- Wiley Online Library
... the apparent and real sizes of the objects in differential interference contrast, and fluorescent images are approximately equal with slight overestimation of the real sizes (∼10%, Figure S2A,B). Recent theoretical calculations predict that when cargos are similar in size to the process diameter, th ...
... the apparent and real sizes of the objects in differential interference contrast, and fluorescent images are approximately equal with slight overestimation of the real sizes (∼10%, Figure S2A,B). Recent theoretical calculations predict that when cargos are similar in size to the process diameter, th ...
Calretinin
... EF Hands • The Ca2+ ion binds to the loop connecting the two helices. • In this loop, there are amino acid residues with negatively charged oxygen atoms, which attract the positively charged calcium ion • When Ca2+ enters the cell Calretinin binds about 99% of it. ...
... EF Hands • The Ca2+ ion binds to the loop connecting the two helices. • In this loop, there are amino acid residues with negatively charged oxygen atoms, which attract the positively charged calcium ion • When Ca2+ enters the cell Calretinin binds about 99% of it. ...
Location and Activity of the Respiratory Enzymes of
... the anaerobic conditions during growth were obtained by passing a stream of oxygenfree nitrogen from which the traces of oxygen had been removed by alkaline pyrogallol through the growth medium. After growth, the yeast was centrifuged and washed several times with cold water, and used immediately fo ...
... the anaerobic conditions during growth were obtained by passing a stream of oxygenfree nitrogen from which the traces of oxygen had been removed by alkaline pyrogallol through the growth medium. After growth, the yeast was centrifuged and washed several times with cold water, and used immediately fo ...
Location and Activity of the Respiratory Enzymes of
... the anaerobic conditions during growth were obtained by passing a stream of oxygenfree nitrogen from which the traces of oxygen had been removed by alkaline pyrogallol through the growth medium. After growth, the yeast was centrifuged and washed several times with cold water, and used immediately fo ...
... the anaerobic conditions during growth were obtained by passing a stream of oxygenfree nitrogen from which the traces of oxygen had been removed by alkaline pyrogallol through the growth medium. After growth, the yeast was centrifuged and washed several times with cold water, and used immediately fo ...
The paradox of elongation factor 4: highly conserved, yet of no
... in different phenotypes; however, the physiological function of the factor in vivo is unclear. Although functional research on Guf1 (GTPase of unknown function 1), the eukaryotic homologue of EF4, showed that it plays a critical role under suboptimal ...
... in different phenotypes; however, the physiological function of the factor in vivo is unclear. Although functional research on Guf1 (GTPase of unknown function 1), the eukaryotic homologue of EF4, showed that it plays a critical role under suboptimal ...
Differential actin binding along the PEVK domain of skeletal muscle
... protocols (Kellermayer and Granzier, 1996; Kellermayer et al., 1995; length: N-terminal (PEVKI), middle (PEVKII) and C-terminal Kron et al., 1991). The flow-through microchamber used had an (PEVKIII). The nucleotide sequence boundaries of the PEVK internal volume of ~10 µl (Kellermayer, 1997; Keller ...
... protocols (Kellermayer and Granzier, 1996; Kellermayer et al., 1995; length: N-terminal (PEVKI), middle (PEVKII) and C-terminal Kron et al., 1991). The flow-through microchamber used had an (PEVKIII). The nucleotide sequence boundaries of the PEVK internal volume of ~10 µl (Kellermayer, 1997; Keller ...
Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-like Protein Mediates Necrosis
... The importance of necrotic cell death has been illustrated by several recent findings. Breeding onto a RIP3 knockout background rescues the developmental defects of caspase-8 knockout mice. This indicates that the cardiac, vascular, and hematopoietic defects that occur during the development of casp ...
... The importance of necrotic cell death has been illustrated by several recent findings. Breeding onto a RIP3 knockout background rescues the developmental defects of caspase-8 knockout mice. This indicates that the cardiac, vascular, and hematopoietic defects that occur during the development of casp ...
The Role of PME-1 in Cancer: Therapeutic Implications
... phosphorylation status of thousands of proteins in a cell, and thereby maintain a state of homeostasis necessary for normal cell function (Brautigan, 2013; Shi, 2009). However, in cancerous cells this homeostasis is disrupted by various molecular changes leading to an increased flux through the pro- ...
... phosphorylation status of thousands of proteins in a cell, and thereby maintain a state of homeostasis necessary for normal cell function (Brautigan, 2013; Shi, 2009). However, in cancerous cells this homeostasis is disrupted by various molecular changes leading to an increased flux through the pro- ...
Molecular assembly of the period-cryptochrome circadian
... activity of CLOCK and BMAL1, helping to reduce the rate at which the circadian genes are transcribed as the day progresses. Nangle et al. provide new insights into how the Period and Cryptochrome proteins interact with each other, using X-ray crystallography to reveal the molecular level details of ...
... activity of CLOCK and BMAL1, helping to reduce the rate at which the circadian genes are transcribed as the day progresses. Nangle et al. provide new insights into how the Period and Cryptochrome proteins interact with each other, using X-ray crystallography to reveal the molecular level details of ...
Meaningful relationships: the regulation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK
... Rac, a small G-protein that binds and activates p21cdc42\rac1activated serine\threonine kinase (PAK) [29]. PAK-3 has recently been shown to phosphorylate Raf-1 on serine-338, one of the sites whose phosphorylation is required for activation [36]. The other site is tyrosine-341, which is targeted by ...
... Rac, a small G-protein that binds and activates p21cdc42\rac1activated serine\threonine kinase (PAK) [29]. PAK-3 has recently been shown to phosphorylate Raf-1 on serine-338, one of the sites whose phosphorylation is required for activation [36]. The other site is tyrosine-341, which is targeted by ...
Alfred G. Gilman - Nobel Lecture
... toxin to ADP-ribosylate Gs was lost. This could be restored by addition of a protein factor {33} that was eventually purified, named ADP-ribosylation factor or ARF, and found to be a low-molecular-weight GTP binding protein (34, 35). ARF is, of course, now leading a happy existence as an important r ...
... toxin to ADP-ribosylate Gs was lost. This could be restored by addition of a protein factor {33} that was eventually purified, named ADP-ribosylation factor or ARF, and found to be a low-molecular-weight GTP binding protein (34, 35). ARF is, of course, now leading a happy existence as an important r ...
Antibiotic use and abuse: A threat to mitochondria and chloroplasts
... placed under the control of a tetracycline-response element (TRE). When tetracycline or a tetracycline derivative such as doxycycline binds to tTA protein, the tTA protein is released from the TRE and shuts down transcription. The Tet-On system is basically operating in the opposite fashion to the T ...
... placed under the control of a tetracycline-response element (TRE). When tetracycline or a tetracycline derivative such as doxycycline binds to tTA protein, the tTA protein is released from the TRE and shuts down transcription. The Tet-On system is basically operating in the opposite fashion to the T ...
The SMN Complex Is Associated with snRNPs throughout Their
... The common neurodegenerative disease spinal muscular atrophy is caused by reduced levels of the survival of motor neurons (SMN) protein. SMN associates with several proteins (Gemin2 to Gemin6) to form a large complex which is found both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. The SMN complex functions ...
... The common neurodegenerative disease spinal muscular atrophy is caused by reduced levels of the survival of motor neurons (SMN) protein. SMN associates with several proteins (Gemin2 to Gemin6) to form a large complex which is found both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. The SMN complex functions ...
Force generation by kinesin and myosin cytoskeletal motor proteins
... with movement of switch I (red) and a large change in the angle of the neck linker (blue), which extends toward the minus end in the ADP state (left), then swings toward the plus end (black arrow) and docks onto the motor in the ATP-like state (right) (supplementary material Movie 1). Central b-shee ...
... with movement of switch I (red) and a large change in the angle of the neck linker (blue), which extends toward the minus end in the ADP state (left), then swings toward the plus end (black arrow) and docks onto the motor in the ATP-like state (right) (supplementary material Movie 1). Central b-shee ...
Escherichia coli Karl Skoog
... This process can be divided into three major steps. The first step involves the replication of the DNA, followed by an elongation step in which the cells become twice as long. In the last step the elongated cell constricts in the middle and the two daughter cells are separated. The cell division pro ...
... This process can be divided into three major steps. The first step involves the replication of the DNA, followed by an elongation step in which the cells become twice as long. In the last step the elongated cell constricts in the middle and the two daughter cells are separated. The cell division pro ...
Decision making by p53: life, death and cancer
... So how does p53 trigger apoptosis when it is allowed to do so? Work done over the years has indicated that p53 has more than a single way of achieving this goal. However, it is fair to say that the function of p53 as a positive regulator of gene expression is the major contributor to its apoptotic a ...
... So how does p53 trigger apoptosis when it is allowed to do so? Work done over the years has indicated that p53 has more than a single way of achieving this goal. However, it is fair to say that the function of p53 as a positive regulator of gene expression is the major contributor to its apoptotic a ...
Functional analysis of the human CDC5L complex
... antibody and the protein revealed using ECL (Amersham). Lanes 1 and 2 are duplicates containing supernatants of mock immunodepletions using pre-immune IgG. Lane 3 contains the supernatant from antiCDC5L antibody immunodepleted nuclear extract and lane 4 is similar to lane 3 except that the antibody ...
... antibody and the protein revealed using ECL (Amersham). Lanes 1 and 2 are duplicates containing supernatants of mock immunodepletions using pre-immune IgG. Lane 3 contains the supernatant from antiCDC5L antibody immunodepleted nuclear extract and lane 4 is similar to lane 3 except that the antibody ...
The Vps13p–Cdc31p complex is directly required for TGN late
... Yeast VPS13 is the founding member of a eukaryotic gene family of growing interest in cell biology and medicine. Mutations in three of four human VPS13 genes cause autosomal recessive neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental disease, making yeast Vps13p an important structural and functional model. U ...
... Yeast VPS13 is the founding member of a eukaryotic gene family of growing interest in cell biology and medicine. Mutations in three of four human VPS13 genes cause autosomal recessive neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental disease, making yeast Vps13p an important structural and functional model. U ...
COP9 signalosome turns the key on protein degradation
... CSN1 to CSN8 by decreasing molecular mass [25]. Two of these subunits, CSN5 and CSN6, contain the conserved MPN domain. The remaining six are characterized by a PCI domain (proteasome–COP9 complex–eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 [eIF3] domain). Both of these domains have primarily been fo ...
... CSN1 to CSN8 by decreasing molecular mass [25]. Two of these subunits, CSN5 and CSN6, contain the conserved MPN domain. The remaining six are characterized by a PCI domain (proteasome–COP9 complex–eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 [eIF3] domain). Both of these domains have primarily been fo ...
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... apical domain, leading to its release from the cortex. Because the Par3-aPKC complex is absent from the basolateral domain, Lgl cannot be phosphorylated in this domain and thus remains localised to the cortex (Betschinger et al., 2003). In Drosophila neuroblasts, basolaterally localised Lgl [L(2)gl ...
... apical domain, leading to its release from the cortex. Because the Par3-aPKC complex is absent from the basolateral domain, Lgl cannot be phosphorylated in this domain and thus remains localised to the cortex (Betschinger et al., 2003). In Drosophila neuroblasts, basolaterally localised Lgl [L(2)gl ...
The versatility of mitochondrial calcium signals: From stimulation of
... mitochondrial membrane (OMM) is permeable to ions and small proteins (MW b 10 kDa) due to the abundance of a large conductance channel, known as mitochondrial porin or voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC). It should be noted, however, that the channel appears to be gated in vivo, and permeability ...
... mitochondrial membrane (OMM) is permeable to ions and small proteins (MW b 10 kDa) due to the abundance of a large conductance channel, known as mitochondrial porin or voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC). It should be noted, however, that the channel appears to be gated in vivo, and permeability ...
Does the baculovirus sulfhydryl oxidase Ac92 associate with and
... Ac92 could have an inhibitory function. Prevent apoptosis Prevent cell cycle arrest ...
... Ac92 could have an inhibitory function. Prevent apoptosis Prevent cell cycle arrest ...
The Stem Cell Factor Receptor/c-Kit as a Drug Target in
... the cytoplasm and in the nucleus resulting in both altered protein activity and changes in gene expression [52]. ...
... the cytoplasm and in the nucleus resulting in both altered protein activity and changes in gene expression [52]. ...
Life, Death, and Cell Proliferation
... • Suitable for flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy • Easy to use and interpret An abundance of data suggests that mitochondria play a critical role in apoptosis by releasing cytochrome c and other proteins essential for activation of pro-caspase-9 and execution of apoptosis. As such, assays de ...
... • Suitable for flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy • Easy to use and interpret An abundance of data suggests that mitochondria play a critical role in apoptosis by releasing cytochrome c and other proteins essential for activation of pro-caspase-9 and execution of apoptosis. As such, assays de ...
Cutting the nonsense: the degradation of PTC containing mRNAs
... C. elegans mutated for SMG5, SMG6 or SMG7 are deficient in NMD and accumulate hyperphosphorylated SMG2 (the UPF1 orthologue) because UPF1 dephosphorylation is induced by PP2A (protein phosphatase 2A) which is recruited by SMG5, SMG6 and/or SMG7 [25]. PP2A is a heterotrimer composed of a catalytic su ...
... C. elegans mutated for SMG5, SMG6 or SMG7 are deficient in NMD and accumulate hyperphosphorylated SMG2 (the UPF1 orthologue) because UPF1 dephosphorylation is induced by PP2A (protein phosphatase 2A) which is recruited by SMG5, SMG6 and/or SMG7 [25]. PP2A is a heterotrimer composed of a catalytic su ...
Apoptosome
The apoptosome is a large quaternary protein structure formed in the process of apoptosis. Its formation is triggered by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in response to an internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) cell death stimulus. Stimuli can vary from DNA damage and viral infection to developmental cues such as those leading to the degradation of a tadpole's tail.In mammalian cells, once cytochrome c is released, it binds to the cytosolic protein Apaf-1 to facilitate the formation of apoptosome. An early biochemical study suggests a two-to-one ratio of cytochrome c to apaf-1 for apoptosome formation. However, recent structural studies suggest the cytochrome c to apaf-1 ratio is one-to-one. It has also been shown that the nucleotide dATP as third component binds to apaf-1, however its exact role is still debated. The mammalian apoptosome had never been crystallized, but a human APAF-1/cytochrome-c apoptosome has been imaged at lower (2 nm) resolution by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy 10 years ago, revealing a wheel-like particle with 7-fold symmetry. Recently, a medium resolution (9.5 Ångström) structure of human apoptosome was also solved by cryo-electron microscopy, which allows unambiguous inference for positions of all the APAF-1 domains (CARD, NBARC and WD40) and cytochrome c. There is also now a crystal structure of the monomeric, inactive Apaf-1 subunit (PDB 3SFZ). Once formed, the apoptosome can then recruit and activate the inactive pro-caspase-9. Once activated, this initiator caspase can then activate effector caspases and trigger a cascade of events leading to apoptosis.