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The EU and Climate Change Policy
The EU and Climate Change Policy

... devastating effects of war. These early regional efforts targeted economic integration, not environmental protection. But how could the EU have developed such a formidable role in environmental policy today given these humble origins? A number of internal developments, which will be identified below ...
The Researches on China
The Researches on China

... has brought unprecedented opportunities as well as challenges. Therefore, it is vital for China to seize the opportunity to meet challenges, explore new strategies of development of carbon finance and strive for the initiative in the new global financial framework. Firstly, the corresponding incenti ...


... 4. SUMMARY, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The products regularly used by restaurants are transported by a large number of miles. The deliveries for the KFC restaurant in Glen Carbon, IL account for 3,922 miles by trucks each week, which releases 10.6 tons of CO2 per week or 551 tons per year into the a ...
Post-2012 Scenarios - European Capacity Building Initiative
Post-2012 Scenarios - European Capacity Building Initiative

... A Non-Annex I Party that adopts a sectoral or national “no lose” commitment can earn voluntary emission reduction units (VERs) for the net emission achieved. VERs (equivalent to CERs for Annex I/B compliance purposes) can be banked or traded. A proposed commitment is subject to independent review by ...
Excel exercise #1
Excel exercise #1

... Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and water vapor, regulate the temperature on Earth by absorbing heat from the sunlight and releasing it slowly helping to maintain an averaged temperature in the atmosphere that make life possible. This is known as the Greenhouse ef ...
A Short History of Climate Change Policy in Australia
A Short History of Climate Change Policy in Australia

...  The New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Reduction Scheme imposes a liability on electricity retailers in New South Wales to meet  annual emissions targets through the acquisition and surrender of abatement certificates generated by accredited renewable energy  ...
heepfinalreport16 - 2 - Halon Alternatives Research Corporation
heepfinalreport16 - 2 - Halon Alternatives Research Corporation

... Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. At the same time, the use of this class of chemicals carries with it some environmental concern and, therefore, the need to minimize emissions. While HFCs are not ozone-depleting substances, they have been identified by the Intergovernmen ...
Comparative analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from major
Comparative analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from major

... activities resulting in significant increase in the temperature of the earth causing global warming. This is quantified using an indicator like global warming potential (GWP) and expressed as tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent. Assessing the greenhouse gas emissions is an important step towards making ...
Manitoba Perspectives on Emissions Trading
Manitoba Perspectives on Emissions Trading

... • A relatively small number of Canadian ghg emitters will be required to account for their emissions and meet reduction targets by holding emission quota or permits or credits that match their emissions. • Others that can produce emission reductions or sink enhancements can sell such reduction credi ...
Chapter 9 PowerPoint document
Chapter 9 PowerPoint document

... how things might be different with cooperative behaviour. 2. The second concerns the pay-offs used in Figure 9.2. These pay-offs determine the structure of incentives facing the countries. They reflect the assumptions we made earlier about the costs and benefits of pollution abatement. In this case, ...
CRS Report for Congress Global Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol
CRS Report for Congress Global Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol

... Emissions Reductions. The United States would be obligated under the Protocol to a cumulative reduction in its greenhouse gas emissions of 7% below 1990 levels for three major greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, (and below 1995 levels for the three other, man-made gases), averaged over the c ...
Three Key Elements of Post-2012 International Climate Policy
Three Key Elements of Post-2012 International Climate Policy

... are expected to continue to grow much faster than U.S. emissions (Blanford, et al. 2008). Even if all of the Annex I countries, including the United States, were to reduce their CO2 emissions to zero by 2030, it would be physically impossible for the world to achieve the frequently ...
Comparative analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from major
Comparative analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from major

... activities resulting in significant increase in the temperature of the earth causing global warming. This is quantified using an indicator like global warming potential (GWP) and expressed as tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent. Assessing the greenhouse gas emissions is an important step towards making ...
Preparing for Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol
Preparing for Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol

... economic activity, particularly in the fields of energy, transport, industry, agriculture and households. Without additional policy measures, EU total greenhouse gas emissions are expected to increase by some 6 % in 2010 from 1990 levels. Comparing these “business as usual” estimates1 to the EU Kyot ...
The rise and rise of fluorinated greenhouse gases - Öko
The rise and rise of fluorinated greenhouse gases - Öko

... the calculative 2003 share but also the likely actual 2050 share of F-gas emissions rises to 8.6% (compared to 6.2% when rated with GWP 100yr). It should be stressed that the two time horizons are equivalent from a scientific point of view. 15. The high global warming potential of F-gases makes thei ...
PDF
PDF

... reductions in the emissions intensity of major stationary sources of GHG emissions in Canada, which together account for about half of Canada’s GHG emissions (Environment Canada 2008). Regulated sources would be required to achieve an 18 percent reduction in their emissions intensity from 2006 level ...
Two Stories About E.U. Climate Change Law and Policy
Two Stories About E.U. Climate Change Law and Policy

... trading, the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) phaseout, the SO2 allowance scheme for acid rain control, and the RECLAIM program in the Los Angeles metropolitan region). Nicholas Stern, The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review 27 ...
GHG projections of Romania
GHG projections of Romania

... • New methodologies/models are implemented • Projection calculations to be revised based on new emission calculation & projection models • Overselling the AAUs may jeopardize the compliance with Kyoto targets ...
Global Carbon Policy Handbook 2010 - Policies Driving the Growth... Trading Markets Brochure
Global Carbon Policy Handbook 2010 - Policies Driving the Growth... Trading Markets Brochure

... developed and developing economies. It details the regional climate change initiatives, the Kyoto Protocol and its mechanisms. It also provides an analysis on Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) projects. The report provides an overview on various carbon registries, carbo ...
POLICYFORUM
POLICYFORUM

... Combustion emissions per unit of energy: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change provides default factors for greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy from stationary installations using different forms of energy. Emissions rates from some biomass sources, such as wood and wood waste, are m ...
The Importance of Carbon Footprint Estimation
The Importance of Carbon Footprint Estimation

... international trade should also be included. With growing international freight and greater production in countries with less stringent environmental regulations and higher carbon intensities, total carbon footprints should reflect the emissions due to transport and overseas production. The IO-LCA f ...
PDF
PDF

... generate revenue, which will be allocated for a “consumer benefit or strategic energy purpose.” This includes the use of allowances revenue to “promote energy efficiency, to directly mitigate electricity ratepayer impacts, to promote renewable or non-carbon emitting energy technologies, to stimulate ...
CDM
CDM

... recycle gas preheat by feed preheat circuit utilizing available heat of reaction from the reactors. • Increasing Refinery profitability by eliminating fuel gas firing and stoppage of FD fan ...
Climate Change and International Protocols
Climate Change and International Protocols

... them freely with one another. • For example, if Japan can reduce its GHG emissions by 100 tons at a lower cost than Germany can achieve the same reduction, the two countries can agree on the sale of the permits for this amount from Japan to Germany. Germany gets the credit for the emissions reductio ...
PDF - Boston University
PDF - Boston University

... There can be little doubt that international marine shipping is contributing to climate change in an increasing capacity, but what is being done to address these substantial emissions? Although aviation and marine shipping are the only sectors to be specifically included in climate change agreements ...
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European Union Emission Trading Scheme

The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), also known as the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, was the first large greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme in the world, and remains the biggest. It was launched in 2005 to fight Global warming and is a major pillar of EU climate policy. As of 2013, the EU ETS covers more than 11,000 factories, power stations, and other installations with a net heat excess of 20 MW in 31 countries—all 28 EU member states plus Iceland, Norway, and Liechtenstein. The installations regulated by the EU ETS are collectively responsible in 2008 for close to half of the EU's anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and 40% of its total greenhouse gas emissions. The taxation of electricity producers (power stations) for the emissions of CO2 has been controversial as globally, governments have refused to accept the additional burden while many have repealed such schemes such as Canada in 2011 and Australia in 2014.Under the 'cap and trade' principle, a maximum (cap) is set on the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by all participating installations. 'Allowances' for emissions are then auctioned off or allocated for free, and can subsequently be traded. Installations must monitor and report their CO2 emissions, ensuring they hand in enough allowances to the authorities to cover their emissions. If emission exceeds what is permitted by its allowances, an installation must purchase allowances from others. Conversely, if an installation has performed well at reducing its emissions, it can sell its leftover credits. This allows the system to find the most cost-effective ways of reducing emissions without significant government intervention.The scheme has been divided into a number of ""trading periods"". The first ETS trading period lasted three years, from January 2005 to December 2007. The second trading period ran from January 2008 until December 2012, coinciding with the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. The third trading period began in January 2013 and will span until December 2020. Compared to 2005, when the EU ETS was first implemented, the proposed caps for 2020 represents a 21% reduction of greenhouse gases. This target has been reached 6 years early as emissions in the ETS fell to 1812 mln tonnes in 2014.The EU ETS has seen a number of significant changes, with the first trading period described as a 'learning by doing' phase.Phase III sees a turn to auctioning a majority of permits rather than allocating freely; harmonisation of rules for the remaining allocations; and the inclusion of other greenhouse gases, such as nitrous oxide and perfluorocarbons. In 2012, the EU ETS was also extended to the airline industry, though this has been paused for one year given the possibility of a global system for these emissions. The price of EU ETS carbon credits has been lower than intended, with a large surplus of allowances, in part because of the impact of the recent economic crisis on demand. In 2012, the Commission said it would delay the auctioning of some allowances. Currently legislation is under way which would introduce a Market Stability Reserve to the EU ETS that adjusts the annual supply of CO2 permits based on the CO2 permits in circulation
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