Non-random Allelic Variation
... shifting oarsmen among several boats and racing them, after several trials the winning boat will have all the same oarsmen. A crew member finally chosen will have been grouped with both good and inferior ones at different times, but on average his performance has contributed more to the trials than ...
... shifting oarsmen among several boats and racing them, after several trials the winning boat will have all the same oarsmen. A crew member finally chosen will have been grouped with both good and inferior ones at different times, but on average his performance has contributed more to the trials than ...
Characteristics, causes and evolutionary consequences of male
... genomes. It might also be argued that focusing on the same sequence inserted at many different locations in the genome reduces the confounding effects of mutation rate heterogeneity related to inherent features of the sequence context, like nucleotide composition. However, interspersed elements tend ...
... genomes. It might also be argued that focusing on the same sequence inserted at many different locations in the genome reduces the confounding effects of mutation rate heterogeneity related to inherent features of the sequence context, like nucleotide composition. However, interspersed elements tend ...
A Computational Model of Symbiotic Composition in
... arguably, to the extent that a gene, or a section of chromosome, can be duplicated, or be propagated through reproductive events, without the whole chromosome being reproduced, these mechanisms do involve a unit of selection smaller than the individual (Dawkins 1976). If we accept a two-level model ...
... arguably, to the extent that a gene, or a section of chromosome, can be duplicated, or be propagated through reproductive events, without the whole chromosome being reproduced, these mechanisms do involve a unit of selection smaller than the individual (Dawkins 1976). If we accept a two-level model ...
GENETIC CONSTRAINTS ON ADAPTATION TO A CHANGING
... by the trend in directional selection, and is similar to the effect of a constant selection gradient β. The second term in (2a) is the expected change in fitness in response to fluctuations in directional selection. Because B and G are positive (semi-)definite (by definition of a covariance matrix), ...
... by the trend in directional selection, and is similar to the effect of a constant selection gradient β. The second term in (2a) is the expected change in fitness in response to fluctuations in directional selection. Because B and G are positive (semi-)definite (by definition of a covariance matrix), ...
Selection against Accumulating Mutations in Niche
... any locus. With the numbers in our simulation this amounted to an average of about one chromosome in the population exhibiting cross-over in each generation. We also allowed for point mutations to occur with probability 0.01 per allele. where the size of the change to the value of the weight mutatio ...
... any locus. With the numbers in our simulation this amounted to an average of about one chromosome in the population exhibiting cross-over in each generation. We also allowed for point mutations to occur with probability 0.01 per allele. where the size of the change to the value of the weight mutatio ...
DNA Evolution 3.0 Administrator Guide
... To Add a User to a Machine..............................................................................................................................................48 To Remove/Uninstall a Client Machine and Reclaim the License .................................................................... ...
... To Add a User to a Machine..............................................................................................................................................48 To Remove/Uninstall a Client Machine and Reclaim the License .................................................................... ...
Variable Autosomal and X Divergence Near and Far from Genes
... between genomic regions that spend different amounts of time in the male and female germline. For great apes, including human, we show that estimates of divergence are reduced in putatively unconstrained regions near genes relative to unconstrained regions far from genes. Divergence increases with i ...
... between genomic regions that spend different amounts of time in the male and female germline. For great apes, including human, we show that estimates of divergence are reduced in putatively unconstrained regions near genes relative to unconstrained regions far from genes. Divergence increases with i ...
video slide - CARNES AP BIO
... Remember: The environment acts as a selecting agent for natural selection. • The environment is always changing, there is no “perfect” genome, and a diverse gene pool is necessary for the long-term survival of species. – Genetic variations within a population contribute to the diversity of the gene ...
... Remember: The environment acts as a selecting agent for natural selection. • The environment is always changing, there is no “perfect” genome, and a diverse gene pool is necessary for the long-term survival of species. – Genetic variations within a population contribute to the diversity of the gene ...
2012 - Willem E. Frankenhuis
... experience environmental change during ontogeny, for instance, because they move from one environment to another. Third, organisms may learn about their environment in order to develop an appropriate phenotype; when cues indicate the environmental state probabilistically, as opposed to deterministic ...
... experience environmental change during ontogeny, for instance, because they move from one environment to another. Third, organisms may learn about their environment in order to develop an appropriate phenotype; when cues indicate the environmental state probabilistically, as opposed to deterministic ...
as a PDF - University of Sussex
... selectively neutral mutation [19, 5] initiated a debate amongst biologists which continues to this day. More recently, research into the structure of RNA secondary structure folding landscapes [8, 10, 14, 24] led to the concept of neutral networks. These are connected networks of genotypes which map ...
... selectively neutral mutation [19, 5] initiated a debate amongst biologists which continues to this day. More recently, research into the structure of RNA secondary structure folding landscapes [8, 10, 14, 24] led to the concept of neutral networks. These are connected networks of genotypes which map ...
Philosophie Zoologique – 200: Lamarck in
... More and more problems were identified about the discontinuity between species and higher categories, extinction and survival of species, existence of vestigial organs and the role of God. Now, creationism became an insignificant solution to the scientific community. Emergence of an Evolutionist In ...
... More and more problems were identified about the discontinuity between species and higher categories, extinction and survival of species, existence of vestigial organs and the role of God. Now, creationism became an insignificant solution to the scientific community. Emergence of an Evolutionist In ...
Establishment of new mutations under divergence and genome
... example, if assortative mating is based on habitat preference rather than differentially choosing mates in a common mating pool [34,35], or if the same allele causes assortative mating in both populations, the selection – recombination antagonism can be alleviated [28]. Moreover, if selection is str ...
... example, if assortative mating is based on habitat preference rather than differentially choosing mates in a common mating pool [34,35], or if the same allele causes assortative mating in both populations, the selection – recombination antagonism can be alleviated [28]. Moreover, if selection is str ...
Excess of Deleterious Mutations around HLA
... due to continuous environmental change, for example constantly adapting or newly arising pathogens with “sweeping” selective effects (e.g., the Bubonic plague). Similarly to the balancing selection scenario, recurrent sweeps in HLA genes led to a reduction in the number of segregating sites in the n ...
... due to continuous environmental change, for example constantly adapting or newly arising pathogens with “sweeping” selective effects (e.g., the Bubonic plague). Similarly to the balancing selection scenario, recurrent sweeps in HLA genes led to a reduction in the number of segregating sites in the n ...
Introduction
... for adaptive speciation. In sexual populations, evolutionary branching, and hence adaptive speciation, can only occur if assortative mating can latch on to the trait under disruptive selection. In principle, this can happen in a number of different ways, either through direct selection for assortati ...
... for adaptive speciation. In sexual populations, evolutionary branching, and hence adaptive speciation, can only occur if assortative mating can latch on to the trait under disruptive selection. In principle, this can happen in a number of different ways, either through direct selection for assortati ...
Pool Evolution: A Parallel Pattern for Evolutionary and
... 1. splitting the population into disjoint groups G1 , . . . , Gg ; 2. within each group selecting individuals, evolving them, computing fitness and filtering new individuals; and 3. putting back the selected individuals from the different groups in the population and evaluating the termination condi ...
... 1. splitting the population into disjoint groups G1 , . . . , Gg ; 2. within each group selecting individuals, evolving them, computing fitness and filtering new individuals; and 3. putting back the selected individuals from the different groups in the population and evaluating the termination condi ...
Parallel Evolution of Cold Tolerance within
... higher inversion frequencies. Each cold-adapted population shows lower inversion frequencies than a closely-related warm-adapted population, suggesting that inversion frequencies may decrease with altitude in addition to latitude. Using the FST-based “Population Branch Excess” statistic (PBE), we fo ...
... higher inversion frequencies. Each cold-adapted population shows lower inversion frequencies than a closely-related warm-adapted population, suggesting that inversion frequencies may decrease with altitude in addition to latitude. Using the FST-based “Population Branch Excess” statistic (PBE), we fo ...
PiagetMS_Deacon
... behaviors—might influence the future patterns of natural selection acting on a lineage, in a directional manner biased by the specific responses of the organism. As I will show below, the similarities between Waddington’s theory and these early predecessors are mostly superficial. Moreover, I will a ...
... behaviors—might influence the future patterns of natural selection acting on a lineage, in a directional manner biased by the specific responses of the organism. As I will show below, the similarities between Waddington’s theory and these early predecessors are mostly superficial. Moreover, I will a ...
Are you your grandmother`s favorite
... The MGM has two X-chromosomes, and so any given X-linked gene of hers has a 50 per cent chance of being transmitted to her daughter. Her daughter has one X from the MGM and one X from the maternal grandfather (‘MGF’). She will pass down one of those two X chromosomes to each child, regardless of whe ...
... The MGM has two X-chromosomes, and so any given X-linked gene of hers has a 50 per cent chance of being transmitted to her daughter. Her daughter has one X from the MGM and one X from the maternal grandfather (‘MGF’). She will pass down one of those two X chromosomes to each child, regardless of whe ...
How Life Began – Evolution`s Three Geneses
... emphasizing the speculative nature of some of the claims. The somewhat dense material is also aided tremendously by his cheerful little cartoon storyboards. Yet the details don’t all come through crystal clear, and at times this chapter is muddled, partly because there is just too much in it. For ex ...
... emphasizing the speculative nature of some of the claims. The somewhat dense material is also aided tremendously by his cheerful little cartoon storyboards. Yet the details don’t all come through crystal clear, and at times this chapter is muddled, partly because there is just too much in it. For ex ...
Modularity, individuality, and evo
... Bicyclus anynana butterflies, despite the evidence that all eyespots are developmentally coupled, the response to selection for increased size of one individual eyespot can proceed in a manner largely independent from selection imposed on another eyespot. We argue that among-eyespot correlations are ...
... Bicyclus anynana butterflies, despite the evidence that all eyespots are developmentally coupled, the response to selection for increased size of one individual eyespot can proceed in a manner largely independent from selection imposed on another eyespot. We argue that among-eyespot correlations are ...
variation in the strength and softness of selection on
... values that were most likely to have produced the observed numbers of surviving wild type and mutant individuals from demes of varying genetic composition. Various levels of uncertainty were inherent to the experimental design and these were incorporated into the model as described below. The framew ...
... values that were most likely to have produced the observed numbers of surviving wild type and mutant individuals from demes of varying genetic composition. Various levels of uncertainty were inherent to the experimental design and these were incorporated into the model as described below. The framew ...
Evolution of Coloration Patterns
... mutations were mapped, and the causative (i.e., mutated) genes were identified and cloned. We briefly discuss some of the major players in the pigmentation pathways of these three model systems (focusing on those that have been further studied in nonmodel systems) and then discuss nonmodel systems. In ...
... mutations were mapped, and the causative (i.e., mutated) genes were identified and cloned. We briefly discuss some of the major players in the pigmentation pathways of these three model systems (focusing on those that have been further studied in nonmodel systems) and then discuss nonmodel systems. In ...
Wright, Sewall Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics, 16:97
... corresponding figure for factors lacking dominance is 2u/sf, where sf is the selection against the homozygote. These considerations alone should lead to a marked correlation in nature between recessiveness and deleterious effect. This correlation is further increased by the greater frequency of rece ...
... corresponding figure for factors lacking dominance is 2u/sf, where sf is the selection against the homozygote. These considerations alone should lead to a marked correlation in nature between recessiveness and deleterious effect. This correlation is further increased by the greater frequency of rece ...
COMPARING ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC VARIANCE AS
... switches. Several recent studies report such switches in bacteria (reviewed in Dubnau and Losick 2006; Veening et al. 2008) where they might be more common than previously thought. In multicellular organisms, there are only few well-supported examples for discrete phenotypic distributions due to bet ...
... switches. Several recent studies report such switches in bacteria (reviewed in Dubnau and Losick 2006; Veening et al. 2008) where they might be more common than previously thought. In multicellular organisms, there are only few well-supported examples for discrete phenotypic distributions due to bet ...
as a PDF
... rather a population-of-one netcrawler - a variety of hillclimber. We derive quantitative estimates for expected waiting times to discovery of fitter genotypes and discuss implications for evolutionary algorithm design, including a proposal for an adaptive variant of the netcrawler. ...
... rather a population-of-one netcrawler - a variety of hillclimber. We derive quantitative estimates for expected waiting times to discovery of fitter genotypes and discuss implications for evolutionary algorithm design, including a proposal for an adaptive variant of the netcrawler. ...