signatures of natural selection in the human
... Before the late 1960s, many evolutionary biologists assumed that most of the polymorphisms in a population were maintained by balancing selection. However, because the maintenance of balanced polymorphisms was predicted to impose a large GENETIC LOAD, most genes were thought to be monomorphic. Howev ...
... Before the late 1960s, many evolutionary biologists assumed that most of the polymorphisms in a population were maintained by balancing selection. However, because the maintenance of balanced polymorphisms was predicted to impose a large GENETIC LOAD, most genes were thought to be monomorphic. Howev ...
SIGNATURES OF NATURAL SELECTION IN THE HUMAN GENOME
... Before the late 1960s, many evolutionary biologists assumed that most of the polymorphisms in a population were maintained by balancing selection. However, because the maintenance of balanced polymorphisms was predicted to impose a large GENETIC LOAD, most genes were thought to be monomorphic. Howev ...
... Before the late 1960s, many evolutionary biologists assumed that most of the polymorphisms in a population were maintained by balancing selection. However, because the maintenance of balanced polymorphisms was predicted to impose a large GENETIC LOAD, most genes were thought to be monomorphic. Howev ...
Chapter Outline
... • The near uniformity of the rate of molecular evolution in different lineages is metaphorically evolution in different lineages is metaphorically described as a “molecular clock.” • The rate of evolution varies among different protein and DNA sequences and appears to depend on the extent to whi ...
... • The near uniformity of the rate of molecular evolution in different lineages is metaphorically evolution in different lineages is metaphorically described as a “molecular clock.” • The rate of evolution varies among different protein and DNA sequences and appears to depend on the extent to whi ...
The evolution of photosynthesis and chloroplasts
... here only the most important. This type of photosynthesis uses two photosystems: photosystem II (PSII; lightinduced water plastoquinone oxidoreductase3) and photosystem I (PSI)19. There must be an OEC attached to the type 2 photosystem to make it a true PS II. The two photosystems must be connected ...
... here only the most important. This type of photosynthesis uses two photosystems: photosystem II (PSII; lightinduced water plastoquinone oxidoreductase3) and photosystem I (PSI)19. There must be an OEC attached to the type 2 photosystem to make it a true PS II. The two photosystems must be connected ...
Biological asymmetry and evolution
... of their cycle tended to prefer the scent of shirts worn by symmetrical men.” FA and human orgasm : “Women with partners possessing low FA reported significantly more copulatory female orgasms than were reported by women with partners possessing high FA and their partners” FA and IQ: “there is a rea ...
... of their cycle tended to prefer the scent of shirts worn by symmetrical men.” FA and human orgasm : “Women with partners possessing low FA reported significantly more copulatory female orgasms than were reported by women with partners possessing high FA and their partners” FA and IQ: “there is a rea ...
mini- review - Microbiology
... lower than normal mutation rates have also been observed (reviewed by Sniegowski et al., 2000), albeit at much lower frequencies than mutators (Drake et al., 1998). However, within mutator populations, mutants with lower mutation rates (but higher than wild-type) can evolve (Tro$ bner & Piechocki, 1 ...
... lower than normal mutation rates have also been observed (reviewed by Sniegowski et al., 2000), albeit at much lower frequencies than mutators (Drake et al., 1998). However, within mutator populations, mutants with lower mutation rates (but higher than wild-type) can evolve (Tro$ bner & Piechocki, 1 ...
The evolution of photosynthesis and chloroplasts
... here only the most important. This type of photosynthesis uses two photosystems: photosystem II (PSII; lightinduced water plastoquinone oxidoreductase3) and photosystem I (PSI)19. There must be an OEC attached to the type 2 photosystem to make it a true PS II. The two photosystems must be connected ...
... here only the most important. This type of photosynthesis uses two photosystems: photosystem II (PSII; lightinduced water plastoquinone oxidoreductase3) and photosystem I (PSI)19. There must be an OEC attached to the type 2 photosystem to make it a true PS II. The two photosystems must be connected ...
Instructional Unit: Biology Q1
... Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins), where do we get them and how do we get these compounds to our cells? How is it that energy in neither created or destroyed in organisms ...
... Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins), where do we get them and how do we get these compounds to our cells? How is it that energy in neither created or destroyed in organisms ...
08.seg_dup_els - NYU Computer Science
... regions right after the duplication events. In contrast, if the alternative hypothesis holds, then the configurations of repeats in the flanking regions would be statistically indistinguishable from any other randomly drawn genomic segments. The model, however, must and does take into account the mu ...
... regions right after the duplication events. In contrast, if the alternative hypothesis holds, then the configurations of repeats in the flanking regions would be statistically indistinguishable from any other randomly drawn genomic segments. The model, however, must and does take into account the mu ...
Ch 23 Evolution of Populations - juan-roldan
... • How do female preferences evolve? • The good genes hypothesis suggests that if a trait is related to male health, both the male trait and female preference for that trait should be selected for. ...
... • How do female preferences evolve? • The good genes hypothesis suggests that if a trait is related to male health, both the male trait and female preference for that trait should be selected for. ...
What traits are carried on mobile
... resistance to specific toxins or antibiotics or the ability to exploit a specific niche (Hacker and Carniel, 2001; Norman et al., 2009). The accessory genome contains recently acquired functions, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), non-expressed genes and genes under particular modes of selection such a ...
... resistance to specific toxins or antibiotics or the ability to exploit a specific niche (Hacker and Carniel, 2001; Norman et al., 2009). The accessory genome contains recently acquired functions, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), non-expressed genes and genes under particular modes of selection such a ...
Rate Asymmetry After Genome Duplication Causes Substantial
... topologies among neighbor-joining (NJ) trees drawn from different loci and suggested that this conflict was the result of ‘‘asynchronous functional divergence’’ of duplicated genes (Langkjaer, R. B., P. F. Cliften, M. Johnston, and J. Piskur. 2003. Yeast genome duplication was followed by asynchrono ...
... topologies among neighbor-joining (NJ) trees drawn from different loci and suggested that this conflict was the result of ‘‘asynchronous functional divergence’’ of duplicated genes (Langkjaer, R. B., P. F. Cliften, M. Johnston, and J. Piskur. 2003. Yeast genome duplication was followed by asynchrono ...
THE LOCI OF EVOLUTION: HOW PREDICTABLE IS GENETIC
... which alter the amino-acid sequence or the mature RNA nucleotide sequence; (2) cis-regulatory changes, which alter gene expression; and (3) genetic changes that alter both the coding and the cis-regulatory regions of one or several gene(s) (gene loss, gene duplication, gene rearrangement, etc.). Cod ...
... which alter the amino-acid sequence or the mature RNA nucleotide sequence; (2) cis-regulatory changes, which alter gene expression; and (3) genetic changes that alter both the coding and the cis-regulatory regions of one or several gene(s) (gene loss, gene duplication, gene rearrangement, etc.). Cod ...
Quantitative genetics of functional characters in
... What are the genetics of phenotypes other than fitness, in outbred populations? To answer this question, the quantitative-genetic basis of divergence was characterized for outbred Drosophila melanogaster populations that had previously undergone selection to enhance characters related to fitness. Li ...
... What are the genetics of phenotypes other than fitness, in outbred populations? To answer this question, the quantitative-genetic basis of divergence was characterized for outbred Drosophila melanogaster populations that had previously undergone selection to enhance characters related to fitness. Li ...
the loci of evolution: how predictable is genetic
... which alter the amino-acid sequence or the mature RNA nucleotide sequence; (2) cis-regulatory changes, which alter gene expression; and (3) genetic changes that alter both the coding and the cis-regulatory regions of one or several gene(s) (gene loss, gene duplication, gene rearrangement, etc.). Cod ...
... which alter the amino-acid sequence or the mature RNA nucleotide sequence; (2) cis-regulatory changes, which alter gene expression; and (3) genetic changes that alter both the coding and the cis-regulatory regions of one or several gene(s) (gene loss, gene duplication, gene rearrangement, etc.). Cod ...
Quantitative genetics of functional characters in Drosophila
... What are the genetics of phenotypes other than fitness, in outbred populations? To answer this question, the quantitative-genetic basis of divergence was characterized for outbred Drosophila melanogaster populations that had previously undergone selection to enhance characters related to fitness. Li ...
... What are the genetics of phenotypes other than fitness, in outbred populations? To answer this question, the quantitative-genetic basis of divergence was characterized for outbred Drosophila melanogaster populations that had previously undergone selection to enhance characters related to fitness. Li ...
Sex and Deleterious Mutations
... allele influences its evolutionary fate. Figure 5 (left) shows that strong modifiers that increase the recombination rate substantially have a much higher advantage than modifiers of intermediate strength that increase the recombination rate only by a small amount over asexuality. In fact, for very ...
... allele influences its evolutionary fate. Figure 5 (left) shows that strong modifiers that increase the recombination rate substantially have a much higher advantage than modifiers of intermediate strength that increase the recombination rate only by a small amount over asexuality. In fact, for very ...
Mikael Puurtinen Evolution of Hermaphroditic Mating Systems in
... size of the population and the degree of inbreeding in the population. In small populations, and in populations practicing inbreeding, increased homozygosity exposes recessive deleterious alleles to selection and purging them from the population. Thus inbreeding depression is expected to decrease in ...
... size of the population and the degree of inbreeding in the population. In small populations, and in populations practicing inbreeding, increased homozygosity exposes recessive deleterious alleles to selection and purging them from the population. Thus inbreeding depression is expected to decrease in ...
PopGen 6: Brief Introduction to Evolution by Natural Selection
... corresponding rapid increase in the dominant allele when selection pressure is strong enough. Interestingly many cases of resistance genes to pesticides in insects are partial or completely dominant. There is considerable data tracking the change in the frequency of pesticide resistant insects follo ...
... corresponding rapid increase in the dominant allele when selection pressure is strong enough. Interestingly many cases of resistance genes to pesticides in insects are partial or completely dominant. There is considerable data tracking the change in the frequency of pesticide resistant insects follo ...
Adaptation from standing genetic variation
... This happens because, although a particular copy of a more dominant advantageous allele will carry a greater chance of fixation, on average there will have been fewer copies present at mutation–selection balance before the environment changed. Assuming that there is a correlation between the size of ...
... This happens because, although a particular copy of a more dominant advantageous allele will carry a greater chance of fixation, on average there will have been fewer copies present at mutation–selection balance before the environment changed. Assuming that there is a correlation between the size of ...
Transposable elements activity reveals punctuated
... TE families (NF) diverging less than 1% and less than 5% (1%NF, 5%NF) from their consensus (namely reference) sequences. The divergence from the consensus, on a large scale, is a proxy of insertions’ age (Jurka et al. 2011). Thus, insertions diverging less than 1% are more recent, while those diverg ...
... TE families (NF) diverging less than 1% and less than 5% (1%NF, 5%NF) from their consensus (namely reference) sequences. The divergence from the consensus, on a large scale, is a proxy of insertions’ age (Jurka et al. 2011). Thus, insertions diverging less than 1% are more recent, while those diverg ...
BIOL 432 - Evolution Selection
... • The change in mean fitness of a population is due to the additive genetic variance in fitness divided by the current average fitness • The higher the variance in fitness due to heritable additive factors the greater the effect of natural selection ...
... • The change in mean fitness of a population is due to the additive genetic variance in fitness divided by the current average fitness • The higher the variance in fitness due to heritable additive factors the greater the effect of natural selection ...
"Evolution of Hemoglobin in Primates," in Evolving Genes and Proteins
... the referents, we find a relatively large number of amino -acid substitutions in the hemoglobins of the Primates during their long evolutionary history. This implies a large number of point mutations. The amino acid substitutions at many positions in the sequences are considered chemically equivalen ...
... the referents, we find a relatively large number of amino -acid substitutions in the hemoglobins of the Primates during their long evolutionary history. This implies a large number of point mutations. The amino acid substitutions at many positions in the sequences are considered chemically equivalen ...
Chapter 12
... The width of the cline over which gene changes is directly proportional to the distance that genes disperse, and inversely proportional to the strength of selection against the allele. If selection is strong relative to gene flow, a steep cline in allele frequency will result, and the populations ar ...
... The width of the cline over which gene changes is directly proportional to the distance that genes disperse, and inversely proportional to the strength of selection against the allele. If selection is strong relative to gene flow, a steep cline in allele frequency will result, and the populations ar ...
Estimation of spontaneous genome-wide mutation rate
... set of functional sequences is then compared with the level of divergence Kn for non-functional (presumably neutral) sequences such as pseudogenes. This allows the fraction 1 ) f of mutations that are deleterious to be calculated. By extrapolating to the whole genome, one can then derive an estimate ...
... set of functional sequences is then compared with the level of divergence Kn for non-functional (presumably neutral) sequences such as pseudogenes. This allows the fraction 1 ) f of mutations that are deleterious to be calculated. By extrapolating to the whole genome, one can then derive an estimate ...