Essays41 Chap03 - Essays in Biochemistry
... easily cover this distance by diffusion, and by use of these substrates it has been found that archaebacterial proteasomes preferentially hydrolyse peptide bonds at the C-terminal side of large hydrophobic amino-acid residues, thus exhibiting chymotrypsin-like specificity. However, within protein su ...
... easily cover this distance by diffusion, and by use of these substrates it has been found that archaebacterial proteasomes preferentially hydrolyse peptide bonds at the C-terminal side of large hydrophobic amino-acid residues, thus exhibiting chymotrypsin-like specificity. However, within protein su ...
Detecting Peptidases and Proteases
... aspartic acid residues, may serve as a substrate for a variety of apoptosis-related proteases, including caspase-3 and caspase-7, and does not appear to require any invasive techniques such as osmotic shock to gain entrance into the cytoplasm ( ). Caspase-8 Substrates Caspase-8 plays a critical role ...
... aspartic acid residues, may serve as a substrate for a variety of apoptosis-related proteases, including caspase-3 and caspase-7, and does not appear to require any invasive techniques such as osmotic shock to gain entrance into the cytoplasm ( ). Caspase-8 Substrates Caspase-8 plays a critical role ...
Published version
... some mutant collagens are secreted and incorporated into fibrils (13, 16, 17). There is a large database of OI mutations for COL1A1 and COL2A1 (5, 6), and analysis of known mutation sites has led to the suggestion that some mutations may interfere with biological interactions involving collagen and ...
... some mutant collagens are secreted and incorporated into fibrils (13, 16, 17). There is a large database of OI mutations for COL1A1 and COL2A1 (5, 6), and analysis of known mutation sites has led to the suggestion that some mutations may interfere with biological interactions involving collagen and ...
Specific Interaction of the PDZ Domain Protein PICK1 with the
... LIN-7 PDZ domain, which has been shown to mediate clustering of the receptor tyrosine kinase LET-23 (28). The PDZ domain in PICK1 appears to be relatively divergent when compared with other PDZ domains in general. As we reported previously (25), the sequence of mouse PICK1 shares significant homolog ...
... LIN-7 PDZ domain, which has been shown to mediate clustering of the receptor tyrosine kinase LET-23 (28). The PDZ domain in PICK1 appears to be relatively divergent when compared with other PDZ domains in general. As we reported previously (25), the sequence of mouse PICK1 shares significant homolog ...
Direct redox modulation of p53 protein: potential sources of redox
... radiation, reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), heat shock and hypoxia alter the redox potential of the cell. Recently, it has been shown that some of these stressors promote direct oxidation of specific protein cysteine residues resulting in either up-regulation or down-regulation of protein activi ...
... radiation, reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), heat shock and hypoxia alter the redox potential of the cell. Recently, it has been shown that some of these stressors promote direct oxidation of specific protein cysteine residues resulting in either up-regulation or down-regulation of protein activi ...
Determinants in HIV-2 Env and tetherin required for
... of the protein are required for its ability to inhibit virus release [8, 19, 20], although the actual sequences are not essential, and its function can be recapitulated in a wholly artificial tetherin construct [20]. Since tetherin presents a barrier to virus replication at multiple levels, it is no ...
... of the protein are required for its ability to inhibit virus release [8, 19, 20], although the actual sequences are not essential, and its function can be recapitulated in a wholly artificial tetherin construct [20]. Since tetherin presents a barrier to virus replication at multiple levels, it is no ...
The TRAPP Complex: Insights into its Architecture and
... and the C-termini of both of the Bet3p subunits present in this complex (referred to as Bet3p-A and Bet3p-B) (Figure 2). Based on the difference between the five-subunit structure and the previously published individual subunit structures, the authors proposed that Trs31p does not interact with Ypt1 ...
... and the C-termini of both of the Bet3p subunits present in this complex (referred to as Bet3p-A and Bet3p-B) (Figure 2). Based on the difference between the five-subunit structure and the previously published individual subunit structures, the authors proposed that Trs31p does not interact with Ypt1 ...
Characterization of the ATPase Activity of the Mr 170,000 to 180,000
... Effect of Detergent Concentrations. It is well known that enzymatic activities of membrane proteins are often affected by the detergent used for their solubilization (38). We found that the concentration of CHAPS, the detergent used for the solu bilization of P-glycoprotein, was critical for enzymat ...
... Effect of Detergent Concentrations. It is well known that enzymatic activities of membrane proteins are often affected by the detergent used for their solubilization (38). We found that the concentration of CHAPS, the detergent used for the solu bilization of P-glycoprotein, was critical for enzymat ...
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTOR ROLE OF
... million cases of shigellosis occur every year around the world, the vast majority of them in developing countries. High levels of antibiotic resistance, an increase in multidrug-resistant Shigella isolates and the lack of a licensed vaccine are factors that situate shigellosis as a public health pro ...
... million cases of shigellosis occur every year around the world, the vast majority of them in developing countries. High levels of antibiotic resistance, an increase in multidrug-resistant Shigella isolates and the lack of a licensed vaccine are factors that situate shigellosis as a public health pro ...
A Personal Account of Chaperonin History
... of GroEL. It was a 14-mer consisting of two heptameric rings stacked back to back. It also hydrolyzed ATP. Quite what GroEL did in the cell and how it was involved in phage morphogenesis was not known at this stage. Nevertheless, Hohn et al. (10) wrote “In groE mutants, bacteriophage T4 capsid prote ...
... of GroEL. It was a 14-mer consisting of two heptameric rings stacked back to back. It also hydrolyzed ATP. Quite what GroEL did in the cell and how it was involved in phage morphogenesis was not known at this stage. Nevertheless, Hohn et al. (10) wrote “In groE mutants, bacteriophage T4 capsid prote ...
Promiscuity of the Euonymus Carbohydrate-Binding Domain
... in the dehydration-susceptible variety is 6.4-fold lower [27]. It was put forward that EUL proteins might contribute towards dehydration tolerance [27]. Furthermore Moons et al. [20] suggested that some rice EUL proteins play an important role in the response of plant tissues to salt and osmotic str ...
... in the dehydration-susceptible variety is 6.4-fold lower [27]. It was put forward that EUL proteins might contribute towards dehydration tolerance [27]. Furthermore Moons et al. [20] suggested that some rice EUL proteins play an important role in the response of plant tissues to salt and osmotic str ...
letters - Cytomorpholab
... the amino terminus of AtFH5 is highly divergent from non-plant formins and shares the predicted domains that are typical of type-I Arabidopsis formins2 (Fig. 1b, c). In the homologous AtFH1, this N-terminal domain is required for localization to the cell membrane4. In yeasts, actin patches depend on ...
... the amino terminus of AtFH5 is highly divergent from non-plant formins and shares the predicted domains that are typical of type-I Arabidopsis formins2 (Fig. 1b, c). In the homologous AtFH1, this N-terminal domain is required for localization to the cell membrane4. In yeasts, actin patches depend on ...
Mammalian Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal
... seven-transmembrane receptors (e.g., ANG II, endothelin), transforming growth factor (TGF)--related polypeptides, acting through Ser-Thr kinase receptors, inflammatory cytokines of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family and environmental stresses such as osmotic shock, ionizing radiation and ischem ...
... seven-transmembrane receptors (e.g., ANG II, endothelin), transforming growth factor (TGF)--related polypeptides, acting through Ser-Thr kinase receptors, inflammatory cytokines of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family and environmental stresses such as osmotic shock, ionizing radiation and ischem ...
Accommodating the bacterial decoding release factor as an
... factor by specific proteolysis with chymotrypsin. The peptide fragments were separated by HPLC to detect any that were radiolabeled (that is, had the RNA dinucleotide attached). One radioactive peptide was identified and shown to contain the sequence DIQ. This placed the crosslink within the a5 heli ...
... factor by specific proteolysis with chymotrypsin. The peptide fragments were separated by HPLC to detect any that were radiolabeled (that is, had the RNA dinucleotide attached). One radioactive peptide was identified and shown to contain the sequence DIQ. This placed the crosslink within the a5 heli ...
Introduction - ART
... produce an appropriate developmental or proliferative response. Receptors of the tyrosine kinase (TK) family play principal roles in these processes, as they integrate a multitude of external stimuli with specific internal signals and responses, ultimately allowing the cell to respond correctly to i ...
... produce an appropriate developmental or proliferative response. Receptors of the tyrosine kinase (TK) family play principal roles in these processes, as they integrate a multitude of external stimuli with specific internal signals and responses, ultimately allowing the cell to respond correctly to i ...
A novel exon within the mdm2 gene modulates translation
... possibility that this pluripotential protein may also in¯uence cell dierentiation and survival (JuvenGershon et al., 1998). The interaction between p53 and mdm2 has attracted a lot of attention and the molecular structure of the binding domain of p53 in complex with the Nterminus of mdm2 has now be ...
... possibility that this pluripotential protein may also in¯uence cell dierentiation and survival (JuvenGershon et al., 1998). The interaction between p53 and mdm2 has attracted a lot of attention and the molecular structure of the binding domain of p53 in complex with the Nterminus of mdm2 has now be ...
Diversification of epithelial adherens junctions with independent
... EGF-like (CE) domain, and the laminin globular-like (LG) domain (Oda and Tsukita 1999). All known nonchordate cadherins and chick cHz-cadherin have a domain complex called the primitive classic cadherin domain (PCCD) complex (Oda and Tsukita 1999; Oda et al. 2002) which consists of NC, CE, and LG do ...
... EGF-like (CE) domain, and the laminin globular-like (LG) domain (Oda and Tsukita 1999). All known nonchordate cadherins and chick cHz-cadherin have a domain complex called the primitive classic cadherin domain (PCCD) complex (Oda and Tsukita 1999; Oda et al. 2002) which consists of NC, CE, and LG do ...
Cellular functions of the BRCA tumour
... the core RING motif (amino acids 24–64) [36,40]. Although mutations in the BARD1 gene associated with breast cancer predisposition are very infrequent compared with the frequency of BRCA1 mutations, a number of tumour-derived mutations have been found [41]. Despite the surprisingly low frequency of ...
... the core RING motif (amino acids 24–64) [36,40]. Although mutations in the BARD1 gene associated with breast cancer predisposition are very infrequent compared with the frequency of BRCA1 mutations, a number of tumour-derived mutations have been found [41]. Despite the surprisingly low frequency of ...
A new look at sodium channel b subunits
... Figure 3. The atomic resolution structure of the b3 subunit Ig domain (PDB ID code 4L1D). (a) Diagram showing the arrangement of the b3 trimer. Amino (N) and carboxyl (C) termini are labelled. The Cys21 –96 disulfide bond and the Cys2 – 24 disulfide bonds are labelled on the orange protomer. Potenti ...
... Figure 3. The atomic resolution structure of the b3 subunit Ig domain (PDB ID code 4L1D). (a) Diagram showing the arrangement of the b3 trimer. Amino (N) and carboxyl (C) termini are labelled. The Cys21 –96 disulfide bond and the Cys2 – 24 disulfide bonds are labelled on the orange protomer. Potenti ...
Mutational Analysis of Synaptobrevin Transmembrane Domain
... difference in the degree of dimerization of these constructs in this assay. The syntaxin transmembrane domain gave 2000 units of CAT activity, which is slightly lower than synaptobrevin. All of the synaptobrevin and syntaxin constructs gave higher CAT activity than the GpA G83I mutant. This suggests ...
... difference in the degree of dimerization of these constructs in this assay. The syntaxin transmembrane domain gave 2000 units of CAT activity, which is slightly lower than synaptobrevin. All of the synaptobrevin and syntaxin constructs gave higher CAT activity than the GpA G83I mutant. This suggests ...
Immune complexes formed following the binding of
... they may up-regulate adhesion molecules that are typically associated with inflammatory ailments including E-/P-selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1.14 The release of tissue factor and interleukin-8 by monocytes is an additional feature that is thought to contribute to thrombosis.15,16 Finally, plasma from ...
... they may up-regulate adhesion molecules that are typically associated with inflammatory ailments including E-/P-selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1.14 The release of tissue factor and interleukin-8 by monocytes is an additional feature that is thought to contribute to thrombosis.15,16 Finally, plasma from ...
Biochemical Journal
... variations in MAP2K expression levels among cell types [23,25]. In addition, several studies including genetic analysis in mice have demonstrated functional differences between MKK3 and MKK6, as discussed in [26]. Depending on the stress stimulus, MKK3 and MKK6 also contribute to different extents t ...
... variations in MAP2K expression levels among cell types [23,25]. In addition, several studies including genetic analysis in mice have demonstrated functional differences between MKK3 and MKK6, as discussed in [26]. Depending on the stress stimulus, MKK3 and MKK6 also contribute to different extents t ...
A Novel Form of DAP5 Protein Accumulates in Apoptotic Cells as a
... hand and the rescue of the gene as a mediator of apoptosis on the other hand suggest that further studies of this gene should highlight novel mechanisms linking translational control to restriction of cellular outgrowth by PCD (21). While DAP5 was reported to be ubiquitously and abundantly expressed ...
... hand and the rescue of the gene as a mediator of apoptosis on the other hand suggest that further studies of this gene should highlight novel mechanisms linking translational control to restriction of cellular outgrowth by PCD (21). While DAP5 was reported to be ubiquitously and abundantly expressed ...
Keeping the immune system in check: a role for mitophagy
... Mitochondria are essential cellular organelles that have long been known for their role in energy production. However, they also serve many additional roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis by governing cellular signaling pathways such as programmed cell death, cellular differentiation and aging. ...
... Mitochondria are essential cellular organelles that have long been known for their role in energy production. However, they also serve many additional roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis by governing cellular signaling pathways such as programmed cell death, cellular differentiation and aging. ...
The mitochondrial compartment - Plant Mitochondrial dynamics
... Pcp1p genes are present in Arabidopsis: Mgm1p=members of the Arabidopsis dynamin-like gene family (Hong et al., 2003), the closest being DRP3B, At2g14120; Rbd1p/ Pcp1p=At1g18600. At the time of writing, only DRP3B has been shown to be required for normal mitochondrial morphology (Arimura and Tsutsum ...
... Pcp1p genes are present in Arabidopsis: Mgm1p=members of the Arabidopsis dynamin-like gene family (Hong et al., 2003), the closest being DRP3B, At2g14120; Rbd1p/ Pcp1p=At1g18600. At the time of writing, only DRP3B has been shown to be required for normal mitochondrial morphology (Arimura and Tsutsum ...
Apoptosome
The apoptosome is a large quaternary protein structure formed in the process of apoptosis. Its formation is triggered by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in response to an internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) cell death stimulus. Stimuli can vary from DNA damage and viral infection to developmental cues such as those leading to the degradation of a tadpole's tail.In mammalian cells, once cytochrome c is released, it binds to the cytosolic protein Apaf-1 to facilitate the formation of apoptosome. An early biochemical study suggests a two-to-one ratio of cytochrome c to apaf-1 for apoptosome formation. However, recent structural studies suggest the cytochrome c to apaf-1 ratio is one-to-one. It has also been shown that the nucleotide dATP as third component binds to apaf-1, however its exact role is still debated. The mammalian apoptosome had never been crystallized, but a human APAF-1/cytochrome-c apoptosome has been imaged at lower (2 nm) resolution by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy 10 years ago, revealing a wheel-like particle with 7-fold symmetry. Recently, a medium resolution (9.5 Ångström) structure of human apoptosome was also solved by cryo-electron microscopy, which allows unambiguous inference for positions of all the APAF-1 domains (CARD, NBARC and WD40) and cytochrome c. There is also now a crystal structure of the monomeric, inactive Apaf-1 subunit (PDB 3SFZ). Once formed, the apoptosome can then recruit and activate the inactive pro-caspase-9. Once activated, this initiator caspase can then activate effector caspases and trigger a cascade of events leading to apoptosis.