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W i
... Why is sex ratio about even (1:1) in many species of animals? This is quite a puzzle: • From a group-selectionist perspective we might expect that a female-biased sex ratio would be advantageous because such a population could grow more rapidly • From a individual selection perspective why should a ...
... Why is sex ratio about even (1:1) in many species of animals? This is quite a puzzle: • From a group-selectionist perspective we might expect that a female-biased sex ratio would be advantageous because such a population could grow more rapidly • From a individual selection perspective why should a ...
proximate-ultimate-ms-feb2014 (Harvard) - Philsci
... More promising at first sight is the critique by Laland et al. (2011; 2012), who argue that the PUD ignores certain prevalent types of reciprocal causation: In reciprocal processes, ultimate explanations must include an account of the sources of selection (as these are modified by the evolutionary ...
... More promising at first sight is the critique by Laland et al. (2011; 2012), who argue that the PUD ignores certain prevalent types of reciprocal causation: In reciprocal processes, ultimate explanations must include an account of the sources of selection (as these are modified by the evolutionary ...
Mutualism and asexual reproduction influence recognition genes in a fungal... M.A. van der Nest1, E.T. Steenkamp2, P.M.... Wingfield1 and B. Slippers1*
... subjecting a MAFFT-generated nucleotide alignment of rab1 to a maximum likelihood (ML) analyses using PhyML version 3.0 software (Guindon and Gascuel 2003). This ML analysis employed gamma correction (G) to account for among site rate variation, a proportion of invariable sites (I) and the HKY (Has ...
... subjecting a MAFFT-generated nucleotide alignment of rab1 to a maximum likelihood (ML) analyses using PhyML version 3.0 software (Guindon and Gascuel 2003). This ML analysis employed gamma correction (G) to account for among site rate variation, a proportion of invariable sites (I) and the HKY (Has ...
Modeling Trabecular Microstructure Evolution via Genetic Algorithm by Samuel W. L. Shames
... For the larger system, the improvements in stability are even more pronounced; the trial with 10 o↵spring per generation had variability nine orders of magnitude lower than the trial with only two o↵spring, as shown on this log plot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
... For the larger system, the improvements in stability are even more pronounced; the trial with 10 o↵spring per generation had variability nine orders of magnitude lower than the trial with only two o↵spring, as shown on this log plot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
PDF
... of a given malware; mostly by applying compression techniques or by modifying the code section using garbage insertion or instruction substitution. However, such techniques are mostly naı̈ve, and the developed variants essentially have the same functionality and semantics. Some people think that pol ...
... of a given malware; mostly by applying compression techniques or by modifying the code section using garbage insertion or instruction substitution. However, such techniques are mostly naı̈ve, and the developed variants essentially have the same functionality and semantics. Some people think that pol ...
Adaptation of Drosophila to a novel laboratory environment reveals
... alleles that continuously rise in frequency; and (ii) alleles that at first increase rapidly but whose frequencies then reach a plateau. Our data thus suggest that the genomic response to selection can involve a large number of selected SNPs that show unexpectedly complex evolutionary trajectories, ...
... alleles that continuously rise in frequency; and (ii) alleles that at first increase rapidly but whose frequencies then reach a plateau. Our data thus suggest that the genomic response to selection can involve a large number of selected SNPs that show unexpectedly complex evolutionary trajectories, ...
the evolution of genomic base composition in bacteria
... Brownian-motion model describes a random walk in continuous time over a continuous state space, where future states depend only on the current state of the system (Taylor and Karlin 1998). In mathematical terms, we assume that GC content follows a time-homogeneous diffusion process without drift. Th ...
... Brownian-motion model describes a random walk in continuous time over a continuous state space, where future states depend only on the current state of the system (Taylor and Karlin 1998). In mathematical terms, we assume that GC content follows a time-homogeneous diffusion process without drift. Th ...
What role does natural selection play in speciation?
... The role of natural selection in the origin of species has been controversial ever since Darwin published his great work in 1859; as can be seen from the papers in this volume, it remains so. Darwin (at least, in the first edition of The origin of species) relied on selection as the main cause of ev ...
... The role of natural selection in the origin of species has been controversial ever since Darwin published his great work in 1859; as can be seen from the papers in this volume, it remains so. Darwin (at least, in the first edition of The origin of species) relied on selection as the main cause of ev ...
The evolution of life cycles with haploid and diploid phases
... organisms in which numerous cell divisions occur.27–30 Protection against somatic mutations in diploids cannot explain why ...
... organisms in which numerous cell divisions occur.27–30 Protection against somatic mutations in diploids cannot explain why ...
- Wiley Online Library
... expected to locally reduce species diversity because they challenge the maintenance of species populations in local communities. Theoretically, population persistence may rely on the levels of phenotypic plasticity, dispersal or genetic adaptations. However, environmental changes are often so drasti ...
... expected to locally reduce species diversity because they challenge the maintenance of species populations in local communities. Theoretically, population persistence may rely on the levels of phenotypic plasticity, dispersal or genetic adaptations. However, environmental changes are often so drasti ...
The long-term evolution of multi- locus traits under
... polygenic variation is considerably smaller than naïvely expected. ...
... polygenic variation is considerably smaller than naïvely expected. ...
Properties of spontaneous mutations affecting quantitative traits
... should be at most 0n1 (Kreitman, 1996 ; Zeng et al., 1998). Since the evolutionary effective population size of D. melanogaster seems to be larger than 10' (Kreitman, 1996), the constrained value is equivalent to s 10−& and, therefore, a distinction between severe, moderate, mild or VSD mutation r ...
... should be at most 0n1 (Kreitman, 1996 ; Zeng et al., 1998). Since the evolutionary effective population size of D. melanogaster seems to be larger than 10' (Kreitman, 1996), the constrained value is equivalent to s 10−& and, therefore, a distinction between severe, moderate, mild or VSD mutation r ...
evolution - Santa Fe Institute
... selection). Moreover, variation in the number of genes encoding the various traits could cause a similar correlation (cf. section Comparative Approach: Genetic Robustness, paragraph beginning ‘‘Lack of reference and control’’). Because environmental robustness confers stability to a phenotype in a v ...
... selection). Moreover, variation in the number of genes encoding the various traits could cause a similar correlation (cf. section Comparative Approach: Genetic Robustness, paragraph beginning ‘‘Lack of reference and control’’). Because environmental robustness confers stability to a phenotype in a v ...
Sequenced Mitochondrial Genomes of Bryophytes
... hornworts found to be less conservative in comparison to liverworts (Xue et al. 2010). These sequenced mitochondrial genomes indicate that during the origin of land plants there is an significant increase in the genome size of mitochondrial genomes. However the genome size remains relatively constan ...
... hornworts found to be less conservative in comparison to liverworts (Xue et al. 2010). These sequenced mitochondrial genomes indicate that during the origin of land plants there is an significant increase in the genome size of mitochondrial genomes. However the genome size remains relatively constan ...
Parallel Genetic and Phenotypic Evolution of DNA Superhelicity in
... Losos et al. 1998; Huey et al. 2000). Parallel changes sometimes extend even to the genome, as has been described for some viral and bacterial pathogens (Crandall et al. 1999; Reid et al. 2000). The parallel evolution of DNA superhelicity in the long-term experiment with E. coli provides therefore h ...
... Losos et al. 1998; Huey et al. 2000). Parallel changes sometimes extend even to the genome, as has been described for some viral and bacterial pathogens (Crandall et al. 1999; Reid et al. 2000). The parallel evolution of DNA superhelicity in the long-term experiment with E. coli provides therefore h ...
Mechanisms and constraints shaping the evolution of body plan
... or fitness criterium we can also determine how these outcomes differ in robustness or future evolutionary potential. Finally, we can change conditions to determine how evolutionary outcome depends on factors such as population size, selection pressure, mutation rate, and mutational operators, allowing ...
... or fitness criterium we can also determine how these outcomes differ in robustness or future evolutionary potential. Finally, we can change conditions to determine how evolutionary outcome depends on factors such as population size, selection pressure, mutation rate, and mutational operators, allowing ...
Slide 1
... Mutations that involve changes in one or a few nucleotides are known as point mutations because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence. They generally occur during replication. If a gene in one cell is altered, the alteration can be passed on to every cell that develops from the original o ...
... Mutations that involve changes in one or a few nucleotides are known as point mutations because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence. They generally occur during replication. If a gene in one cell is altered, the alteration can be passed on to every cell that develops from the original o ...
DNA Evolution 3.1 Troubleshooting and Debugging Guide
... Each of the processes described below writes logs which are described in each section below. Look for CRITICAL messages in the log files to determine the key issues. PLEASE NOTE: Keep in mind that enabling the trace level to 5 should not be left on machines with automated jobs for a long period of t ...
... Each of the processes described below writes logs which are described in each section below. Look for CRITICAL messages in the log files to determine the key issues. PLEASE NOTE: Keep in mind that enabling the trace level to 5 should not be left on machines with automated jobs for a long period of t ...
Phenotypic diversity as an adaptation to environmental uncertainty
... Consider a population of organisms with non-overlapping generations. In each generation, the environmental state k is drawn from some fixed probability distribution p k , independently of the state in previous years. Each individual has a phenotype x that is fixed during development, and belongs to ...
... Consider a population of organisms with non-overlapping generations. In each generation, the environmental state k is drawn from some fixed probability distribution p k , independently of the state in previous years. Each individual has a phenotype x that is fixed during development, and belongs to ...
RNA interference pathways display high rates of adaptive protein
... To estimate the rate of adaptive protein evolution in different functional classes of gene, and to test for differences in rate between classes, we used two different approaches derived from the McDonaldKreitman test (‘MK framework’) (McDonald & Kreitman, 1991). The MK framework combines polymorphis ...
... To estimate the rate of adaptive protein evolution in different functional classes of gene, and to test for differences in rate between classes, we used two different approaches derived from the McDonaldKreitman test (‘MK framework’) (McDonald & Kreitman, 1991). The MK framework combines polymorphis ...
Practice Test UNIT 3 LT1 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that
... 29. A(An) ____________________ includes an organism's range of tolerance for physical and chemical conditions. 30. ____________________ facilitates one species developing into two through mutation or natural selection. 31. Genetically modified bacteria used to clean up oil spills are a result of ___ ...
... 29. A(An) ____________________ includes an organism's range of tolerance for physical and chemical conditions. 30. ____________________ facilitates one species developing into two through mutation or natural selection. 31. Genetically modified bacteria used to clean up oil spills are a result of ___ ...
Mutation - FSU Biology
... this is very far from the case. Both the processes of mutation and the pattern of effects of those mutations are relatively little known compared with the properties of the standing genetic variation within populations and among populations and species. However, these properties can only be understo ...
... this is very far from the case. Both the processes of mutation and the pattern of effects of those mutations are relatively little known compared with the properties of the standing genetic variation within populations and among populations and species. However, these properties can only be understo ...
3.1.molecular_evolution - T
... (or “clocklike”) and because selection does not influence the rate of divergence, divergence of DNA and protein molecules in two separate lineages should occur in a REGULAR, clocklike manner ...
... (or “clocklike”) and because selection does not influence the rate of divergence, divergence of DNA and protein molecules in two separate lineages should occur in a REGULAR, clocklike manner ...
Irreducible Complexity and Michael Behe
... Challenge to Evolution. The book's central thesis is that many biological systems are "irreducibly complex" at the molecular level. Behe gives the following definition of irreducible complexity: By irreducibly complex I mean a single system composed of several well-matched, interacting parts that co ...
... Challenge to Evolution. The book's central thesis is that many biological systems are "irreducibly complex" at the molecular level. Behe gives the following definition of irreducible complexity: By irreducibly complex I mean a single system composed of several well-matched, interacting parts that co ...
Directional selection can drive the evolution of
... within this module will suffer an indirect selection pressure and change as well, even if this response leads to lower fitness (8). This indirect response in other traits is due to their genetic correlation with the selected trait. Understanding how traits become associated, or correlated, is theref ...
... within this module will suffer an indirect selection pressure and change as well, even if this response leads to lower fitness (8). This indirect response in other traits is due to their genetic correlation with the selected trait. Understanding how traits become associated, or correlated, is theref ...