![Short-term adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/022181084_1-f510fd73ff41f9060840dc9b8f007149-300x300.png)
Short-term adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase
... 172 in the α-subunit and kinase activation [13]. The AMPK functions as an energy sensor and is activated when the cellular AMP to adenosine triphosphate ratio is increased [10]. The phosphorylation of threonine 172 in α-subunit strongly correlates with the AMPK activity [14]. The AMPK phosphorylatio ...
... 172 in the α-subunit and kinase activation [13]. The AMPK functions as an energy sensor and is activated when the cellular AMP to adenosine triphosphate ratio is increased [10]. The phosphorylation of threonine 172 in α-subunit strongly correlates with the AMPK activity [14]. The AMPK phosphorylatio ...
The UBA2 Domain Functions as an Intrinsic Stabilization Signal that
... was sufficient to completely abrogate the protective effect, suggesting that a proper UBA fold is important for the inhibitory activity (Figure 2C). The UBA2 domain Does Not Cause General Impairment of the Ubiquitin/Proteasome System It has been reported that UBA domains can act as general inhibitor ...
... was sufficient to completely abrogate the protective effect, suggesting that a proper UBA fold is important for the inhibitory activity (Figure 2C). The UBA2 domain Does Not Cause General Impairment of the Ubiquitin/Proteasome System It has been reported that UBA domains can act as general inhibitor ...
A new type of plant chitinase containing LysM domains from a fern
... and some bulb chitinases. According to the classification of glycosyl hydrolases by Henrissat and Bairoch (1993), enzymes of classes I, II, and IV are included in family 19, whereas class III, IIIb, and V are included in family 18. Many seed plants synthesize various chitinases (Collinge et al. 1993 ...
... and some bulb chitinases. According to the classification of glycosyl hydrolases by Henrissat and Bairoch (1993), enzymes of classes I, II, and IV are included in family 19, whereas class III, IIIb, and V are included in family 18. Many seed plants synthesize various chitinases (Collinge et al. 1993 ...
b-Globin locus control region HS2 and HS3 interact structurally and
... HS3 together resulted in synergistic stimulation of b-globin transcription. Unexpectedly, mutated, inactive forms of HS2 impeded the activation of the b-globin gene by HS3. Thus, there appear to be distinct interactions among the HSs and between the HSs and the globin genes. These preferential, none ...
... HS3 together resulted in synergistic stimulation of b-globin transcription. Unexpectedly, mutated, inactive forms of HS2 impeded the activation of the b-globin gene by HS3. Thus, there appear to be distinct interactions among the HSs and between the HSs and the globin genes. These preferential, none ...
Robust circadian clocks from coupled protein
... might be explained by intercellular interactions (3, 4), but it is now known that even unicellular organisms can have very stable circadian rhythms. The clock of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus, for example, has a correlation time of several months (5), even though the clocks of the diffe ...
... might be explained by intercellular interactions (3, 4), but it is now known that even unicellular organisms can have very stable circadian rhythms. The clock of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus, for example, has a correlation time of several months (5), even though the clocks of the diffe ...
A major root-associated acid phosphatase in
... R–: Split roots in P–/P– dishes. SR+: Split roots on the P+ side of P+/P– dishes; SR–: Split roots on the P– side of P+/P– dishes; S+: Shoots grown on P+/P+ dishes; SS: Shoots grown on P+/P– dishes; S–: Shoots grown on P–/P– dishes. Values are the means±SEM of three replicates. Each replicate contai ...
... R–: Split roots in P–/P– dishes. SR+: Split roots on the P+ side of P+/P– dishes; SR–: Split roots on the P– side of P+/P– dishes; S+: Shoots grown on P+/P+ dishes; SS: Shoots grown on P+/P– dishes; S–: Shoots grown on P–/P– dishes. Values are the means±SEM of three replicates. Each replicate contai ...
The EMBO Journal (2002) 21, 1704–1712
... N-terminus. Chromodomains are found in many chromatin-related proteins, and have been proposed to mediate protein–RNA interaction (Akhtar and Becker, 2001) or binding to methylated lysines (Bannister et al., 2001; Lachner et al., 2001). Many studies have shown that Tip60 can regulate transcription, ...
... N-terminus. Chromodomains are found in many chromatin-related proteins, and have been proposed to mediate protein–RNA interaction (Akhtar and Becker, 2001) or binding to methylated lysines (Bannister et al., 2001; Lachner et al., 2001). Many studies have shown that Tip60 can regulate transcription, ...
WebMOTIFS: Web-based integrated motif discovery
... involved in the regulation of the input sequences or test all the available DNAbinding domain families. WebMOTIFS offers a unique combination of features. First, WebMOTIFS is completely web-based, with all jobs running on our server, so it can work on any operating system. Although many motif discov ...
... involved in the regulation of the input sequences or test all the available DNAbinding domain families. WebMOTIFS offers a unique combination of features. First, WebMOTIFS is completely web-based, with all jobs running on our server, so it can work on any operating system. Although many motif discov ...
The p101 subunit of PI3Kγ restores activation by Gβ mutants
... signals into the principle product PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in order to control a plethora of fundamental cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, growth and chemotaxis [1–8]. On the basis of their structural features and modes of regulation, class I PI3Ks have been grouped into the clas ...
... signals into the principle product PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in order to control a plethora of fundamental cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, growth and chemotaxis [1–8]. On the basis of their structural features and modes of regulation, class I PI3Ks have been grouped into the clas ...
Six Distinct Nuclear Factors Interact with the 75-Base
... (for leukemia virus factors a, b, and c) have not been previously identified. Nuclear factors that bind to the conserved simian virus 40 corelike motif, the NF-1 motif, and the glucocorticoid response element were also detected. Testing of multiple cell lines showed that most factors appeared ubiqui ...
... (for leukemia virus factors a, b, and c) have not been previously identified. Nuclear factors that bind to the conserved simian virus 40 corelike motif, the NF-1 motif, and the glucocorticoid response element were also detected. Testing of multiple cell lines showed that most factors appeared ubiqui ...
insight on the molecular mechanisms that control the expression of
... The correct perception of nociceptive inputs relies on the proper neuronal connection between specialized receptors in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and neurons in the superficial laminas of the dorsal spinal cord. One gene intimately related with the establishment of this circuit is Prrxl1, which e ...
... The correct perception of nociceptive inputs relies on the proper neuronal connection between specialized receptors in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and neurons in the superficial laminas of the dorsal spinal cord. One gene intimately related with the establishment of this circuit is Prrxl1, which e ...
RAD50, an SMC family member with multiple roles in DNA break
... The structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) proteins, as their name implies, are involved in organizing DNA to assure proper function of chromosomes. Stated in a simplified way, condensins arrange and organize DNA within chromosomes and cohesins organize and arrange DNA between different chromoso ...
... The structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) proteins, as their name implies, are involved in organizing DNA to assure proper function of chromosomes. Stated in a simplified way, condensins arrange and organize DNA within chromosomes and cohesins organize and arrange DNA between different chromoso ...
cytoplasm nucleus and the A specific subset of
... ongoing transcription and is not mediated by a canonical nuclear localization signal. A carboxy-terminal sequence in hnRNP A1, termed M9, which is involved in both nuclear import and export, has been identified (Michael et al. 1995b; Siomi and Dreyfuss 1995; Weighardt et al. 1995). It has been shown ...
... ongoing transcription and is not mediated by a canonical nuclear localization signal. A carboxy-terminal sequence in hnRNP A1, termed M9, which is involved in both nuclear import and export, has been identified (Michael et al. 1995b; Siomi and Dreyfuss 1995; Weighardt et al. 1995). It has been shown ...
Understanding Hyaluronan-Protein Interactions
... all have a pair of contiguous Link modules in their hyaluronan-binding regions (Figure 1). In link protein and aggrecan, both Link modules participate in ligand binding.11,12 Therefore, the proteins of the Link module superfamily can be divided on the basis of the size of their hyaluronan-binding do ...
... all have a pair of contiguous Link modules in their hyaluronan-binding regions (Figure 1). In link protein and aggrecan, both Link modules participate in ligand binding.11,12 Therefore, the proteins of the Link module superfamily can be divided on the basis of the size of their hyaluronan-binding do ...
Localization of protein-binding sites within families of proteins
... Moreover, 554 (30%) of these families have localizations that are statistically significant (i.e., more than four standard deviations away from the mean expected by chance). In contrast, only 144 (8%) families have significantly low localization. The absence of a significant correlation of the bindi ...
... Moreover, 554 (30%) of these families have localizations that are statistically significant (i.e., more than four standard deviations away from the mean expected by chance). In contrast, only 144 (8%) families have significantly low localization. The absence of a significant correlation of the bindi ...
The Ph1 Locus Suppresses Cdk2-Type Activity during Premeiosis
... bouquet formation at the onset of meiosis (Figures 1E, 1J, 2D, and 3F). Thus, either with or without Ph1, dispersed chromatin replication is initiated in the meiocytes as the tapetal cells are finishing their replication, and all meiocyte replication is completed within the 4-h period before the tel ...
... bouquet formation at the onset of meiosis (Figures 1E, 1J, 2D, and 3F). Thus, either with or without Ph1, dispersed chromatin replication is initiated in the meiocytes as the tapetal cells are finishing their replication, and all meiocyte replication is completed within the 4-h period before the tel ...
Print
... pattern typical of nuclear gene defects (199, 205). These can affect respiratory protein subunits, assembly factors, and gene products required for mtDNA maintenance and stability. In addition to single gene defects, dispersed lesions in mtDNA that accumulate over time may play a role in human patho ...
... pattern typical of nuclear gene defects (199, 205). These can affect respiratory protein subunits, assembly factors, and gene products required for mtDNA maintenance and stability. In addition to single gene defects, dispersed lesions in mtDNA that accumulate over time may play a role in human patho ...
Transcriptional Paradigms in Mammalian Mitochondrial Biogenesis
... pattern typical of nuclear gene defects (199, 205). These can affect respiratory protein subunits, assembly factors, and gene products required for mtDNA maintenance and stability. In addition to single gene defects, dispersed lesions in mtDNA that accumulate over time may play a role in human patho ...
... pattern typical of nuclear gene defects (199, 205). These can affect respiratory protein subunits, assembly factors, and gene products required for mtDNA maintenance and stability. In addition to single gene defects, dispersed lesions in mtDNA that accumulate over time may play a role in human patho ...
D-Isonucleotide (isoNA) incorporation around cleavage site of
... process or other steps. Therefore, the influence of modification with isoNA on the kinetics of passenger strand cleavage induced by T. thermophilus Ago (Tt-Ago) was evaluated. Previous reports studied the cleavage kinetics of the passenger strand with a 5′-32P-radiolabeled RNA oligonucleotide.11 The ...
... process or other steps. Therefore, the influence of modification with isoNA on the kinetics of passenger strand cleavage induced by T. thermophilus Ago (Tt-Ago) was evaluated. Previous reports studied the cleavage kinetics of the passenger strand with a 5′-32P-radiolabeled RNA oligonucleotide.11 The ...
Signaling from synapse to nucleus: the logic behind the mechanisms Karl Deisseroth
... the membrane, within elaborate networks of cytoplasmic signaling proteins. However, only within the past few years has it become clear that even deeper within the neuron lies perhaps the most formidable engine of computation of all [1]. The nucleus of the mammalian neuron creates, shapes, links and ...
... the membrane, within elaborate networks of cytoplasmic signaling proteins. However, only within the past few years has it become clear that even deeper within the neuron lies perhaps the most formidable engine of computation of all [1]. The nucleus of the mammalian neuron creates, shapes, links and ...
Vertebrate hairy and Enhancer of split related proteins
... must have a signi®cant role under some circumstances. Most bHLH proteins bind as either hetero- or homodimers to a consensus DNA sequence of CANNTG, known as an E-box. Additional binding speci®city is derived from interactions between the basic regions and the middle two bases, as well as bases ¯ank ...
... must have a signi®cant role under some circumstances. Most bHLH proteins bind as either hetero- or homodimers to a consensus DNA sequence of CANNTG, known as an E-box. Additional binding speci®city is derived from interactions between the basic regions and the middle two bases, as well as bases ¯ank ...
CELLULAR ADAPTATION TO AMINO ACID AVAILABILITY:
... fall in the plasma level of most essential amino acids. For example, leucine and methionine concentrations can be reduced from about 100-150 µM and 18-30 µM to 20 µM and 5 µM, respectively, in plasma of children affected by kwashiorkor (Grimble & Whitehead, 1970; Baertl et al. 1974). It follows that ...
... fall in the plasma level of most essential amino acids. For example, leucine and methionine concentrations can be reduced from about 100-150 µM and 18-30 µM to 20 µM and 5 µM, respectively, in plasma of children affected by kwashiorkor (Grimble & Whitehead, 1970; Baertl et al. 1974). It follows that ...
An enhanced transient expression system in plants based on
... proteins. In plants, recombinant strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens can be used for transient expression of genes that have been inserted into the T-DNA region of the bacterial Ti plasmid. A bacterial culture is vacuum-infiltrated into leaves, and upon T-DNA transfer, there is ectopic expression o ...
... proteins. In plants, recombinant strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens can be used for transient expression of genes that have been inserted into the T-DNA region of the bacterial Ti plasmid. A bacterial culture is vacuum-infiltrated into leaves, and upon T-DNA transfer, there is ectopic expression o ...
Class II Histone Deacetylases Are Directly Recruited by BCL6
... genes has been identified by DNA microarray screening in lymphocytes. BCL6 was found to repress a number of genes involved in B cell activation and terminal differentiation, inflammation, and cell cycle regulation (12). Earlier studies have shaded light on the molecular mechanisms by which BCL6 nega ...
... genes has been identified by DNA microarray screening in lymphocytes. BCL6 was found to repress a number of genes involved in B cell activation and terminal differentiation, inflammation, and cell cycle regulation (12). Earlier studies have shaded light on the molecular mechanisms by which BCL6 nega ...
Full Text - Labs / Projects - Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
... Clones for Expressing Bacterial Proteins–-The GST-Hairy fusion proteins bHLH, Orange-WRPW, N30 (an N-terminal 30-amino acid fragment of Hairy), Basic (basic DNA-binding elements), and HLH have been described previously (5, 16). Dmp53 (obtained from M. Brodsky) is a BamHI/BglII fragment inserted in t ...
... Clones for Expressing Bacterial Proteins–-The GST-Hairy fusion proteins bHLH, Orange-WRPW, N30 (an N-terminal 30-amino acid fragment of Hairy), Basic (basic DNA-binding elements), and HLH have been described previously (5, 16). Dmp53 (obtained from M. Brodsky) is a BamHI/BglII fragment inserted in t ...
Histone acetylation and deacetylation
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nucleosome_1KX5_colour_coded.png?width=300)
Histone acetylation and deacetylation are the processes by which the lysine residues within the N-terminal tail protruding from the histone core of the nucleosome are acetylated and deacetylated as part of gene regulation. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are essential parts of gene regulation. These reactions are typically catalysed by enzymes with ""histone acetyltransferase"" (HAT) or ""histone deacetylase"" (HDAC) activity. Acetylation is the process where an acetyl functional group is transferred from one molecule (in this case, Acetyl-Coenzyme A) to another. Deacetylation is simply the reverse reaction where an acetyl group is removed from a molecule.Acetylated histones, octameric proteins that organize chromatin into nucleosomes and ultimately higher order structures, represent a type of epigenetic marker within chromatin. Acetylation removes the positive charge on the histones, thereby decreasing the interaction of the N termini of histones with the negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA. As a consequence, the condensed chromatin is transformed into a more relaxed structure that is associated with greater levels of gene transcription. This relaxation can be reversed by HDAC activity. Relaxed, transcriptionally active DNA is referred to as euchromatin. More condensed (tightly packed) DNA is referred to as heterochromatin. Condensation can be brought about by processes including deacetylation and methylation; the action of methylation is indirect and has no effect upon charge.