Hypothalamus and Limbic System
... and leptin, are produced in the periphery and travel through the blood-brain barrier to influence neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Some arcuate neurons synthesize and release neuropeptide Y (NPY) and ...
... and leptin, are produced in the periphery and travel through the blood-brain barrier to influence neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Some arcuate neurons synthesize and release neuropeptide Y (NPY) and ...
Persistent perceptual delay for head movement onset
... Contrary to this notion that vestibular stimulation should be fast the perceived timing of vestibular stimulation has been found to be slow. Barnett-Cowan and Harris (2009) measured the difference in reaction times (RTs) between GVS, light, touch and sound stimuli. They found that RTs to GVS were si ...
... Contrary to this notion that vestibular stimulation should be fast the perceived timing of vestibular stimulation has been found to be slow. Barnett-Cowan and Harris (2009) measured the difference in reaction times (RTs) between GVS, light, touch and sound stimuli. They found that RTs to GVS were si ...
Integration of Perspective and Disparity Cues in Surface
... these depth cues may be integrated in area CIP for the perception of surface orientation in depth. ...
... these depth cues may be integrated in area CIP for the perception of surface orientation in depth. ...
A Theory of Cerebral Cortex - Temporal Dynamics of Learning Center
... This report sketches the author’s theory of cerebral cortex and thalamus; incorporating relevant discoveries, improvements, changes and updates as of the issue date. The main focus is to provide a coherent, integrated picture of that portion of the theory which provides answers to the following ques ...
... This report sketches the author’s theory of cerebral cortex and thalamus; incorporating relevant discoveries, improvements, changes and updates as of the issue date. The main focus is to provide a coherent, integrated picture of that portion of the theory which provides answers to the following ques ...
A neural implementation of Bayesian inference based on predictive
... RFs (which correspond to basis functions) best explain the underlying causes of the sensory input. The strength of activation, y, reflects the strength with which each basis function is required to be present in order to accurately reconstruct the input. This strength of response also reflects the p ...
... RFs (which correspond to basis functions) best explain the underlying causes of the sensory input. The strength of activation, y, reflects the strength with which each basis function is required to be present in order to accurately reconstruct the input. This strength of response also reflects the p ...
J Comp Physiol (1982) 149: 179 193
... The impulse responses (Figs. 4- 6) give no indication whether the transient excitation of VS-cells is caused by the increase or decrease of brightness which occur almost simultaneously in flashes of 20 µs duration. Step responses are appropriate to decide this question, and have been recorded in 21 ...
... The impulse responses (Figs. 4- 6) give no indication whether the transient excitation of VS-cells is caused by the increase or decrease of brightness which occur almost simultaneously in flashes of 20 µs duration. Step responses are appropriate to decide this question, and have been recorded in 21 ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... in the primary visual cortex 17–19. Similar computations20 had been proposed previously to explain light adaptation in the retina21–24, size invariance in the fly visual system25 and associative memory in the hippocampus26. Evidence that has accumulated since then suggests that normalization plays a ...
... in the primary visual cortex 17–19. Similar computations20 had been proposed previously to explain light adaptation in the retina21–24, size invariance in the fly visual system25 and associative memory in the hippocampus26. Evidence that has accumulated since then suggests that normalization plays a ...
Emotional and Behavioral Correlates of Mediodorsal Thalamic
... cranioplastic cap. After surgery, an antibiotic (gentamicine sulfate, Gentacin Injection, Schering-Plough, Osaka, Japan) was administered topically and systemically (2 mg, i.m.). After recovery from surgery (10 –14 d) and after training (2 weeks) (see below), rats were anesthetized (sodium pentobarb ...
... cranioplastic cap. After surgery, an antibiotic (gentamicine sulfate, Gentacin Injection, Schering-Plough, Osaka, Japan) was administered topically and systemically (2 mg, i.m.). After recovery from surgery (10 –14 d) and after training (2 weeks) (see below), rats were anesthetized (sodium pentobarb ...
- Hayden Lab
... level, regression coefficients for offer value 1 in epoch 2 are anticorrelated with coefficients for offer value 2 in the same epoch (r = 0.218, p = 0.006) (Figure 4B). We confirmed the significance of this correlation using a bootstrap correlation test (p = 0.0061; see Experimental Procedures). To ...
... level, regression coefficients for offer value 1 in epoch 2 are anticorrelated with coefficients for offer value 2 in the same epoch (r = 0.218, p = 0.006) (Figure 4B). We confirmed the significance of this correlation using a bootstrap correlation test (p = 0.0061; see Experimental Procedures). To ...
Neural correlates of a decision in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of
... in Fig. 2 responded during the delay preceding saccades to targets that appeared up and to the right, but not down and to the left of the fixation point (Fig. 2a and b). To determine this neuron’s behavior during a perceptual decision, we monitored its discharge while the monkey judged the direction ...
... in Fig. 2 responded during the delay preceding saccades to targets that appeared up and to the right, but not down and to the left of the fixation point (Fig. 2a and b). To determine this neuron’s behavior during a perceptual decision, we monitored its discharge while the monkey judged the direction ...
Inferior Parietal Lobule Function in Spatial Perception and
... Progress has been more difficult in gaining an understanding of the somatosensory functions of this area and the possible role the IPL may play in the integration of somatosensory and visual information. It is becoming clear that an important integration of incoming visual signals and oculomotor sig ...
... Progress has been more difficult in gaining an understanding of the somatosensory functions of this area and the possible role the IPL may play in the integration of somatosensory and visual information. It is becoming clear that an important integration of incoming visual signals and oculomotor sig ...
Rich-club organization in effective connectivity among cortical neurons
... of communication, it is virtually unknown how information is transferred in local cortical networks, consisting of hundreds of closely spaced neurons. To address this, it is important to record simultaneously from hundreds of neurons at a spacing that matches typical axonal connection distances, and ...
... of communication, it is virtually unknown how information is transferred in local cortical networks, consisting of hundreds of closely spaced neurons. To address this, it is important to record simultaneously from hundreds of neurons at a spacing that matches typical axonal connection distances, and ...
The role of spiking nonlinearity in contrast gain control
... The obtained ropt increases with saturation g (see Fig. 2e). It also increases slightly with an increase in threshold h (Fig. 2f). This might provide a mechanism and rules for a neuron to adjust its transfer function and gain tuning curve according to the statistical context of the input signals. Ho ...
... The obtained ropt increases with saturation g (see Fig. 2e). It also increases slightly with an increase in threshold h (Fig. 2f). This might provide a mechanism and rules for a neuron to adjust its transfer function and gain tuning curve according to the statistical context of the input signals. Ho ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... A third kind of computation has been seen to operate in various neural systems: divisive normalization. Normalization computes a ratio between the response of an individual neuron and the summed activity of a pool of neurons. Normalization was proposed in the early 1990s to explain non-linear proper ...
... A third kind of computation has been seen to operate in various neural systems: divisive normalization. Normalization computes a ratio between the response of an individual neuron and the summed activity of a pool of neurons. Normalization was proposed in the early 1990s to explain non-linear proper ...
A Review of Cell Assemblies by Huyck and
... 2008, and many papers mentioned in Section 3.1). These are just some of the thousands of experiments showing sets of neurons with elevated spike rates during specific cognitive events. While a range of neurons may respond to a particular stimulus, it is not entirely clear if all responding neurons c ...
... 2008, and many papers mentioned in Section 3.1). These are just some of the thousands of experiments showing sets of neurons with elevated spike rates during specific cognitive events. While a range of neurons may respond to a particular stimulus, it is not entirely clear if all responding neurons c ...
The Dorsal Visual System Predicts Future and Remembers Past Eye
... Eye movements are essential to primate vision but introduce potentially disruptive displacements of the retinal image. To maintain stable vision, the brain is thought to rely on neurons that carry both visual signals and information about the current direction of gaze in their firing rates. We have ...
... Eye movements are essential to primate vision but introduce potentially disruptive displacements of the retinal image. To maintain stable vision, the brain is thought to rely on neurons that carry both visual signals and information about the current direction of gaze in their firing rates. We have ...
V1 mechanisms underlying chromatic contrast detection
... (Graham 1977; Sachs et al. 1971). We asked whether signals measured in V1 at a psychophysical detection threshold (PT) are consistent with the cardinal mechanisms model. Although V1 neurons are not tuned to the cardinal color directions when tested with high-contrast stimuli (Horwitz et al. 2007; Jo ...
... (Graham 1977; Sachs et al. 1971). We asked whether signals measured in V1 at a psychophysical detection threshold (PT) are consistent with the cardinal mechanisms model. Although V1 neurons are not tuned to the cardinal color directions when tested with high-contrast stimuli (Horwitz et al. 2007; Jo ...
Prefrontal Neurons Coding Suppression of Specific Saccades
... and substantia nigra (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983) discharge tonically except in the interval around the saccade. Fixation is an active process. When monkeys actively fixate, the threshold for evoking saccades by electrical stimulation from the FEF (Goldberg et al., 1986) and superior colliculus (Schil ...
... and substantia nigra (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983) discharge tonically except in the interval around the saccade. Fixation is an active process. When monkeys actively fixate, the threshold for evoking saccades by electrical stimulation from the FEF (Goldberg et al., 1986) and superior colliculus (Schil ...
post-peer-review-non-publishers
... To determine components of the SCN response that were dependent on stimulus brightness vs. stimulus contrast, a second protocol was also employed. Here we stepped light intensity independently at each eye every 5s in a pseudorandom sequence spanning effective irradiances between 10.4-15.4 log photo ...
... To determine components of the SCN response that were dependent on stimulus brightness vs. stimulus contrast, a second protocol was also employed. Here we stepped light intensity independently at each eye every 5s in a pseudorandom sequence spanning effective irradiances between 10.4-15.4 log photo ...
Enhanced Modulation of Neuronal Activity during
... behavioral goals or imposed task rules. For example, when we drive a car, we usually stop at a yellow light, but sometimes speed up on the same yellow light. The ability to alter the stimulus--response association depending on a given environment is essential for the volitional control of movements. ...
... behavioral goals or imposed task rules. For example, when we drive a car, we usually stop at a yellow light, but sometimes speed up on the same yellow light. The ability to alter the stimulus--response association depending on a given environment is essential for the volitional control of movements. ...
Dynamics of sensory processing in the dual olfactory pathway of the
... Mainen 2003), or novel odors from learned odors (Wesson et al. 2008) has been demonstrated in behavioral experiments with rodents. How does the sensory network in the honeybee achieve a fast and reliable processing of the olfactory input that allows the animal to track changes in its environment and ...
... Mainen 2003), or novel odors from learned odors (Wesson et al. 2008) has been demonstrated in behavioral experiments with rodents. How does the sensory network in the honeybee achieve a fast and reliable processing of the olfactory input that allows the animal to track changes in its environment and ...
Scene perception: inferior temporal cortex neurons encode the
... neurons to the different stimuli as shown by the anovas.] In this way the parafoveal objects’ edges were close to the edge of an object simultaneously presented at the fovea. This condition is termed the ‘close’ condition, because the objects were closely spaced. The stimuli were chosen in prior scr ...
... neurons to the different stimuli as shown by the anovas.] In this way the parafoveal objects’ edges were close to the edge of an object simultaneously presented at the fovea. This condition is termed the ‘close’ condition, because the objects were closely spaced. The stimuli were chosen in prior scr ...
Inhibition of central neurons is reduced following acoustic trauma
... The perceptual changes due specifically to central auditory plasticity following cochlear damage are still unclear, but there are at least two areas in which a relationship between changes in the auditory CNS and abnormal perception of sound have been hypothesized. The first is recruitment, the abno ...
... The perceptual changes due specifically to central auditory plasticity following cochlear damage are still unclear, but there are at least two areas in which a relationship between changes in the auditory CNS and abnormal perception of sound have been hypothesized. The first is recruitment, the abno ...
Maruska & Tricas 2009b
... A pulse train (*5,000 ms train) sounds (for details on field recordings and sound characteristics see Maruska et al. 2007). These sounds were generated and presented as described above for the tone bursts except that 50 repetitions were used for aggressive pulse train and nest preparation sounds, an ...
... A pulse train (*5,000 ms train) sounds (for details on field recordings and sound characteristics see Maruska et al. 2007). These sounds were generated and presented as described above for the tone bursts except that 50 repetitions were used for aggressive pulse train and nest preparation sounds, an ...
Novel visual stimuli activate a population of neurons
... possible if no saccade is necessary before a response is made; and that the neuronal responses had sharp onset latencies at t100 ms to eVective stimuli as illustrated in Fig. 1B. While searching for visual cells, the task was run with 12 images in a standard familiar set used every day that were rew ...
... possible if no saccade is necessary before a response is made; and that the neuronal responses had sharp onset latencies at t100 ms to eVective stimuli as illustrated in Fig. 1B. While searching for visual cells, the task was run with 12 images in a standard familiar set used every day that were rew ...
Efficient coding hypothesis
The efficient coding hypothesis was proposed by Horace Barlow in 1961 as a theoretical model of sensory coding in the brain. Within the brain, neurons often communicate with one another by sending electrical impulses referred to as action potentials or spikes. One goal of sensory neuroscience is to decipher the meaning of these spikes in order to understand how the brain represents and processes information about the outside world. Barlow hypothesized that the spikes in the sensory system formed a neural code for efficiently representing sensory information. By efficient Barlow meant that the code minimized the number of spikes needed to transmit a given signal. This is somewhat analogous to transmitting information across the internet, where different file formats can be used to transmit a given image. Different file formats require different number of bits for representing the same image at given distortion level, and some are better suited for representing certain classes of images than others. According to this model, the brain is thought to use a code which is suited for representing visual and audio information representative of an organism's natural environment.