the modern molecular clock
... sequences for a particular gene or genes. However, this approach will fail to count ‘multiple hits’ (repeated changes), so a model of sequence evolution is needed to estimate the true number of substitutions that have occurred, using the observed number67. Selection of the substitution model governs ...
... sequences for a particular gene or genes. However, this approach will fail to count ‘multiple hits’ (repeated changes), so a model of sequence evolution is needed to estimate the true number of substitutions that have occurred, using the observed number67. Selection of the substitution model governs ...
Population genetics and the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory
... − DNA replication is amazingly accurate − but there is such a vast amount of DNA in every cell that the odds of a mutation occurring somewhere in the functional portion the DNA are actually fairly high − Human gametes are estimated to usually carry at least one mutated allele − plus numerous mutatio ...
... − DNA replication is amazingly accurate − but there is such a vast amount of DNA in every cell that the odds of a mutation occurring somewhere in the functional portion the DNA are actually fairly high − Human gametes are estimated to usually carry at least one mutated allele − plus numerous mutatio ...
How Complexity Originates: The Evolution of Animal Eyes
... because the developmental–genetic basis of trait variation was unknown. Information to extend the binary–phylogenetic perspectives on origins was also missing. Although phylogeneticists historically could score the presence or absence of a trait like an eye by simply looking at a species, knowing th ...
... because the developmental–genetic basis of trait variation was unknown. Information to extend the binary–phylogenetic perspectives on origins was also missing. Although phylogeneticists historically could score the presence or absence of a trait like an eye by simply looking at a species, knowing th ...
Molecular Evolution of the Endosperm Starch Synthesis Pathway
... the roles of various forces of evolution, such as selection and drift, in shaping patterns of genetic variation (Clegg 1997). Numerous studies have been conducted to understand their relative roles in evolution (Wright and Gaut 2005; Ramos-Onsins et al. 2008). However, most of this work focuses on i ...
... the roles of various forces of evolution, such as selection and drift, in shaping patterns of genetic variation (Clegg 1997). Numerous studies have been conducted to understand their relative roles in evolution (Wright and Gaut 2005; Ramos-Onsins et al. 2008). However, most of this work focuses on i ...
Bridging the gap between developmental systems theory and
... Oyama, as for other adherents to DST, developmental information resides neither in the genes nor in the environment, but rather emerges from the interactions of disparate, dispersed developmental resources Ð hence, the ontogeny of information. As against the usual interpretation of evolution as the ...
... Oyama, as for other adherents to DST, developmental information resides neither in the genes nor in the environment, but rather emerges from the interactions of disparate, dispersed developmental resources Ð hence, the ontogeny of information. As against the usual interpretation of evolution as the ...
PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION IN LABORATORY ENVIRONMENTS
... including acute selection for performance at extreme temperatures and laboratory natural selection of populations maintained continuously at moderately high or low temperatures. Despite the different methodologies, selection experiments highlight the ample genetic variation for thermal resistance. D ...
... including acute selection for performance at extreme temperatures and laboratory natural selection of populations maintained continuously at moderately high or low temperatures. Despite the different methodologies, selection experiments highlight the ample genetic variation for thermal resistance. D ...
Evolution of synonymous codon usage in metazoans Laurent Duret
... problem is far from negligible; for example, 50% of gene knockouts in yeast have no detectable effect on the phenotype [2]. Notably, it seems that the absence of detectable phenotypic effects is due to the fact that those genes make ...
... problem is far from negligible; for example, 50% of gene knockouts in yeast have no detectable effect on the phenotype [2]. Notably, it seems that the absence of detectable phenotypic effects is due to the fact that those genes make ...
Male-Biased Mutation Rate and Divergence in Autosomal, Z
... adjustment was required to improve the alignment of repetitive sequences. Pairwise distances were estimated by use of the baseml program in PAML version 3.11 (Yang 1997), with the Tamura-Nei (Tamura and Nei 1993) model of sequence evolution. Distances were estimated on the assumption that all sites ...
... adjustment was required to improve the alignment of repetitive sequences. Pairwise distances were estimated by use of the baseml program in PAML version 3.11 (Yang 1997), with the Tamura-Nei (Tamura and Nei 1993) model of sequence evolution. Distances were estimated on the assumption that all sites ...
View PDF - Palumbi Lab
... and then be under strong stabilizing selection to remain there, resulting in gamete recognition genes that were under purifying selection with few functional polymorphisms. In some cases, these expected patterns are seen. The large central stretch of the bindin gene—which is nearly identical in amin ...
... and then be under strong stabilizing selection to remain there, resulting in gamete recognition genes that were under purifying selection with few functional polymorphisms. In some cases, these expected patterns are seen. The large central stretch of the bindin gene—which is nearly identical in amin ...
Commentary: Genotype does not determine phenotype
... of genetics, wrote in 1910: ‘When we speak of the transmission of characters from parent to offspring, we are speaking metaphorically; for we now realize that it is not characters that are transmitted to the child from the body of the parent, but that the parent carries over the material common to b ...
... of genetics, wrote in 1910: ‘When we speak of the transmission of characters from parent to offspring, we are speaking metaphorically; for we now realize that it is not characters that are transmitted to the child from the body of the parent, but that the parent carries over the material common to b ...
Modifying effects of phenotypic plasticity on interactions among
... populations reproductively so that adaptive divergence of plasticity may be permitted. Implicit in the prediction that adaptive divergence in plasticity should evolve is the assumption that plasticity has a heritable component. Wolterek (1909) proposed that it was the reaction norm (i.e. plasticity, ...
... populations reproductively so that adaptive divergence of plasticity may be permitted. Implicit in the prediction that adaptive divergence in plasticity should evolve is the assumption that plasticity has a heritable component. Wolterek (1909) proposed that it was the reaction norm (i.e. plasticity, ...
Applied Evolutionary Epistemology: A new methodology to
... approaches to evolutionary, adaptationist accounts took place in the late 1950s. She called it a debate of “mechanism” versus “teleology” and pinpointed the Darwin Centennial, held at the University of Chicago in 1959, as the place where the debate was introduced in the field of biology. This Confer ...
... approaches to evolutionary, adaptationist accounts took place in the late 1950s. She called it a debate of “mechanism” versus “teleology” and pinpointed the Darwin Centennial, held at the University of Chicago in 1959, as the place where the debate was introduced in the field of biology. This Confer ...
HS-SCI-APB-Unit 4 -- Chapter 23- Evolution of
... genetic composition of separate populations. Figure 23.3 illustrates geographic variation in populations of house mice (Mus musculus) separated by mountains on the Atlantic island of Madeira. Inadvertently introduced by Portuguese settlers in the 15th century, several populations of mice have evolve ...
... genetic composition of separate populations. Figure 23.3 illustrates geographic variation in populations of house mice (Mus musculus) separated by mountains on the Atlantic island of Madeira. Inadvertently introduced by Portuguese settlers in the 15th century, several populations of mice have evolve ...
Can commercial fishing cause evolution? Answers from guppies
... Here, we present a synopsis of ongoing studies of natural populations of guppies that have enabled us to evaluate the effects of mortality on the evolution of life histories, the rate at which organisms can evolve, and the potential role of indirect effects of predation or the way predation interact ...
... Here, we present a synopsis of ongoing studies of natural populations of guppies that have enabled us to evaluate the effects of mortality on the evolution of life histories, the rate at which organisms can evolve, and the potential role of indirect effects of predation or the way predation interact ...
Evolution “for the Good of the Group”
... strictly between individuals? There’s no question that natural selection acts on individual organisms: Those with favorable traits are more likely to pass along their genes to the next generation. But perhaps similar processes could operate at other levels of the biological hierarchy. In this way na ...
... strictly between individuals? There’s no question that natural selection acts on individual organisms: Those with favorable traits are more likely to pass along their genes to the next generation. But perhaps similar processes could operate at other levels of the biological hierarchy. In this way na ...
The Evolutionary History of Human and Chimpanzee Y
... result in many unpredicted changes in phenotype; however, lineage-specific gene loss on the Y-chromosome is of particular interest because this chromosome is highly enriched for genes involved in spermatogenesis (Lahn and Page 1997; Skaletsky et al. 2003). Therefore, studies of Y-chromosome gene los ...
... result in many unpredicted changes in phenotype; however, lineage-specific gene loss on the Y-chromosome is of particular interest because this chromosome is highly enriched for genes involved in spermatogenesis (Lahn and Page 1997; Skaletsky et al. 2003). Therefore, studies of Y-chromosome gene los ...
Visualization, description and analysis of the Drosophila melanogaster
... map of the polymorphism present in this population, we have described the patterns of polymorphism and divergence (nucleotide and indel variants) along chromosome arms. We observe a clear and consistent pattern of genome nucleotide diversity along arms of the autosomic chromosomes both for SNP and i ...
... map of the polymorphism present in this population, we have described the patterns of polymorphism and divergence (nucleotide and indel variants) along chromosome arms. We observe a clear and consistent pattern of genome nucleotide diversity along arms of the autosomic chromosomes both for SNP and i ...
full text pdf
... for which transmission rules were specified (their model differs somewhat from our discussion here as it did not address the role of the spurious response to selection). These models show that a wide range of non-genetic inheritance mechanisms can have consequences for the rate and direction of phen ...
... for which transmission rules were specified (their model differs somewhat from our discussion here as it did not address the role of the spurious response to selection). These models show that a wide range of non-genetic inheritance mechanisms can have consequences for the rate and direction of phen ...
ADOPS - Automatic Detection Of Positively Selected Sites 1
... haemagglutinin gene of measles virus [13] influenza B virus hemagglutinin gene [14], HIV genes [15], hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of Newcastle disease virus [16], Trypanosoma brucei genes [17], at the vertebrate skeletal muscle sodium channel gene [18], at the p53 gene [19], the fruitless gene i ...
... haemagglutinin gene of measles virus [13] influenza B virus hemagglutinin gene [14], HIV genes [15], hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of Newcastle disease virus [16], Trypanosoma brucei genes [17], at the vertebrate skeletal muscle sodium channel gene [18], at the p53 gene [19], the fruitless gene i ...
Chromosomal Rearrangements as Barriers to Genetic
... Neanderthals into modern humans, consistent with the hypothesis that rearrangements serve as barriers to gene flow during hybridization. Together, these results suggest that this previously unidentified source of genomic variation has important biological consequences in human evolution. ...
... Neanderthals into modern humans, consistent with the hypothesis that rearrangements serve as barriers to gene flow during hybridization. Together, these results suggest that this previously unidentified source of genomic variation has important biological consequences in human evolution. ...
Evolution of Immunoglobulin Kappa Chain Variable Region
... from different loci in the same VH or VL multigene family (Gally and Edelman 1972; Hood, Campbell, and Elgin 1975; Ohta 1980, 1983). The other is birth-and-death evolution, in which new genes are generated by repeated gene duplication, and some duplicate genes are maintained in the genome for a long ...
... from different loci in the same VH or VL multigene family (Gally and Edelman 1972; Hood, Campbell, and Elgin 1975; Ohta 1980, 1983). The other is birth-and-death evolution, in which new genes are generated by repeated gene duplication, and some duplicate genes are maintained in the genome for a long ...
Sex-chromosome evolution: recent progress and the
... variety of sex-chromosome systems and the rapid transitions that occur during sex-chromosome evolution in many evolutionary lineages. Sex determination. The two principal ways in which sex chromosomes can be involved in sex determination are by the sex-limited chromosome taking a dominant role (for ...
... variety of sex-chromosome systems and the rapid transitions that occur during sex-chromosome evolution in many evolutionary lineages. Sex determination. The two principal ways in which sex chromosomes can be involved in sex determination are by the sex-limited chromosome taking a dominant role (for ...
Genome-Wide Analysis of Natural Selection on
... regulatory elements (GREs) have a significant impact on evolution[2,3]. Since then, various lines of evidence have confirmed the functional impact of gene regulatory mutations[4]. The majority of known human polymorphisms occur in noncoding regions, many of which are likely to underlie gene expressi ...
... regulatory elements (GREs) have a significant impact on evolution[2,3]. Since then, various lines of evidence have confirmed the functional impact of gene regulatory mutations[4]. The majority of known human polymorphisms occur in noncoding regions, many of which are likely to underlie gene expressi ...