The Sun
... • Lower solar activity -> Lower solar luminosity. This is because magnetic field energy is being turned into thermal energy (the lowest entropy form of energy). • The luminosity effect is only about 0.1% between solar cycle max and min. The climate record shows a bit stronger effect at the great Mau ...
... • Lower solar activity -> Lower solar luminosity. This is because magnetic field energy is being turned into thermal energy (the lowest entropy form of energy). • The luminosity effect is only about 0.1% between solar cycle max and min. The climate record shows a bit stronger effect at the great Mau ...
PPT - ILWS
... • Global neutral wind and temperature variations during geomagnetic storms; seasonal and diurnal effect on these variations; recovery of the thermosphere and ionosphere after storms • Global electric field distributions during geomagnetic storms, their temporal and spatial variations, and their chan ...
... • Global neutral wind and temperature variations during geomagnetic storms; seasonal and diurnal effect on these variations; recovery of the thermosphere and ionosphere after storms • Global electric field distributions during geomagnetic storms, their temporal and spatial variations, and their chan ...
Introduction to meteorology
... • Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) – huge cloud of plasma and the magnetic field ejected from the sun, which, when directed at the Earth, can cause Geomagnetic storms. • Geomagnetic storm – Described as a large disturbance in the Earth’s magnetosphere • Van Allen belts – Belts of radiation which is full ...
... • Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) – huge cloud of plasma and the magnetic field ejected from the sun, which, when directed at the Earth, can cause Geomagnetic storms. • Geomagnetic storm – Described as a large disturbance in the Earth’s magnetosphere • Van Allen belts – Belts of radiation which is full ...
GLOSSARY
... Plasma: 【プラズマ】Plasma is a state where atoms are ionized into positive ions and negative electrons when a gas is heated. Because plasma is highly electrically conductive, it strongly interacts with electric and magnetic fields. In the solar atmosphere, most of the gasses are in the plasma state. Sola ...
... Plasma: 【プラズマ】Plasma is a state where atoms are ionized into positive ions and negative electrons when a gas is heated. Because plasma is highly electrically conductive, it strongly interacts with electric and magnetic fields. In the solar atmosphere, most of the gasses are in the plasma state. Sola ...
Unit 1
... • a. The neutrino are of the wrong type (mostly muon neutrinos and no electron neutrinos) • b. The neutrinos are about twice as energetic on average than is predicted by theoretical models of the Sun. • c. Only about 1/3 of the expected number of neutrinos is observed, compared to theoretical models ...
... • a. The neutrino are of the wrong type (mostly muon neutrinos and no electron neutrinos) • b. The neutrinos are about twice as energetic on average than is predicted by theoretical models of the Sun. • c. Only about 1/3 of the expected number of neutrinos is observed, compared to theoretical models ...
The Sun`s Size, Heat, and Structure
... famous equation E ⫽ mc2 (energy is equal to mass times the speed of light squared). This equation expresses that matter can be converted into energy, which is what happens during fusion. A star is a place of intense heat and pressure—so intense that atoms are torn apart into their component nuclei a ...
... famous equation E ⫽ mc2 (energy is equal to mass times the speed of light squared). This equation expresses that matter can be converted into energy, which is what happens during fusion. A star is a place of intense heat and pressure—so intense that atoms are torn apart into their component nuclei a ...
PPT
... * Why do we need study the Sun? 1. “The Sun as a Star” (A Classical Field of Astrophysics) - Stellar Structure / Evolution - Dynamo Mechanism (Cosmic Magnetism) 2. Corona: a Prototype for Superhot Astrophysical Plasma - Why is the corona so hot? - Coronal Structure / Dynamics - Sudden Energy Releas ...
... * Why do we need study the Sun? 1. “The Sun as a Star” (A Classical Field of Astrophysics) - Stellar Structure / Evolution - Dynamo Mechanism (Cosmic Magnetism) 2. Corona: a Prototype for Superhot Astrophysical Plasma - Why is the corona so hot? - Coronal Structure / Dynamics - Sudden Energy Releas ...
What Are Sunspots?
... The sun has different layers. The outer part of the sun is called the photosphere. This means "sphere of light." This is the part of the sun that we can see. Dark spots on the photosphere are called sunspots. They look dark because they are cooler than the areas around them. Sunspots are caused by t ...
... The sun has different layers. The outer part of the sun is called the photosphere. This means "sphere of light." This is the part of the sun that we can see. Dark spots on the photosphere are called sunspots. They look dark because they are cooler than the areas around them. Sunspots are caused by t ...
Solar Wind/Outer Magnetosphere
... Telescope (EIT), inner region • SOHO is located at L1 • With the composite image you can relate corona structure to surface features • Solar magnetic field controls structure of corona • Dark areas across disk of Sun correspond with coronal holes – higher speed solar wind originates here ...
... Telescope (EIT), inner region • SOHO is located at L1 • With the composite image you can relate corona structure to surface features • Solar magnetic field controls structure of corona • Dark areas across disk of Sun correspond with coronal holes – higher speed solar wind originates here ...
sunspots
... • Photosphere- visible surface of the sun • Chromosphere- the bottom of the sun’s atmosphere (see through) • Corona (crown)- the top of the sun’s atmosphere (see through) ...
... • Photosphere- visible surface of the sun • Chromosphere- the bottom of the sun’s atmosphere (see through) • Corona (crown)- the top of the sun’s atmosphere (see through) ...
Review Sessions Two choices:
... • 2 Rovers are finding evidence of past water. Life? • Viking landers found no sign. • Questionable data in meteorite. ...
... • 2 Rovers are finding evidence of past water. Life? • Viking landers found no sign. • Questionable data in meteorite. ...
Space Weather
... When the solar wind plasma arrives at Earth, it encounters the Earth’s magnetic field, which provides some protection against the entry of plasma into the near-Earth space environment. We refer to this region of space as the magnetosphere. The solar wind velocity is, in fact, supersonic, and its int ...
... When the solar wind plasma arrives at Earth, it encounters the Earth’s magnetic field, which provides some protection against the entry of plasma into the near-Earth space environment. We refer to this region of space as the magnetosphere. The solar wind velocity is, in fact, supersonic, and its int ...
The Sun*s
... sudden release of energy stored in twisted magnetic fields in the solar atmosphere. release up to 1025 joules of energy—the energy equivalent of ten million volcanic eruptions. They can last just a few minutes or up to ...
... sudden release of energy stored in twisted magnetic fields in the solar atmosphere. release up to 1025 joules of energy—the energy equivalent of ten million volcanic eruptions. They can last just a few minutes or up to ...
Fact Sheet - Solar Probe Plus - The Johns Hopkins University
... gradually reduce its orbit around the sun. The spacecraft will come as close as 3.9 million miles (6.2 million kilometers) to our star, well within the orbit of Mercury and more than seven times closer than any spacecraft has come before. Flying into the outermost part of the sun’s atmosphere, known ...
... gradually reduce its orbit around the sun. The spacecraft will come as close as 3.9 million miles (6.2 million kilometers) to our star, well within the orbit of Mercury and more than seven times closer than any spacecraft has come before. Flying into the outermost part of the sun’s atmosphere, known ...
Lecture 15 - Empyrean Quest Publishers
... Green or brownish-red, depending on the amount of energy absorbed. nitrogen emissions Blue or red. Blue if the atom regains an electron after it has been ionized. Red if returning to ground state from an excited state. From Wikipedia on ‘Aurora (Astronomy)’ ...
... Green or brownish-red, depending on the amount of energy absorbed. nitrogen emissions Blue or red. Blue if the atom regains an electron after it has been ionized. Red if returning to ground state from an excited state. From Wikipedia on ‘Aurora (Astronomy)’ ...
Sun-Earth System - Solar Physics and Space Weather
... beyond our planet – Dependence on space-based systems – Permanent presence of humans in Earth orbit and beyond – Exploring the galaxy for life and habitability of planets • Current technology limitations impede our progress in achieving affordable advances. There is a lot to be done in the future ...
... beyond our planet – Dependence on space-based systems – Permanent presence of humans in Earth orbit and beyond – Exploring the galaxy for life and habitability of planets • Current technology limitations impede our progress in achieving affordable advances. There is a lot to be done in the future ...
Total energy of particles
... The heliocentric system was supported by Galileo when he discovered: ...
... The heliocentric system was supported by Galileo when he discovered: ...
27Oct_2014
... eruptions of hot gas and radiation in the photosphere • Can damage satellites, spacecraft, and humans in space • The study of coronal mass ejections and solar flares is called “space weather” ...
... eruptions of hot gas and radiation in the photosphere • Can damage satellites, spacecraft, and humans in space • The study of coronal mass ejections and solar flares is called “space weather” ...
THE SOLAR WIND INTERACTION WITH VENUS AND MARS
... model of the production process that depends on a small number of parameters. Given an observed image, it is then possible to extract the parameters that are most likely to have produced the image. In the case of ENA imaging of planetary ions, since the ENA flux is fully three-dimensional, one has t ...
... model of the production process that depends on a small number of parameters. Given an observed image, it is then possible to extract the parameters that are most likely to have produced the image. In the case of ENA imaging of planetary ions, since the ENA flux is fully three-dimensional, one has t ...
Lesson 6 The Sun and its power source
... Very low density – only visible during an eclipse Extremely hot! (1 to 2 million K) ...
... Very low density – only visible during an eclipse Extremely hot! (1 to 2 million K) ...
The Sun: Our Star (Chapter 14) The source of the Sun`s energy has
... The Sun’s mass is 300,000x Earth’s and its radius is 100x Earth’s. It rotates every 25 days at the equator and every 30 days at the poles. It is 70% hydrogen, 28% helium, and only 2% of everything else. The solar wind is a stream of protons and electrons blowing continuously away from the Sun. The o ...
... The Sun’s mass is 300,000x Earth’s and its radius is 100x Earth’s. It rotates every 25 days at the equator and every 30 days at the poles. It is 70% hydrogen, 28% helium, and only 2% of everything else. The solar wind is a stream of protons and electrons blowing continuously away from the Sun. The o ...
Advanced Solar Theory (MT5810)
... On top of the “Quiet Sun” (ie the background photosphere, chromosphere & corona), there are several types of transient phenomena: (i) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (ii) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (iii) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (iv) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ...
... On top of the “Quiet Sun” (ie the background photosphere, chromosphere & corona), there are several types of transient phenomena: (i) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (ii) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (iii) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (iv) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ...
Energetic neutral atom
Energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging, often described as ""seeing with atoms"", is a technology used to create global images of otherwise invisible phenomena in the magnetospheres of planets and throughout the heliosphere, even to its outer boundary.This constitutes the far-flung edge of the solar system.The solar wind consists of ripped-apart atoms (called plasma) flying out of the Sun. This is mostly hydrogen, that is, bare electrons and protons, with a little bit of other kinds of nuclei, mostly helium. The space between solar systems is similar, but they come from other stars in our galaxy. These charged particles can be redirected by magnetic fields; for instance, Earth's magnetic field shields us from these particles. But, every so often, a few of them steal electrons from neutral atoms they run into. At that point, they become neutral, although they're still moving very fast, and they travel in an exact straight line. These are called Energetic Neutral Atoms. ENA images are constructed from the detection of these energetic neutral atoms.Earth's magnetosphere preserves Earth's atmosphere and protects us from cell-damaging radiation. This region of ""space weather"" is the site of geomagnetic storms that disrupt communications systems and pose radiation hazards to humans traveling at high polar altitudes or in orbiting spacecraft. A deeper understanding of this region is vitally important. Geomagnetic weather systems have been late to benefit from the satellite imagery taken for granted in weather forecasting, and space physics because their origins in magnetospheric plasmas present the added problem of invisibility.The heliosphere protects the entire Solar System from the majority of cosmic rays but is so remote that only an imaging technique such as ENA imaging will reveal its properties. The heliosphere's structure is due to the invisible interaction between the solar wind and cold gas from the local interstellar medium.The creation of ENAs by space plasmas was predicted but their discovery was both deliberate and serendipitous. While some early efforts were made at detection, their signatures also explained inconsistent findings by ion detectors in regions of expected low ion populations. Ion detectors were co-opted for further ENA detection experiments in other low-ion regions. However, the development of dedicated ENA detectors entailed overcoming significant obstacles in both skepticism and technology.Although ENAs were observed in space from the 1960s through 1980s, the first dedicated ENA camera was not flown until 1995 on the Swedish Astrid-1 satellite, to study Earth's magnetosphere.Today, dedicated ENA instruments have provided detailed magnetospheric images from Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Cassini's ENA images of Saturn revealed a unique magnetosphere with complex interactions that have yet to be fully explained. The IMAGE mission's three dedicated ENA cameras observed Earth's magnetosphere from 2000–2005 while the TWINS Mission, launched in 2008, provides stereo ENA imaging of Earth's magnetosphere using simultaneous imaging from two satellites.The first ever images of the heliospheric boundary, published in October 2009, were made by the ENA instruments aboard the IBEX and Cassini spacecraft. These images are very exciting because they challenge existing theories about the region.