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The Role of Two-Component Signal Transduction Systems in
... signaling (Fig. 3A). This includes so-called GGDEF domains, which are typically diguanylate cyclases that synthesize c-di-GMP, and EAL and HD-GYP domains, which function as phosphodiesterases for c-di-GMP (Jenal and Malone, 2006). In most bacteria, the production of c-di-GMl> plays a critical role i ...
... signaling (Fig. 3A). This includes so-called GGDEF domains, which are typically diguanylate cyclases that synthesize c-di-GMP, and EAL and HD-GYP domains, which function as phosphodiesterases for c-di-GMP (Jenal and Malone, 2006). In most bacteria, the production of c-di-GMl> plays a critical role i ...
A chitin-binding domain in a marine bacterial
... (1997)found several other similar residues among chitinbinding domains from bacterial chitinases and observed that removal of the binding domain decreased hydrolysis of unprocessed chitin by a chitinase from Clostridium paraputrificum. The role of the chitin-binding domain in hydrolysing chitin by o ...
... (1997)found several other similar residues among chitinbinding domains from bacterial chitinases and observed that removal of the binding domain decreased hydrolysis of unprocessed chitin by a chitinase from Clostridium paraputrificum. The role of the chitin-binding domain in hydrolysing chitin by o ...
during Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation Transcription by Lytic
... cloned into the plasmid pGL3-basic vector (Promega), which expresses the firefly luciferase, by XhoI and HindIII sites, designated pCIITA(⫺1383/ ⫹44). The reporter plasmids with 5⬘ end deletion of CIITA PIII, pCIITA(⫺288/⫹44), and pCIITA(⫺199/⫹44) were constructed by inserting PCR-amplified CIITA pr ...
... cloned into the plasmid pGL3-basic vector (Promega), which expresses the firefly luciferase, by XhoI and HindIII sites, designated pCIITA(⫺1383/ ⫹44). The reporter plasmids with 5⬘ end deletion of CIITA PIII, pCIITA(⫺288/⫹44), and pCIITA(⫺199/⫹44) were constructed by inserting PCR-amplified CIITA pr ...
Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition
... – Prevents formation of a hairpin – This is part of the transcription termination signal which causes attenuation ...
... – Prevents formation of a hairpin – This is part of the transcription termination signal which causes attenuation ...
AMP-activated/SNF1 protein kinases: conserved guardians of
... know almost nothing about the properties of the enzyme from S. pombe, but this structure does define the core interactions between the three subunits, which are likely to be conserved between different eukaryotes. The α-subunits: catalytic subunits. Two α-subunit iso forms (α1/α2) are encoded by di ...
... know almost nothing about the properties of the enzyme from S. pombe, but this structure does define the core interactions between the three subunits, which are likely to be conserved between different eukaryotes. The α-subunits: catalytic subunits. Two α-subunit iso forms (α1/α2) are encoded by di ...
Allosteric Modulators of Steroid Hormone Receptors: Structural
... compared with the well-ordered DBD and LBD. Factors affecting disorder-order transition of the SHR AF1/NTD are illustrated. The binding of hormone (I) causes rearrangement of regions in the LBD (helix 12, AF2), and this leads to translocation to the nucleus and binding to DNA response elements and c ...
... compared with the well-ordered DBD and LBD. Factors affecting disorder-order transition of the SHR AF1/NTD are illustrated. The binding of hormone (I) causes rearrangement of regions in the LBD (helix 12, AF2), and this leads to translocation to the nucleus and binding to DNA response elements and c ...
Small-molecule binding sites to explore new targets in the cancer
... Druggable Binding Sites across all 10 Diseases. Using the previously established cutoffs, we identified genes that were overexpressed across multiple cancer types and featured druggable binding sites. We ranked these genes based on the total number of tumors that overexpressed the gene (Fig. S1). Us ...
... Druggable Binding Sites across all 10 Diseases. Using the previously established cutoffs, we identified genes that were overexpressed across multiple cancer types and featured druggable binding sites. We ranked these genes based on the total number of tumors that overexpressed the gene (Fig. S1). Us ...
DNA Translocation and Loop Formation Mechanism of Chromatin
... away, so that only a single template was studied at a time. The tethered template was torsionally unconstrained and stretched to facilitate detection of its endto-end distance change using optical tweezers (Smith et al., 2003b). The optical tweezer instrument can be operated in two modes. In constan ...
... away, so that only a single template was studied at a time. The tethered template was torsionally unconstrained and stretched to facilitate detection of its endto-end distance change using optical tweezers (Smith et al., 2003b). The optical tweezer instrument can be operated in two modes. In constan ...
Natural Genetic Variation Modifies Gene Expression
... and evolution, making understanding the mechanisms by which genetic variation acts on gene expression patterns a major goal for biology. Both theoretical and empirical work have largely focused on variation in steady-state mRNA levels and mRNA synthesis rates, particularly of protein-coding genes. Y ...
... and evolution, making understanding the mechanisms by which genetic variation acts on gene expression patterns a major goal for biology. Both theoretical and empirical work have largely focused on variation in steady-state mRNA levels and mRNA synthesis rates, particularly of protein-coding genes. Y ...
This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited
... Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that the last 17 amino acids of WzcCPS include the site(s) of phosphorylation of the protein and that phosphorylation at this site is essential for assembly of HMW K30 CPS (43). This C-terminal region is tyrosine rich, with seven tyrosine residues in ...
... Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that the last 17 amino acids of WzcCPS include the site(s) of phosphorylation of the protein and that phosphorylation at this site is essential for assembly of HMW K30 CPS (43). This C-terminal region is tyrosine rich, with seven tyrosine residues in ...
Ribosome-tethered molecular chaperones
... molecular chaperones bind, preventing aggregation. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic chaperones have evolved to associate specifically with ribosomes and bind to polypeptide chains that have just emerged from the tunnel. In addition, non-ribosome-bound chaperones act on longer nascent chains, either d ...
... molecular chaperones bind, preventing aggregation. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic chaperones have evolved to associate specifically with ribosomes and bind to polypeptide chains that have just emerged from the tunnel. In addition, non-ribosome-bound chaperones act on longer nascent chains, either d ...
"Allosteric Activation of Kinases: Design and Application of RapR
... To achieve regulation of kinases, we created a modified FKBP12 protein suitable for insertion into the middle of other proteins (insertable FKBP, or iFKBP; Fig. 14.13.1), and used it as an allosteric switch to regulate the catalytic activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK; Karginov et al., 2010a). In ...
... To achieve regulation of kinases, we created a modified FKBP12 protein suitable for insertion into the middle of other proteins (insertable FKBP, or iFKBP; Fig. 14.13.1), and used it as an allosteric switch to regulate the catalytic activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK; Karginov et al., 2010a). In ...
PROMOTER-ASSOCIATED PAUSING IN PROMOTER
... assembly (Buratowski et al. 1989) or as a holoenzyme that contains many of the GTFs, mediator, and the core Pol II (Thompson et al. 1993; Kim et al. 1994). 4. Forming the open complex. The bound Pol II progresses from a closed to an open complex (Holstege et al. 1997). 5. Initiation. Pol II forms th ...
... assembly (Buratowski et al. 1989) or as a holoenzyme that contains many of the GTFs, mediator, and the core Pol II (Thompson et al. 1993; Kim et al. 1994). 4. Forming the open complex. The bound Pol II progresses from a closed to an open complex (Holstege et al. 1997). 5. Initiation. Pol II forms th ...
7.1 The lac Operon
... Walter Gilbert and Benno Müller-Hill succeeded in partially purifying the lac repressor. The most sensitive assay available to them was binding a labeled synthetic inducer (isopropylthiogalactoside, or IPTG) to the repressor. But, with a crude extract of wild-type cells, the repressor was in such lo ...
... Walter Gilbert and Benno Müller-Hill succeeded in partially purifying the lac repressor. The most sensitive assay available to them was binding a labeled synthetic inducer (isopropylthiogalactoside, or IPTG) to the repressor. But, with a crude extract of wild-type cells, the repressor was in such lo ...
PDF
... confocal sections. (A-B⬘) Spalx1 and SphesC expression in S. purpuratus, shown at 8 hpf (56-cell stage; A,A⬘) and 10-12 hpf (mid-blastula stage; B,B⬘). (C-D⬘) Lvalx1 and LvhesC expression in L. variegatus, shown at 5 hpf (128 cell stage; C,C⬘) and 8 hpf (mid-blastula stage; D,D⬘). (E,E⬘) Lvdelta and ...
... confocal sections. (A-B⬘) Spalx1 and SphesC expression in S. purpuratus, shown at 8 hpf (56-cell stage; A,A⬘) and 10-12 hpf (mid-blastula stage; B,B⬘). (C-D⬘) Lvalx1 and LvhesC expression in L. variegatus, shown at 5 hpf (128 cell stage; C,C⬘) and 8 hpf (mid-blastula stage; D,D⬘). (E,E⬘) Lvdelta and ...
The structural biology of the amyloid precursor protein
... of the respective overall proteins in the past. As for every biomolecule, the function of APP is dependent on its threedimensional structures, of its domains and on the nature of the linkages (flexible or fixed) between its structural domains. Over the last few years, significant progress has been m ...
... of the respective overall proteins in the past. As for every biomolecule, the function of APP is dependent on its threedimensional structures, of its domains and on the nature of the linkages (flexible or fixed) between its structural domains. Over the last few years, significant progress has been m ...
Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition
... – Prevents formation of a hairpin – This is part of the transcription termination signal which causes attenuation ...
... – Prevents formation of a hairpin – This is part of the transcription termination signal which causes attenuation ...
Mini-Series: Modern Metabolic Concepts The Biochemistry of the
... for the A. vinelandii E1 was shown to involve not only the subunit-binding domain but also the E2 inner domain [9]. PDK is a specific kinase that phosphorylates E1 of PDC and is present in human, rodent, plant, nematode, and fruit fly. PDK has several isoforms, four in mammalian PDC (PDK1, PDK2, PDK ...
... for the A. vinelandii E1 was shown to involve not only the subunit-binding domain but also the E2 inner domain [9]. PDK is a specific kinase that phosphorylates E1 of PDC and is present in human, rodent, plant, nematode, and fruit fly. PDK has several isoforms, four in mammalian PDC (PDK1, PDK2, PDK ...
Phospholipase C-γ1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for
... overexpression of mutant dynamin (K44A) inhibits not only uptake from clathrin-coated pits but also other types of endocytosis (Lamaze et al., 2001). However, its exact function remains controversial (Sever et al., 2000). There are some reports suggesting that dynamin participates in membrane fissio ...
... overexpression of mutant dynamin (K44A) inhibits not only uptake from clathrin-coated pits but also other types of endocytosis (Lamaze et al., 2001). However, its exact function remains controversial (Sever et al., 2000). There are some reports suggesting that dynamin participates in membrane fissio ...
Fritz Lipmann - Nobel Lecture
... observation immediately suggested a rather sweeping biochemical significance, of transformations of electron transfer potential, respiratory or fermentative, to phosphate bond energy and therefrom to a wide range of biosynthetic reactions7. There was a further unusual feature in this pyruvate oxidat ...
... observation immediately suggested a rather sweeping biochemical significance, of transformations of electron transfer potential, respiratory or fermentative, to phosphate bond energy and therefrom to a wide range of biosynthetic reactions7. There was a further unusual feature in this pyruvate oxidat ...
Intrinsic Disorder in Cell-signaling and Cancer
... of proteins (Figure 1(a)) or as percentages of residues (Figure 1(b)). The percentages of proteins (^ two standard errors) with 30 or more consecutive residues predicted to be disordered were 79(^ 5)% for HCAP, 66(^ 6)% for AfCS, 47(^ 4)% for EU_SW, and 13(^ 4)% for O_PDB_S25, with the errors estima ...
... of proteins (Figure 1(a)) or as percentages of residues (Figure 1(b)). The percentages of proteins (^ two standard errors) with 30 or more consecutive residues predicted to be disordered were 79(^ 5)% for HCAP, 66(^ 6)% for AfCS, 47(^ 4)% for EU_SW, and 13(^ 4)% for O_PDB_S25, with the errors estima ...
Jamieson
... and double catalase mutants are unable to mount an adaptive stress response to H2O2.65 Thus, although the catalase genes are only moderately inducible by H2O2, both catalases are clearly important for resistance towards H2O2. Superoxide dismutase Yeast cells, in common with other eukaryotes, possess ...
... and double catalase mutants are unable to mount an adaptive stress response to H2O2.65 Thus, although the catalase genes are only moderately inducible by H2O2, both catalases are clearly important for resistance towards H2O2. Superoxide dismutase Yeast cells, in common with other eukaryotes, possess ...
Geminin, a neuralizing molecule that demarcates the future neural
... inducers, capacity to induce early proneural genes and the inhibition of neural patterning by a putative dominant negative domain all suggest that geminin plays a key early role in neurogenesis. While this work was underway, an independent biochemical screen in our laboratory for mitotically degrade ...
... inducers, capacity to induce early proneural genes and the inhibition of neural patterning by a putative dominant negative domain all suggest that geminin plays a key early role in neurogenesis. While this work was underway, an independent biochemical screen in our laboratory for mitotically degrade ...
J. Biol. Chem.
... and grown in SDI50 at 30 °C to A600 ⫽ 0.7. Duplicates were prepared for each condition. RNA was obtained as described by Schmitt et al. (32). Harvested cells were resuspended in 50 mM sodium acetate (pH 5.3) and 10 mM EDTA and then treated with SDS and acidic phenol. After vigorous vortexing, the ce ...
... and grown in SDI50 at 30 °C to A600 ⫽ 0.7. Duplicates were prepared for each condition. RNA was obtained as described by Schmitt et al. (32). Harvested cells were resuspended in 50 mM sodium acetate (pH 5.3) and 10 mM EDTA and then treated with SDS and acidic phenol. After vigorous vortexing, the ce ...
Interplay between SCARECROW, GA and LIKE
... The endodermis in Arabidopsis root does undergo more asymmetric cell divisions, but this usually happens at later developmental stages (more than 2 weeks after germination) (Baum et al., 2002; Paquette and Benfey, 2005). Three layers of cortex have been observed (Baum et al., 2002), but more often o ...
... The endodermis in Arabidopsis root does undergo more asymmetric cell divisions, but this usually happens at later developmental stages (more than 2 weeks after germination) (Baum et al., 2002; Paquette and Benfey, 2005). Three layers of cortex have been observed (Baum et al., 2002), but more often o ...
Histone acetylation and deacetylation
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nucleosome_1KX5_colour_coded.png?width=300)
Histone acetylation and deacetylation are the processes by which the lysine residues within the N-terminal tail protruding from the histone core of the nucleosome are acetylated and deacetylated as part of gene regulation. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are essential parts of gene regulation. These reactions are typically catalysed by enzymes with ""histone acetyltransferase"" (HAT) or ""histone deacetylase"" (HDAC) activity. Acetylation is the process where an acetyl functional group is transferred from one molecule (in this case, Acetyl-Coenzyme A) to another. Deacetylation is simply the reverse reaction where an acetyl group is removed from a molecule.Acetylated histones, octameric proteins that organize chromatin into nucleosomes and ultimately higher order structures, represent a type of epigenetic marker within chromatin. Acetylation removes the positive charge on the histones, thereby decreasing the interaction of the N termini of histones with the negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA. As a consequence, the condensed chromatin is transformed into a more relaxed structure that is associated with greater levels of gene transcription. This relaxation can be reversed by HDAC activity. Relaxed, transcriptionally active DNA is referred to as euchromatin. More condensed (tightly packed) DNA is referred to as heterochromatin. Condensation can be brought about by processes including deacetylation and methylation; the action of methylation is indirect and has no effect upon charge.