Molecular Genetics of the RNA Polymerase II General
... Roeder that purified RNA pol II would selectively and accurately initiate transcription from template DNA when supplemented with a crude cell extract (529). This activity provided an assay for the fractionation and subsequent identification of the GTFs, defined as factors required for accurate, basa ...
... Roeder that purified RNA pol II would selectively and accurately initiate transcription from template DNA when supplemented with a crude cell extract (529). This activity provided an assay for the fractionation and subsequent identification of the GTFs, defined as factors required for accurate, basa ...
PLANT IN VITRO TRANSCRIPTION SYSTEMS
... mRNA promoters only when supplemented with additional factors present in crude cellular and nuclear extracts. In plant genes, most of the work has been devoted to the process of transcription initiation of mRNA genes, whose expression is differentially regulated by developmental and by external cues ...
... mRNA promoters only when supplemented with additional factors present in crude cellular and nuclear extracts. In plant genes, most of the work has been devoted to the process of transcription initiation of mRNA genes, whose expression is differentially regulated by developmental and by external cues ...
Transcription factories
... the surface, and contains some or all of the many different proteins involved in making a mature transcript (Figure 2). The spectroscopic images detect very few phosphorus atoms (marking the backbone of nucleic acids) in the proteinaceous core, suggesting that the DNA template and the nascent transc ...
... the surface, and contains some or all of the many different proteins involved in making a mature transcript (Figure 2). The spectroscopic images detect very few phosphorus atoms (marking the backbone of nucleic acids) in the proteinaceous core, suggesting that the DNA template and the nascent transc ...
Regulation of Ribosomal RNA Synthesis in E. coli: Effects of the
... a consequence of a passive increase in RNA polymerase concentration as consequence of the repression of stable RNA promoters. In the his operon case, however, studies performed with a coupled transcription translation system did not support passive regulation. Under mixed-template conditions activat ...
... a consequence of a passive increase in RNA polymerase concentration as consequence of the repression of stable RNA promoters. In the his operon case, however, studies performed with a coupled transcription translation system did not support passive regulation. Under mixed-template conditions activat ...
Viral Strategies in Modulation of NF
... c-IAP1, c-IAP2, IEX-1L, Bcl-xL and Bfl-1/a135, 65, 67, 71. Moreover, this transcription factor is also associated with proapoptotic functions such as the apoptosis of double-positive thymocytes, which is associated with the down-regulated expression of the gene bcl-xL26. There are also studies sugge ...
... c-IAP1, c-IAP2, IEX-1L, Bcl-xL and Bfl-1/a135, 65, 67, 71. Moreover, this transcription factor is also associated with proapoptotic functions such as the apoptosis of double-positive thymocytes, which is associated with the down-regulated expression of the gene bcl-xL26. There are also studies sugge ...
Article
... to complete N‑myristoylation, and has even been used to myristoylate tumor necrosis factor, a normally nonmyristoylated protein, when it is modified to contain the N‑myristolyation motif of other myristoylated proteins.44,45 The Arabidopsis SOS3 protein involved in plant salt tolerance has also been ...
... to complete N‑myristoylation, and has even been used to myristoylate tumor necrosis factor, a normally nonmyristoylated protein, when it is modified to contain the N‑myristolyation motif of other myristoylated proteins.44,45 The Arabidopsis SOS3 protein involved in plant salt tolerance has also been ...
Cell-Free Protein Expression Systems
... • Convenient: Luciferase Control RNA and detection reagent included. ...
... • Convenient: Luciferase Control RNA and detection reagent included. ...
Wnt signaling
... (Dvl), a family of cytosolic signal transducer molecules. • Activation of Dvl ultimately leads to phosphorylation and consequently inhibition of GSK-3 • Inhibition of GSK-3 results in stabilisation and consequent cytosolic accumulation of -catenin, which then translocates into the nucleus, • -ca ...
... (Dvl), a family of cytosolic signal transducer molecules. • Activation of Dvl ultimately leads to phosphorylation and consequently inhibition of GSK-3 • Inhibition of GSK-3 results in stabilisation and consequent cytosolic accumulation of -catenin, which then translocates into the nucleus, • -ca ...
NAC Transcription Factor SPEEDY HYPONASTIC
... of the rate-limiting enzyme of cytokinin biosynthesis (i.e., isopentenyl transferase) from a senescence-induced promoter enhanced flooding tolerance in Arabidopsis (Zhang et al., 2000). Taken together, although various molecular players affecting the adaptive leaf growth response to waterlogging have ...
... of the rate-limiting enzyme of cytokinin biosynthesis (i.e., isopentenyl transferase) from a senescence-induced promoter enhanced flooding tolerance in Arabidopsis (Zhang et al., 2000). Taken together, although various molecular players affecting the adaptive leaf growth response to waterlogging have ...
Identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins that bind to
... model is defined by interactions between neighbouring nucleosomes. The sequential histones thus follow each other, bending the DNA to form a helical structure (Robinson & Rhodes 2006). (B) The zigzag model differs from the solenoid model in that alternate nucleosomes interact with each other and seq ...
... model is defined by interactions between neighbouring nucleosomes. The sequential histones thus follow each other, bending the DNA to form a helical structure (Robinson & Rhodes 2006). (B) The zigzag model differs from the solenoid model in that alternate nucleosomes interact with each other and seq ...
receptors. properties of ROR alpha, a novel
... amino-terminal domains possess differential ability to interact with cell- and target gene-specific transcription factors (Meyer et al. 1989; Tasset et al. 1990). Nuclear receptors control the activity of primary target genes by binding to short DNA sequences known as hormone response elements (HREs ...
... amino-terminal domains possess differential ability to interact with cell- and target gene-specific transcription factors (Meyer et al. 1989; Tasset et al. 1990). Nuclear receptors control the activity of primary target genes by binding to short DNA sequences known as hormone response elements (HREs ...
sv-lncs - School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences
... stage, once a node has been visited and added to the complex, it can not be added to another complex. [16] However, in the post-processing step, overlap is allowed to some extent. Because we here choose to go further by inspecting the interconnectedness, it is valuable to not only traverse the immed ...
... stage, once a node has been visited and added to the complex, it can not be added to another complex. [16] However, in the post-processing step, overlap is allowed to some extent. Because we here choose to go further by inspecting the interconnectedness, it is valuable to not only traverse the immed ...
Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in innate immunity
... is subject to extensive post-transcriptional regulation, in which more than 256 alternatively processed transcripts encode variants of receptors, adaptors and signalling molecules13. Every TLR gene has numerous alternatively spliced variants13–18, and TLR1 to TLR7 all have between two and four predi ...
... is subject to extensive post-transcriptional regulation, in which more than 256 alternatively processed transcripts encode variants of receptors, adaptors and signalling molecules13. Every TLR gene has numerous alternatively spliced variants13–18, and TLR1 to TLR7 all have between two and four predi ...
Animal mitochondrial biogenesis and function
... q 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: mtDNA; Gene expression; Retrograde communication; Hormonal regulation; Differentiation; Apoptosis ...
... q 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: mtDNA; Gene expression; Retrograde communication; Hormonal regulation; Differentiation; Apoptosis ...
A Gain-of-Function Suppressor Screen for Genes
... the activity of the Ap protein is reduced in a Bx1 background, its target genes are not expressed at appropriate levels, and the activation of Notch at the DV boundary and the formation of the adult wing margin are compromised (Figure 2B). Activation of the Notch signaling pathway by means of a gain ...
... the activity of the Ap protein is reduced in a Bx1 background, its target genes are not expressed at appropriate levels, and the activation of Notch at the DV boundary and the formation of the adult wing margin are compromised (Figure 2B). Activation of the Notch signaling pathway by means of a gain ...
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
... 1948, Kohn and Krasso reported reductive acetylation of few aromatic nitrohydocarbons and halogenated nitrophenols by refluxing the substrates in acetic anhydride and acetic acid in presence of Zn-dust [3]. Latter on in 1961, Freifelder obtained three isomeric hydroxyacetanildes by reductive acetyla ...
... 1948, Kohn and Krasso reported reductive acetylation of few aromatic nitrohydocarbons and halogenated nitrophenols by refluxing the substrates in acetic anhydride and acetic acid in presence of Zn-dust [3]. Latter on in 1961, Freifelder obtained three isomeric hydroxyacetanildes by reductive acetyla ...
Plastid RNA polymerases - Journal of Experimental Botany
... an adaptation to the different developmental programmes underlying chloroplast biogenesis in monocotyledons and dicotyledons still needs to be elucidated. Interestingly, the rpo genes in the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are monocistronic units dispersed over the plastome, indicating that th ...
... an adaptation to the different developmental programmes underlying chloroplast biogenesis in monocotyledons and dicotyledons still needs to be elucidated. Interestingly, the rpo genes in the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are monocistronic units dispersed over the plastome, indicating that th ...
cop2007 - Purdue Agriculture
... upregulated and 284 as cold downregulated [13]. This study suggests that cold stress triggers a multitude of transcriptional cascades because many of the early coldresponsive genes encode transcription factors that probably activate the genes that are induced after longer periods of exposure to th ...
... upregulated and 284 as cold downregulated [13]. This study suggests that cold stress triggers a multitude of transcriptional cascades because many of the early coldresponsive genes encode transcription factors that probably activate the genes that are induced after longer periods of exposure to th ...
Transcription factor AP-2 is tissue-specific in
... Subsequently, we identified a protein-binding positiveregulatory sequence within this promoter region, mutation of which reduced epidermal expression of the injected gene by up to 90% (Snape et al. 1990). (We recently learned that in these expression studies we erroneously used as a control DNA a co ...
... Subsequently, we identified a protein-binding positiveregulatory sequence within this promoter region, mutation of which reduced epidermal expression of the injected gene by up to 90% (Snape et al. 1990). (We recently learned that in these expression studies we erroneously used as a control DNA a co ...
HOXs and lincRNAs: Two sides of the same coin
... transcripts are implicated in activation and repression through opening large chromatin domains, maintenance of active chromatin state, or RNA interference–mediated silencing processes, as shown for the globin gene cluster (16, 18, 20). These lincRNAs can affect gene regulation through both cis and ...
... transcripts are implicated in activation and repression through opening large chromatin domains, maintenance of active chromatin state, or RNA interference–mediated silencing processes, as shown for the globin gene cluster (16, 18, 20). These lincRNAs can affect gene regulation through both cis and ...
microbial genetics
... mutants and analyze their behavior. This is also called as genetic analysis. The operon concept developed by Jacob and Monod was largely based on experiments with various mutants of the lac operon. We will now discuss some of the different mutant phenotypes observed for lac operon in light of what t ...
... mutants and analyze their behavior. This is also called as genetic analysis. The operon concept developed by Jacob and Monod was largely based on experiments with various mutants of the lac operon. We will now discuss some of the different mutant phenotypes observed for lac operon in light of what t ...
Locus-Specific Control of DNA Methylation by the
... ecotype of Arabidopsis, the PAI genes are arranged as a tailto-tail inverted repeat of two genes, PAI1-PAI4, and two unlinked singlet genes, PAI2 and PAI3. Transcription through PAI1-PAI4 from a fortuitous unmethylated promoter upstream of PAI1 produces normally polyadenylated PAI1 transcripts and l ...
... ecotype of Arabidopsis, the PAI genes are arranged as a tailto-tail inverted repeat of two genes, PAI1-PAI4, and two unlinked singlet genes, PAI2 and PAI3. Transcription through PAI1-PAI4 from a fortuitous unmethylated promoter upstream of PAI1 produces normally polyadenylated PAI1 transcripts and l ...
Messenger RNA
... Transcription and translation occur simultaneously in bacteria as ribosomes begin translating an mRNA ...
... Transcription and translation occur simultaneously in bacteria as ribosomes begin translating an mRNA ...
Histone acetylation and deacetylation
Histone acetylation and deacetylation are the processes by which the lysine residues within the N-terminal tail protruding from the histone core of the nucleosome are acetylated and deacetylated as part of gene regulation. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are essential parts of gene regulation. These reactions are typically catalysed by enzymes with ""histone acetyltransferase"" (HAT) or ""histone deacetylase"" (HDAC) activity. Acetylation is the process where an acetyl functional group is transferred from one molecule (in this case, Acetyl-Coenzyme A) to another. Deacetylation is simply the reverse reaction where an acetyl group is removed from a molecule.Acetylated histones, octameric proteins that organize chromatin into nucleosomes and ultimately higher order structures, represent a type of epigenetic marker within chromatin. Acetylation removes the positive charge on the histones, thereby decreasing the interaction of the N termini of histones with the negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA. As a consequence, the condensed chromatin is transformed into a more relaxed structure that is associated with greater levels of gene transcription. This relaxation can be reversed by HDAC activity. Relaxed, transcriptionally active DNA is referred to as euchromatin. More condensed (tightly packed) DNA is referred to as heterochromatin. Condensation can be brought about by processes including deacetylation and methylation; the action of methylation is indirect and has no effect upon charge.