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Optimized Parallel Coding of Second
Optimized Parallel Coding of Second

... The authors declare no competing financial interests. Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Maurice J. Chacron, McIntyre Medical Research Building, Room 1137, ...
Ventral Premotor and Inferior Parietal Cortices
Ventral Premotor and Inferior Parietal Cortices

... Specific tests, extensively described elsewhere (see Rozzi et al. 2008), were carried out on each neuron in order to verify possible responses related to mouth or arm motor acts. In particular, neurons active during arm-related motor acts (such as arm reaching or bringing to the mouth) or selectively ...
PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX NEURONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX NEURONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO

... increasing size and sophistication, each effectively a local filter, situated at each successive stage. In this bottom-up “vision-as-analysis” framework, neurons in the primary visual cortex (area V1) are sensitive only or principally to stimulation within spatially restricted receptive fields (clas ...
A Cholinergic Mechanism for Reward Timing within Primary Visual Cortex Please share
A Cholinergic Mechanism for Reward Timing within Primary Visual Cortex Please share

... The first set of experiments utilized the behavioral protocol previously established in adult male Long-Evans rats by Shuler and Bear (2006) and was designed to distinguish between a requirement for local BF cholinergic input in the acquisition vs. the expression of reward timing activity. Water-res ...
Gradual increase in neuronal density of rats
Gradual increase in neuronal density of rats

... removed from the skulls, postfixed for 18-24 hours, and processed for light microscopy. The anatomical location of the LGN was determined, and the boundaries of the LGN according to Paxinos rat brain atlas7 are: laterally, the third ventricle, medially, the interthalamic tract, and rostrocaudally fr ...
Forward Processing of Long-Term Associative Memory in Monkey
Forward Processing of Long-Term Associative Memory in Monkey

... Figure 2. Stimulus-selective responses to both paired associates of two representative A36 neurons (A and B for one neuron; C and D for the other neuron). A, C, Raster displays and PSTHs in the optimal (optimal, thick black line) and pair ( pair, thick gray line) trials. The trials were aligned at t ...
Purves ch. 8 + Kandel ch. 23 - Weizmann Institute of Science
Purves ch. 8 + Kandel ch. 23 - Weizmann Institute of Science

... The long axis of the corpuscle is usually oriented parallel to the stretch lines in skin; thus, Ruffini’s corpuscles are particularly sensitive to the cutaneous stretching produced by digit or limb movements. They account for about 20% of the receptors in the human hand and do not elicit any particu ...
relation between cell size and response characteristics of
relation between cell size and response characteristics of

... drive (cf., Henneman et al., 1965a, 1974). On the other hand, if response characteristics depend mainly upon synaptic organization, then differential control of particular neuronal groups could result, provided the relevant input systems distribute to pooled neurons with differing patterns (cf., Bur ...
Visual Experience Is Necessary for Maintenance But Not
Visual Experience Is Necessary for Maintenance But Not

... 2002). Consistent with the diffuse terminal arbors, dark rearing throughout postnatal development can also result in enlarged cortical RFs, as defined electrophysiologically (Fagiolini et al. 1994). An alternative explanation for these results, however, is that the enlarged RFs in deprived animals r ...
Cortical cfos Expression Reveals Broad Receptive Field Excitatory
Cortical cfos Expression Reveals Broad Receptive Field Excitatory

... Downstates and active, depolarized Upstates. Downstate membrane potential (V m ) was similar, as was spike threshold (V rest fosGFP+ –62.89 ± 1.94 mV versus fosGFP– –60.59 ± 2.30 mV, n = 7 pairs, p = 0.375; V thresh fosGFP+ – 36.98 ± 1.65 mV versus fosGFP– –35.10 ± 1.22 mV, n = 7 pairs, p = 0.109). ...
Viewpoint - Columbia University
Viewpoint - Columbia University

... data in Figures 1E and 1F were collected over a number of months, indicating that this mechanism is not only robust but stable. Finally, the common neuronal crossing time tc is different for each monkey, but nevertheless in both monkeys tc is close to the attentional switching time, despite signific ...
Tau pathology does not affect experience-driven single
Tau pathology does not affect experience-driven single

... Figure 1 In vivo quantification of Arc::dVenus reporter in the visual cortex of rTg4510 mice. (a) Experiment outline. Structural visual stimulation paradigm described previously in [10] was followed by cranial window implantation over the medial extrastriate visual cortex and imaging on a multiphoto ...
The mirror mechanism: recent findings and perspectives
The mirror mechanism: recent findings and perspectives

... between the executed and the observed motor act [2– 5]. Some mirror neurons show a strict correspondence between the effective observed and executed motor act; others show a correspondence in the goal of the observed and executed motor act, but not in the precise movements necessary to achieve the g ...
Neural Responses to Facial Expression and Face Identity in the
Neural Responses to Facial Expression and Face Identity in the

... At the beginning of a recording session, the electrode drive was placed in the recording chamber and aimed primarily at the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala. For the vast majority of recordings the electrode array was positioned to reach the dorsal and lateral aspects of the amygdala, the ta ...
THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF VISUAL-SACCADIC DECISION MAKING
THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF VISUAL-SACCADIC DECISION MAKING

... to physiological study. For the second class, behaviors in which no deterministic connection was obvious between sensation and action, he followed Aristotle’s lead, identifying the source of these actions as the nonmaterial soul. Descartes’ dualist proposal was a tremendous advance for physiologists ...
Neuronal activity in human primary visual cortex correlates with
Neuronal activity in human primary visual cortex correlates with

... the opposite conclusion12. Further studies in awake cats found nature neuroscience • volume 3 no 11 • november 2000 ...
18
18

... How does the human brain make sense of the 3D world while its visual input, the retinal images, are only two-dimensional? There are multiple depth-cues exploited by the brain to create a 3D model of the world. Despite the importance of this subject both for scientists and engineers, the underlying c ...
Using calcium imaging to understand function and learning in L2/3
Using calcium imaging to understand function and learning in L2/3

... organization  and  functional  basis  of  this  sparse  code  is  not  well  understood.  I  conducted  two   studies  to  characterize  function  and  learning  in  the  cortex.  In  the  first  study,  I  used  population   calcium  i ...
and Third-Order Neurons of Cockroach Ocelli
and Third-Order Neurons of Cockroach Ocelli

... and Shapley, 1976; Victor, 1988), and catfish amacrine and ganglion cells (Sakai and Naka, 1987). The rectifying process in vertebrate retina seems to accompany either a saturating (Hochstein and Shapley, 1976; Victor, 1988) or an accelerating process (Sakai and Naka, 1987; Enroth-Cugell and Freeman ...
Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal
Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal

... of rewards for behavioural reactions and decisions can be assessed from the multiplicative product of magnitude and probability of the future reward (expected reward value). In addition, the delay to the future reward reduces the reward value hyperbolically [8]. However, the simple products of magni ...
Vestibular Signals of Posterior Parietal Cortex Neurons during
Vestibular Signals of Posterior Parietal Cortex Neurons during

... was reproduced by a turntable as passive stimulation. Neuronal responses ranged from total extinction of the vestibular signal during active movement to presence of activity only during active movement. Furthermore, in approximately one-third of the neurons, a change of vestibular on-direction depen ...
Computational principles underlying recognition
Computational principles underlying recognition

... basic structure—no additional prior assumptions were made. The optimal shapes of the filters and corresponding nonlinearities as well as the weight factors were found by a genetic learning algorithm (Mitchell 1998; Clemens and Ronacher 2013; Clemens and Hennig 2013). The algorithm started from a ran ...
Functional organization of inferior parietal lobule convexity in the
Functional organization of inferior parietal lobule convexity in the

... penetration and used to reconstruct the functional organization of the IPL. Only sites located between the cortical surface and a depth of 3000 lm were included in the database. This depth was chosen in order to include the cortex lying inside the dimples present in the IPL convexity (mainly in PF a ...
MIrror neuRons based RObot Recognition - LIRA-Lab
MIrror neuRons based RObot Recognition - LIRA-Lab

... Similarly, actions made by tools, even when conceptually identical to those made by hands (e.g. grasping with pliers), do not activate the neurons or activate them very weakly. The observed actions which most often activate mirror neurons are grasping, placing, manipulating, and holding. Most mirror ...
The posterior parietal cortex: Sensorimotor interface for the planning
The posterior parietal cortex: Sensorimotor interface for the planning

... neurons in the PPC do not appear to represent spatial information in a single reference frame but instead are consistent with an encoding of reach-related variables in both eye and hand coordinates, suggesting they play a crucial role in transforming spatial information between these two reference f ...
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Efficient coding hypothesis



The efficient coding hypothesis was proposed by Horace Barlow in 1961 as a theoretical model of sensory coding in the brain. Within the brain, neurons often communicate with one another by sending electrical impulses referred to as action potentials or spikes. One goal of sensory neuroscience is to decipher the meaning of these spikes in order to understand how the brain represents and processes information about the outside world. Barlow hypothesized that the spikes in the sensory system formed a neural code for efficiently representing sensory information. By efficient Barlow meant that the code minimized the number of spikes needed to transmit a given signal. This is somewhat analogous to transmitting information across the internet, where different file formats can be used to transmit a given image. Different file formats require different number of bits for representing the same image at given distortion level, and some are better suited for representing certain classes of images than others. According to this model, the brain is thought to use a code which is suited for representing visual and audio information representative of an organism's natural environment.
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