration (Groombridge 1992, Barbault & Sastrapradja 1995, Wikipedia Contributors 2006b). It may be described as a ‘population of populations’ with two levels of ...
... A metapopulation is made up of a number of spatially separated, extinction-prone local populations (or subpopulations) that are linked by migration (Groombridge 1992, Barbault & Sastrapradja 1995, Wikipedia Contributors 2006b). It may be described as a ‘population of populations’ with two levels of ...
Seasonal changes of trophic transfer efficiencies
... Mass-balanced carbon flow diagrams were established based on the measurements of standing stocks and especially production estimates which were made for each plankton group for the uppermost 20 m of the water column. Trophic interactions and the diet composition of omnivores were derived from grazin ...
... Mass-balanced carbon flow diagrams were established based on the measurements of standing stocks and especially production estimates which were made for each plankton group for the uppermost 20 m of the water column. Trophic interactions and the diet composition of omnivores were derived from grazin ...
Stochastic competitive exclusion leads to a cascade of
... the steady-state configurations of the stochastic system for simple species assemblages formed by two or three species. Such approximations help us to partition the set of feasible population numbers into regions associated to coexistence, or the extinction of one, two, or three species. The steady- ...
... the steady-state configurations of the stochastic system for simple species assemblages formed by two or three species. Such approximations help us to partition the set of feasible population numbers into regions associated to coexistence, or the extinction of one, two, or three species. The steady- ...
Extinction thresholds: insights from simple models
... worldwide. It is usually accepted in studies of pest eradication, that eradication can only be achieved by the elimination of all the individuals. Liebhold and Bascompte (2003) have studied the ...
... worldwide. It is usually accepted in studies of pest eradication, that eradication can only be achieved by the elimination of all the individuals. Liebhold and Bascompte (2003) have studied the ...
Chapter 4. Complex Life Cycles and Marine Food Webs: Migrating
... larva begins consuming small sized zooplankton, such as early stage copepods and other crustaceans. As its length and jaw’s gape increases, ever larger zooplankton are pursued and consumed. And so it continues into juvenile and adult stages: the cod consuming larger invertebrates and small fishes, ...
... larva begins consuming small sized zooplankton, such as early stage copepods and other crustaceans. As its length and jaw’s gape increases, ever larger zooplankton are pursued and consumed. And so it continues into juvenile and adult stages: the cod consuming larger invertebrates and small fishes, ...
Introduction - Beck-Shop
... their spatial location, visibility (apparency), or by producing defence structures such as thorns, hairs or thick cuticles. They may also produce ‘allelochemicals’; several hypotheses have been proposed to explain their ecological and evolutionary occurrence: the merits of these hypotheses, particul ...
... their spatial location, visibility (apparency), or by producing defence structures such as thorns, hairs or thick cuticles. They may also produce ‘allelochemicals’; several hypotheses have been proposed to explain their ecological and evolutionary occurrence: the merits of these hypotheses, particul ...
Integrating function across marine life cycles
... To consider this question, we examine 3 common assumptions of theory and how they may be altered by the recognition of carryover effects. First, investment per egg is commonly assumed to evolve toward an optimum in response to rates of larval mortality in the plankton, which are regulated by factors ...
... To consider this question, we examine 3 common assumptions of theory and how they may be altered by the recognition of carryover effects. First, investment per egg is commonly assumed to evolve toward an optimum in response to rates of larval mortality in the plankton, which are regulated by factors ...
The Importance of Motivation, Weapons, and Foul Odors in Driving
... 1999, Donadio and Buskirk 2006). Their unique positions as predators and prey have led to distinctive adaptations and ecological niches. For example, the chemical weapons of skunks, which are traditionally associated with defense (Hunter 2009), could also prove advantageous during encounter competit ...
... 1999, Donadio and Buskirk 2006). Their unique positions as predators and prey have led to distinctive adaptations and ecological niches. For example, the chemical weapons of skunks, which are traditionally associated with defense (Hunter 2009), could also prove advantageous during encounter competit ...
notes and comments - The University of Sydney
... the models Ho proposed deal primarily with the availability of-food in different environments for juveniles of various body sizes (and thus are similar to Nussbaum's models in that the primary focus of selection would seem to be offspring size rather than parental care), conditions could simultaneou ...
... the models Ho proposed deal primarily with the availability of-food in different environments for juveniles of various body sizes (and thus are similar to Nussbaum's models in that the primary focus of selection would seem to be offspring size rather than parental care), conditions could simultaneou ...
Collared and White
... “Maintain core wild populations of not less than 2,000 animals each taxon in each individual reserve. . .” Maintaining accurate counts Game Survey Counts: Late Feb or early March hunting season Trapped animals Scat analysis Mailing questioneers Cameras in peak areas ...
... “Maintain core wild populations of not less than 2,000 animals each taxon in each individual reserve. . .” Maintaining accurate counts Game Survey Counts: Late Feb or early March hunting season Trapped animals Scat analysis Mailing questioneers Cameras in peak areas ...
Chapter 30 Study Guide
... influence the mammal's structure and life habits. The fibers of plants are more difficult to digest and take longer than the digestion of meat. As a result, mammals that eat plant material have a larger cecum and longer digestive tracts than those that eat meat, as shown in Figure 30.5. Ruminant her ...
... influence the mammal's structure and life habits. The fibers of plants are more difficult to digest and take longer than the digestion of meat. As a result, mammals that eat plant material have a larger cecum and longer digestive tracts than those that eat meat, as shown in Figure 30.5. Ruminant her ...
A General Theory of Clutch Size
... removed at laying. And yet there are groups, e.g., Procellariformes, which lay one egg and usually do not replace it if lost. This seems a great waste of reproductive potential, and this theory might be the correct answer to account for the low r, especially as petrels lay eggs notably large for the ...
... removed at laying. And yet there are groups, e.g., Procellariformes, which lay one egg and usually do not replace it if lost. This seems a great waste of reproductive potential, and this theory might be the correct answer to account for the low r, especially as petrels lay eggs notably large for the ...
The importance of motivation, weapons, and foul odors in driving
... 1999, Donadio and Buskirk 2006). Their unique positions as predators and prey have led to distinctive adaptations and ecological niches. For example, the chemical weapons of skunks, which are traditionally associated with defense (Hunter 2009), could also prove advantageous during encounter competit ...
... 1999, Donadio and Buskirk 2006). Their unique positions as predators and prey have led to distinctive adaptations and ecological niches. For example, the chemical weapons of skunks, which are traditionally associated with defense (Hunter 2009), could also prove advantageous during encounter competit ...
226 rapid and repeated origin of insular gigantism and
... are 5000–7000 years old and all are less than 10,000 years old. Here we discriminate between two competing hypotheses with a molecular phylogeography dataset comprising approximately 4800 bp of mtDNA and demonstrate that populations of island dwarfs and giants have evolved five times independently. ...
... are 5000–7000 years old and all are less than 10,000 years old. Here we discriminate between two competing hypotheses with a molecular phylogeography dataset comprising approximately 4800 bp of mtDNA and demonstrate that populations of island dwarfs and giants have evolved five times independently. ...
Megafauna
In terrestrial zoology, megafauna (Ancient Greek megas ""large"" + New Latin fauna ""animal"") are large or giant animals. The most common thresholds used are 45 kilograms (100 lb) or 100 kilograms (220 lb). This thus includes many species not popularly thought of as overly large, such as white-tailed deer, red kangaroo, and humans.In practice, the most common usage encountered in academic and popular writing describes land animals roughly larger than a human that are not (solely) domesticated. The term is especially associated with the Pleistocene megafauna – the land animals often larger than modern counterparts considered archetypical of the last ice age, such as mammoths, the majority of which in northern Eurasia, the Americas and Australia became extinct as recently as 10,000–40,000 years ago. It is also commonly used for the largest extant wild land animals, especially elephants, giraffes, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, and large bovines. Megafauna may be subcategorized by their trophic position into megaherbivores (e.g., elk), megacarnivores (e.g., lions), and, more rarely, megaomnivores (e.g., bears).Other common uses are for giant aquatic species, especially whales, any larger wild or domesticated land animals such as larger antelope and cattle, as well as numerous dinosaurs and other extinct giant reptilians.The term is also sometimes applied to animals (usually extinct) of great size relative to a more common or surviving type of the animal, for example the 1 m (3 ft) dragonflies of the Carboniferous period.