(Nurr1, Nur77, and Nor-1) by Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics i
... tegmental area (VTA). We show for the first time that that Nur77 and Nor-1 are induced in the SN and VTA after antipsychotic drug treatments. Therefore, their mRNAs were also measured in these brain areas. Figure 1 illustrates the exact coordinates and brain areas used for quantification of mRNA lev ...
... tegmental area (VTA). We show for the first time that that Nur77 and Nor-1 are induced in the SN and VTA after antipsychotic drug treatments. Therefore, their mRNAs were also measured in these brain areas. Figure 1 illustrates the exact coordinates and brain areas used for quantification of mRNA lev ...
Neuronal LRP1 Knockout in Adult Mice Leads to Impaired Brain
... Genetic, biochemical, animal, and human studies have shown that the amyloid- (A) peptide plays a central role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, increasing evidence indicates that both A-dependent and A-independent mechanisms may contribute to AD. In particular, impaired synaptic ...
... Genetic, biochemical, animal, and human studies have shown that the amyloid- (A) peptide plays a central role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, increasing evidence indicates that both A-dependent and A-independent mechanisms may contribute to AD. In particular, impaired synaptic ...
ficient mice: Distinct effects in Finnish variant late infantile NCL
... Thalamocortical neurodegeneration Lysosomal storage disorder ...
... Thalamocortical neurodegeneration Lysosomal storage disorder ...
Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions during Learning May Occur by Lactate
... other enabling factors in this process, as both features preceded the expansion of the brain, and notably, the development and utilization of tools (Wood, 2010). Similarly, central and peripheral vocal structures, initially used for a variety of non-linguistic reasons (chewing, larynx protection, si ...
... other enabling factors in this process, as both features preceded the expansion of the brain, and notably, the development and utilization of tools (Wood, 2010). Similarly, central and peripheral vocal structures, initially used for a variety of non-linguistic reasons (chewing, larynx protection, si ...
Study of the human hypoglossal nucleus: Normal development and
... evaluate if the HGN shows morpho-functional alterations not only in SIDS but also in sudden unexplained perinatal deaths, like the alterations in nuclei and/or structures of the brainstem and cerebellum checking vital functions, previously observed by us in these pathologies [1–7,21–23]. Thus, we fir ...
... evaluate if the HGN shows morpho-functional alterations not only in SIDS but also in sudden unexplained perinatal deaths, like the alterations in nuclei and/or structures of the brainstem and cerebellum checking vital functions, previously observed by us in these pathologies [1–7,21–23]. Thus, we fir ...
A Sexual Ornament in Chickens Is Affected bu Selected during Domestication
... similarly indicate a greater effect of HAO1 rather than BMP2 on medullary bone area, though the causal tests themselves are less conclusive. When HAO1 is included in the QTL model as a covariate, the variance explained by QTL genotype increases from R2 = 14% to 27% (P = 0.02 to 0.002), with HAO1 sig ...
... similarly indicate a greater effect of HAO1 rather than BMP2 on medullary bone area, though the causal tests themselves are less conclusive. When HAO1 is included in the QTL model as a covariate, the variance explained by QTL genotype increases from R2 = 14% to 27% (P = 0.02 to 0.002), with HAO1 sig ...
Wernicke`s area homologue in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and
... Wernicke’s area is located in the temporoparietal junction, encompassing the planum temporale of the posterior superior temporal lobe. Although a network of areas within the temporal cortex are important for the perception of speech and the comprehension of language, phonological processing, in part ...
... Wernicke’s area is located in the temporoparietal junction, encompassing the planum temporale of the posterior superior temporal lobe. Although a network of areas within the temporal cortex are important for the perception of speech and the comprehension of language, phonological processing, in part ...
Late-onset Parkinsonism in NFjB/c-Rel
... effects of NFkB and increases neuronal susceptibility to brain ischaemia (Sarnico et al., 2009). This evidence, in addition to the demonstration that c-rel / mice display deficits in spatial memory formation, long-term potentiation and long-term depression of hippocampal synaptic transmission (Lev ...
... effects of NFkB and increases neuronal susceptibility to brain ischaemia (Sarnico et al., 2009). This evidence, in addition to the demonstration that c-rel / mice display deficits in spatial memory formation, long-term potentiation and long-term depression of hippocampal synaptic transmission (Lev ...
Resting-state Functional mR imaging
... With a short acquisition time of less than 10 minutes, RS functional MR imaging can be applied in special populations such as children and patients with dementia. Some RSNs are already present in utero, while others mature in childhood. Around 10 major RSNs are consistently found in adults, but thei ...
... With a short acquisition time of less than 10 minutes, RS functional MR imaging can be applied in special populations such as children and patients with dementia. Some RSNs are already present in utero, while others mature in childhood. Around 10 major RSNs are consistently found in adults, but thei ...
CNB12 Plus
... The types of brain cells that are most vulnerable to glutamate-induced toxicity are the very cells involved in dopamine metabolism and neural-motor control. Methylcobalamin has been shown specifically to protect against glutamateinduced neural toxicity caused by L-dopa. This means that supplementat ...
... The types of brain cells that are most vulnerable to glutamate-induced toxicity are the very cells involved in dopamine metabolism and neural-motor control. Methylcobalamin has been shown specifically to protect against glutamateinduced neural toxicity caused by L-dopa. This means that supplementat ...
Anatomical Changes in Human Motor Cortex and Motor Pathways
... Tractography was performed using mrDiffusion software (Dougherty et al. 2005), based on the diffusion tensor calculated as described above. The corticospinal and the corticopontine tracts were targeted; 4 volumes of interest specified anatomically in each individual in native space: the posterior lim ...
... Tractography was performed using mrDiffusion software (Dougherty et al. 2005), based on the diffusion tensor calculated as described above. The corticospinal and the corticopontine tracts were targeted; 4 volumes of interest specified anatomically in each individual in native space: the posterior lim ...
Decreased cohesin in the brain leads to defective synapse
... analysis of dendritic arborization. Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) staining revealed that the dendritic arbors in the CdLS brain were thin, tortuous, and fragmented (Fig. 7 A), consistent with our observations of dendritic arbors in Smc3+/− mice (Fig. 3 A). With Nissl staining, the den ...
... analysis of dendritic arborization. Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) staining revealed that the dendritic arbors in the CdLS brain were thin, tortuous, and fragmented (Fig. 7 A), consistent with our observations of dendritic arbors in Smc3+/− mice (Fig. 3 A). With Nissl staining, the den ...
Genetic Ablation of Orexin Neurons in Mice Results in Narcolepsy
... Typical hypnograms, graphic representations of sleepwaking states over time, for an orexin/ataxin-3 mouse and a wild-type littermate for the 12 hr dark period (active phase) are shown in Figure 5A. The hypnogram for the transgenic mouse is characterized by the appearance of direct transitions from w ...
... Typical hypnograms, graphic representations of sleepwaking states over time, for an orexin/ataxin-3 mouse and a wild-type littermate for the 12 hr dark period (active phase) are shown in Figure 5A. The hypnogram for the transgenic mouse is characterized by the appearance of direct transitions from w ...
Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex
... to include a combination of morphology, electrophysiological properties and patterns of gene expression1,10. Nevertheless, the most basic schema is based on hodology, which has proved useful during the initial investigation of neuronal subtype development (BOX 2). How are these various projection ne ...
... to include a combination of morphology, electrophysiological properties and patterns of gene expression1,10. Nevertheless, the most basic schema is based on hodology, which has proved useful during the initial investigation of neuronal subtype development (BOX 2). How are these various projection ne ...
kwanPNAS08
... are generated sequentially so that early-born neurons occupy the deep layers and later-born neurons migrate past older neurons to settle in more superficial layers. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the laminar position and identity of projection neurons are being unraveled (3, 7). Previous stu ...
... are generated sequentially so that early-born neurons occupy the deep layers and later-born neurons migrate past older neurons to settle in more superficial layers. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the laminar position and identity of projection neurons are being unraveled (3, 7). Previous stu ...
The Diversity of Cortical Interneurons
... to local neural assemblies to modulate the flow of information there. Pyramidal fall into over a few classes, regardless of the enormous amount of information they have to deal with. The functional repertoire of pyramidal cells is supported by the rich diversity of GABAergic interneurons. It's been ...
... to local neural assemblies to modulate the flow of information there. Pyramidal fall into over a few classes, regardless of the enormous amount of information they have to deal with. The functional repertoire of pyramidal cells is supported by the rich diversity of GABAergic interneurons. It's been ...
Reticular formation,sleep and wakefulness
... • PASSIVE THEORY OF SLEEP: this earlier theory of sleep said that the RAS became simply fatigued during the day & as a result inactivated during the night; • It was later proved that sleep is caused by an active inhibitory process, once that there seems to be a center located below the midpontile le ...
... • PASSIVE THEORY OF SLEEP: this earlier theory of sleep said that the RAS became simply fatigued during the day & as a result inactivated during the night; • It was later proved that sleep is caused by an active inhibitory process, once that there seems to be a center located below the midpontile le ...
How is Epilepsy Diagnosed?
... The brain consists of more than 100 billion nerve cells. These all communicate with one another; some provoke others into sending further messages (excitation), while others tend to block them (inhibition). The proper working of the brain depends on a balance between these: too many nerve cells send ...
... The brain consists of more than 100 billion nerve cells. These all communicate with one another; some provoke others into sending further messages (excitation), while others tend to block them (inhibition). The proper working of the brain depends on a balance between these: too many nerve cells send ...
Effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow
... Department of Neuropsychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; 2Division of Informatics, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; 3Department of Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Pr ...
... Department of Neuropsychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; 2Division of Informatics, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; 3Department of Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Pr ...
The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction
... made by humans and monkeys, and their discharge is also similar if the experimenter grasping a piece of food gives it to the monkey being recorded or to a second monkey3. An interesting class of mirror neurons is the one that codes observed actions which are preparatory or logically related to the e ...
... made by humans and monkeys, and their discharge is also similar if the experimenter grasping a piece of food gives it to the monkey being recorded or to a second monkey3. An interesting class of mirror neurons is the one that codes observed actions which are preparatory or logically related to the e ...
Orexins and fear: implications for the treatment of - e
... Implications of fear regulation by orexins for the treatment of anxiety disorders As mentioned above, impaired fear processing is a key feature of a range of anxiety disorders. These pathological conditions, especially phobias, panic disorder and PTSD, are characterized by failure to extinguish fea ...
... Implications of fear regulation by orexins for the treatment of anxiety disorders As mentioned above, impaired fear processing is a key feature of a range of anxiety disorders. These pathological conditions, especially phobias, panic disorder and PTSD, are characterized by failure to extinguish fea ...
The Olfactory Sensory Map in Drosophila
... provided experimental evidence to support this atypical topology, calling into question the general assumption that fly ORs are classic GPCRs. Furthermore, different members of the fly OR family show considerably less homology to each other than most vertebrate ORs, leading to the hypothesis that th ...
... provided experimental evidence to support this atypical topology, calling into question the general assumption that fly ORs are classic GPCRs. Furthermore, different members of the fly OR family show considerably less homology to each other than most vertebrate ORs, leading to the hypothesis that th ...
EEG Biofeedback, Hemoencephalography Biofeedback and
... physiologist wife, Susan Othmer, theorize that disorders of attention, affect and pain are due either to over or underaroused brain states, and that neurofeedback is effective for a variety of symptoms or symptom clusters because it improves the brain’s ability to regulate these arousal states. ...
... physiologist wife, Susan Othmer, theorize that disorders of attention, affect and pain are due either to over or underaroused brain states, and that neurofeedback is effective for a variety of symptoms or symptom clusters because it improves the brain’s ability to regulate these arousal states. ...
Signals from the notochord and floor plate regulate
... 3Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA ...
... 3Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA ...
A Symmetric Approach Elucidates Multisensory Information Integration
... In sum, the current broad consensus is that the multimodal model is widely diffused in the brain and that most, if not all, higher- as well as lower-level neural processes are in some form multisensory. Information from multiple senses is integrated already at very early levels of processing, leadin ...
... In sum, the current broad consensus is that the multimodal model is widely diffused in the brain and that most, if not all, higher- as well as lower-level neural processes are in some form multisensory. Information from multiple senses is integrated already at very early levels of processing, leadin ...