Two Historical Perspectives - University of Hawaii at Hilo
... coincidences of those niches. For structuralists, species were really related to other species, via their common membership in Types. The real unities documented by structuralists were a necessary premise in Darwin's argument for evolution (Amundson 1998). One of the striking facts about Darwin's Or ...
... coincidences of those niches. For structuralists, species were really related to other species, via their common membership in Types. The real unities documented by structuralists were a necessary premise in Darwin's argument for evolution (Amundson 1998). One of the striking facts about Darwin's Or ...
Phenotypic Plasticity in Life-History Traits: Demographic Effects and
... parallel; in contragradient variation they oppose each other. It is tempting to use the existence of contragradient variation as evidence for the maladaptiveness of the norm of reaction. This is probably often true, but not always. When an adaptive response switches from one level to another, it nee ...
... parallel; in contragradient variation they oppose each other. It is tempting to use the existence of contragradient variation as evidence for the maladaptiveness of the norm of reaction. This is probably often true, but not always. When an adaptive response switches from one level to another, it nee ...
Article Positive and Purifying Selection on the Drosophila Y
... present a unique collection of constraints for the operation of natural selection. Male-limited transmission may greatly increase the efficacy of selection for male-beneficial mutations, but the reduced effective size also inflates the role of random genetic drift. Together, these defining features ...
... present a unique collection of constraints for the operation of natural selection. Male-limited transmission may greatly increase the efficacy of selection for male-beneficial mutations, but the reduced effective size also inflates the role of random genetic drift. Together, these defining features ...
The stationary distribution of a continuously varying strategy in a
... inclusive fitness effect. The exploration of the phenotypic space varies exponentially with the cumulative inclusive fitness effect over state space, which determines an adaptive landscape. The peaks of the landscapes are those phenotypes that are candidate evolutionary stable strategies and can be ...
... inclusive fitness effect. The exploration of the phenotypic space varies exponentially with the cumulative inclusive fitness effect over state space, which determines an adaptive landscape. The peaks of the landscapes are those phenotypes that are candidate evolutionary stable strategies and can be ...
Shared mutations: Common descent or common mechanism?
... consequence is that the shared mutations in the 1G5 genes are due to a biological or physical mechanism. In other words, the mutations in the 1G5 gene are non-random mutations that would produce an alignment of mutations in separated species that do not reproduce together. The alignment is not due t ...
... consequence is that the shared mutations in the 1G5 genes are due to a biological or physical mechanism. In other words, the mutations in the 1G5 gene are non-random mutations that would produce an alignment of mutations in separated species that do not reproduce together. The alignment is not due t ...
Why Do More Divergent Sequences Produce Smaller
... Figure 1 Pairwise estimates of v = dN/dS, d, dS, and dN for the mitochondrial protein-coding genes of placental mammals (A–C) and ribosomal proteincoding genes of bacteria (A9–C9). (A and A9) Pairwise estimates of v vs. d. (B and B9) Pairwise estimates of dS vs. d. (C and C9) Pairwise estimates of ...
... Figure 1 Pairwise estimates of v = dN/dS, d, dS, and dN for the mitochondrial protein-coding genes of placental mammals (A–C) and ribosomal proteincoding genes of bacteria (A9–C9). (A and A9) Pairwise estimates of v vs. d. (B and B9) Pairwise estimates of dS vs. d. (C and C9) Pairwise estimates of ...
The Units of Selection
... of 10,000 stem cell types preexist raises the question of where the genetic information for all these types resides. There may be 10,000 different genes, each specifying one cell type, or there may be only a few genes with some form of hypermutation, as suggested by Lederberg (31), but it appears ce ...
... of 10,000 stem cell types preexist raises the question of where the genetic information for all these types resides. There may be 10,000 different genes, each specifying one cell type, or there may be only a few genes with some form of hypermutation, as suggested by Lederberg (31), but it appears ce ...
Development, Adaptation, and Evolution
... the population, and would continue to do so however that phenotype shifted, it would be reasonable to treat variation as a background condition. Thus if the mechanisms that produce variation (in a given lineage) are decoupled from the realized phenotype (in that lineage) evolutionary biology can bra ...
... the population, and would continue to do so however that phenotype shifted, it would be reasonable to treat variation as a background condition. Thus if the mechanisms that produce variation (in a given lineage) are decoupled from the realized phenotype (in that lineage) evolutionary biology can bra ...
The Limits of Natural Selection in a
... Various metrics are applied to compare the efficacy of negative selection, but such comparisons have a number of challenges in their power and interpretation. The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions between species (dN/dS) is a common (and crude) measure of the strength of selection. E ...
... Various metrics are applied to compare the efficacy of negative selection, but such comparisons have a number of challenges in their power and interpretation. The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions between species (dN/dS) is a common (and crude) measure of the strength of selection. E ...
Creation Apologetics - Heinz Lycklama`s Website
... Operates too slowly to be measurable, if it is taking place The scientific method cannot be used to measure it Small variations in organisms, observed today, are not relevant (can’t be used to distinguish between creation and evolution) @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama ...
... Operates too slowly to be measurable, if it is taking place The scientific method cannot be used to measure it Small variations in organisms, observed today, are not relevant (can’t be used to distinguish between creation and evolution) @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama ...
creation
... Operates too slowly to be measurable, if it is taking place The scientific method cannot be used to measure it Small variations in organisms, observed today, are not relevant (can’t be used to distinguish between creation and evolution) @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama ...
... Operates too slowly to be measurable, if it is taking place The scientific method cannot be used to measure it Small variations in organisms, observed today, are not relevant (can’t be used to distinguish between creation and evolution) @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama ...
ucsc genome research primer - Center for Biomolecular Science
... As we begin to better understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for human disease, entire new avenues of treatments will be possible. We are only now getting a first glimmer of the molecular functions of a healthy human cell or organ, and we are still a long way from understanding the often su ...
... As we begin to better understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for human disease, entire new avenues of treatments will be possible. We are only now getting a first glimmer of the molecular functions of a healthy human cell or organ, and we are still a long way from understanding the often su ...
Inherited Representations are Read in
... between which individual episodes of selection occur. In sexually reproducing populations, it is appropriate to ascribe contents to individual genes. Non-coding DNA will have content if it has selective functions, but not all the DNA transmitted down the generations has semantic content, e.g. neutra ...
... between which individual episodes of selection occur. In sexually reproducing populations, it is appropriate to ascribe contents to individual genes. Non-coding DNA will have content if it has selective functions, but not all the DNA transmitted down the generations has semantic content, e.g. neutra ...
Running head: Coulson et al. Running Head Title
... In additive genetic models used to predict evolutionary change, it is usually assumed that E is determined by developmental noise. An individual’s environmental component can be considered as a random value drawn from a Gaussian distribution with a mean and a constant variance: norm(0, V (E, t)). A ...
... In additive genetic models used to predict evolutionary change, it is usually assumed that E is determined by developmental noise. An individual’s environmental component can be considered as a random value drawn from a Gaussian distribution with a mean and a constant variance: norm(0, V (E, t)). A ...
c2 Allele Frequency and Evolution
... To determine if evolution is occurring, we can start by determining the allele frequencies for alleles in the original population, then comparing those frequencies with the population on Walnut Island today (100 years after the storm that carried them there). If there are differences in the allele f ...
... To determine if evolution is occurring, we can start by determining the allele frequencies for alleles in the original population, then comparing those frequencies with the population on Walnut Island today (100 years after the storm that carried them there). If there are differences in the allele f ...
Accelerated Evolution of Sex Chromosomes in
... there is also no recombination during spermatogenesis (Sloane et al. 2001; Hales et al. 2002). Nevertheless, we predict different X:A recombination rates between aphids and Drosophila. The key point is not to consider the proportion of Xs and autosomes that recombine in the parental generation (two- ...
... there is also no recombination during spermatogenesis (Sloane et al. 2001; Hales et al. 2002). Nevertheless, we predict different X:A recombination rates between aphids and Drosophila. The key point is not to consider the proportion of Xs and autosomes that recombine in the parental generation (two- ...
Evolution of Phenotypic Robustness
... The first, mechanistic type corresponds to the classic view of canalization. Here, the trait and its buffering mechanism are genetically independent. Since the selective advantage of buffering depends on the primary trait, the evolution of the buffering mechanism is secondary to the character adapta ...
... The first, mechanistic type corresponds to the classic view of canalization. Here, the trait and its buffering mechanism are genetically independent. Since the selective advantage of buffering depends on the primary trait, the evolution of the buffering mechanism is secondary to the character adapta ...
Knackstedt, K.A., H.B. Thorpe, C.R. Santangelo, M.A. Balinski, and R
... Balinski, and R.C. Woodruff. Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403. ...
... Balinski, and R.C. Woodruff. Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403. ...
Why do more divergent sequences produce smaller non
... lower than the corresponding synonymous distance (dS , measured by the number of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site), because the structure and function of a protein imposes constraints on the types of nonsynonymous (amino acid) substitutions that can take place, while synonymous substitut ...
... lower than the corresponding synonymous distance (dS , measured by the number of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site), because the structure and function of a protein imposes constraints on the types of nonsynonymous (amino acid) substitutions that can take place, while synonymous substitut ...
Evolutionary Robotics - Repositório do ISCTE-IUL
... As an example, consider the evolution of a control system for a maze-navigating robot. The fitness function can be defined based on how close the robot gets to the goal, which intuitively describes the task to solve. However, mazes with obstacles that prevent a direct route may cause the fitness fun ...
... As an example, consider the evolution of a control system for a maze-navigating robot. The fitness function can be defined based on how close the robot gets to the goal, which intuitively describes the task to solve. However, mazes with obstacles that prevent a direct route may cause the fitness fun ...
Some Mathematical Models in Evolutionary Genetics
... has led to deep insights into the evolutionary process. Fisher’s Fundamental Theorem not only implies that evolution is impossible in the absence of genetic variation, but it gave rise to important quantitative predictions about the response to selection. It is the purpose of this chapter to present ...
... has led to deep insights into the evolutionary process. Fisher’s Fundamental Theorem not only implies that evolution is impossible in the absence of genetic variation, but it gave rise to important quantitative predictions about the response to selection. It is the purpose of this chapter to present ...
Interaction-based evolution: how natural selection and nonrandom
... Fundamental problems in traditional evolutionary theory: sex and interactions The most obvious effect of sex is that it creates an exponentially large number of different potential combinations of alleles at different loci—indeed it makes individuals unique. When biologists are asked what the role o ...
... Fundamental problems in traditional evolutionary theory: sex and interactions The most obvious effect of sex is that it creates an exponentially large number of different potential combinations of alleles at different loci—indeed it makes individuals unique. When biologists are asked what the role o ...
Introduction to Bioinformatics.
... * Mutations arise in the germ-line of one single individual and eventually become fixed in the population * We observe fixed mutations as differences between individuals * Most fixed mutations are neutral: genetic drift * Some 80-90% of the non-neutral mutations are detrimental to the organismal fun ...
... * Mutations arise in the germ-line of one single individual and eventually become fixed in the population * We observe fixed mutations as differences between individuals * Most fixed mutations are neutral: genetic drift * Some 80-90% of the non-neutral mutations are detrimental to the organismal fun ...
werribee secondary college vce unit planner ~ 2004
... Friday: The causes of phenotypic variation, mutations, recombinations of parental alleles in sexual reproduction, polygenes and interactions of environmental factors with genes ...
... Friday: The causes of phenotypic variation, mutations, recombinations of parental alleles in sexual reproduction, polygenes and interactions of environmental factors with genes ...
Exercise, APOE genotype, and the evolution of the human lifespan
... world, but in most populations, e3 is found in the highest frequency (mean = 78.3%; range: 8.5–98.0%), followed by e4 (mean = 14.5%; range: 0–49.0%), and e2 (mean = 6.4%; range: 0–37.5%) [12]. Finch and colleagues argue that humans’ exceptionally long lifespans are a product, in part, of the evoluti ...
... world, but in most populations, e3 is found in the highest frequency (mean = 78.3%; range: 8.5–98.0%), followed by e4 (mean = 14.5%; range: 0–49.0%), and e2 (mean = 6.4%; range: 0–37.5%) [12]. Finch and colleagues argue that humans’ exceptionally long lifespans are a product, in part, of the evoluti ...