Nucleolar localization of an isoform of the IGF
... this as an effect of the strength of the secretory signal peptide in competition with the nuclear and nucleolar localization signal(s). To exclude the possibility that the exon 2encoded signal peptide was directly involved in the nuclear and nucleolar localization, it was deleted from the constructi ...
... this as an effect of the strength of the secretory signal peptide in competition with the nuclear and nucleolar localization signal(s). To exclude the possibility that the exon 2encoded signal peptide was directly involved in the nuclear and nucleolar localization, it was deleted from the constructi ...
Starting the protein synthesis machine: eukaryotic
... the 50 end of the mRNA. eIF4A is a DEAD box helicase that can unwind RNA secondary structure in the cap-proximal region of the mRNA. It does so much more efficiently as part of the eIF4F complex and aided by eIF4B, although the two proteins probably do not interact directly. eIF4A has a dumbbell str ...
... the 50 end of the mRNA. eIF4A is a DEAD box helicase that can unwind RNA secondary structure in the cap-proximal region of the mRNA. It does so much more efficiently as part of the eIF4F complex and aided by eIF4B, although the two proteins probably do not interact directly. eIF4A has a dumbbell str ...
Endoplasmic reticulum–mitochondria contacts: function of the junction
... and the yeast division machinery dynamin Dnm1 localizing to positions where endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubules circumscribe the mitochondrial membrane. b,c | Live confocal fluorescence time-lapse images of Cos‑7 cells (b) and yeast cells (c) showing mitochondrial constriction followed by division ta ...
... and the yeast division machinery dynamin Dnm1 localizing to positions where endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubules circumscribe the mitochondrial membrane. b,c | Live confocal fluorescence time-lapse images of Cos‑7 cells (b) and yeast cells (c) showing mitochondrial constriction followed by division ta ...
Rheb and mammalian target of rapamycin in mitochondrial
... (TCA) cycle. When glucose is used as the primary energy source, it is processed into two molecules of pyruvate via the glycolytic pathway. These will enter the mitochondrial matrix (MM) where they will be converted to acetyl-CoA. Oxidation of this metabolite generates electrons for transport along t ...
... (TCA) cycle. When glucose is used as the primary energy source, it is processed into two molecules of pyruvate via the glycolytic pathway. These will enter the mitochondrial matrix (MM) where they will be converted to acetyl-CoA. Oxidation of this metabolite generates electrons for transport along t ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Localized Amyloid β
... Budding of transport vesicles from the microsomes was unlikely under the experimental conditions used here. Nevertheless, the possibility that the Ab42 in the supernatant was contained within transport vesicles and not translocated across the microsomal membrane was analyzed by protease protection a ...
... Budding of transport vesicles from the microsomes was unlikely under the experimental conditions used here. Nevertheless, the possibility that the Ab42 in the supernatant was contained within transport vesicles and not translocated across the microsomal membrane was analyzed by protease protection a ...
The Cytoplasm-to-Vacuole Targeting Pathway: A Historical
... form of Ape1 (prApe1), however, was that it lacked a standard signal sequence. Accordingly, I assumed that it entered the ER by a unique mechanism. This seemed to add some additional interest to the analysis, as the idea of analyzing yet one more vacuolar hydrolase was getting somewhat tedious. When ...
... form of Ape1 (prApe1), however, was that it lacked a standard signal sequence. Accordingly, I assumed that it entered the ER by a unique mechanism. This seemed to add some additional interest to the analysis, as the idea of analyzing yet one more vacuolar hydrolase was getting somewhat tedious. When ...
Cadherins constitute a superfamily of transmembrane - HAL
... between cadherins exposed from opposing cells [13]. In addition to these structural data, EC1 domain emerges as the determinant area involved in the specific recognition of classical cadherins [14,16]. VE cadherin hexamer and artificial VE-cadherin based junctions Junctional assembly is a complex pr ...
... between cadherins exposed from opposing cells [13]. In addition to these structural data, EC1 domain emerges as the determinant area involved in the specific recognition of classical cadherins [14,16]. VE cadherin hexamer and artificial VE-cadherin based junctions Junctional assembly is a complex pr ...
ZO-3, a Novel Member of the MAGUK Protein Family Found at the
... boundary between the compositionally distinct apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains of epithelial and endothelial cells. The molecular configuration of the tight junction has generated considerable interest in the last decade. Actin filaments (17, 29) and the peripheral membrane proteins ZO ...
... boundary between the compositionally distinct apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains of epithelial and endothelial cells. The molecular configuration of the tight junction has generated considerable interest in the last decade. Actin filaments (17, 29) and the peripheral membrane proteins ZO ...
Copyright Information of the Article Published Online
... peroxisomes and mitochondria are present, with the actual number depending on the metabolic needs of the cells. The shape and the interconnection among and between these organelles also change depending on the metabolic environment[25]. ...
... peroxisomes and mitochondria are present, with the actual number depending on the metabolic needs of the cells. The shape and the interconnection among and between these organelles also change depending on the metabolic environment[25]. ...
Bacterial tail anchors can target to the mitochondrial outer
... eukaryotic genomes. One might expect, however, that once a more proficient TOM ...
... eukaryotic genomes. One might expect, however, that once a more proficient TOM ...
MAPK Review
... enzymes. Several MAP3Ks contain docking sites that allow them to bind stably to specific MAPKs. For example, MEKK1 binds tightly to JNKs through a docking motif.74 Stable interactions with MAPKs may be mediated by at least two short sequence motifs, the docking (D or DEJL) motif and the FXF (DEF) mo ...
... enzymes. Several MAP3Ks contain docking sites that allow them to bind stably to specific MAPKs. For example, MEKK1 binds tightly to JNKs through a docking motif.74 Stable interactions with MAPKs may be mediated by at least two short sequence motifs, the docking (D or DEJL) motif and the FXF (DEF) mo ...
Lysosomes in iron metabolism, ageing and apoptosis
... in apoptosis appeared about fifteen years ago. The discovery was a result of experiments on the induction of apoptosis in cultured cells by moderate oxidative stress. LMP was found to be a response to such stress, which was then apparently followed by MMP and classical apoptosis (reviewed in Brunk e ...
... in apoptosis appeared about fifteen years ago. The discovery was a result of experiments on the induction of apoptosis in cultured cells by moderate oxidative stress. LMP was found to be a response to such stress, which was then apparently followed by MMP and classical apoptosis (reviewed in Brunk e ...
Protein Quality Control as a Strategy for Cellular Regulation
... sterol pathway, by which sterols are synthesized from acetylCoA (Figure 2). The HMGR-catalyzed reaction produces mevalonic acid from HMG-CoA by reduction with NADPH. The resulting six-carbon mevalonate is next converted into the isomeric, phosphorylated five-carbon isoprene subunits dimethylallyl py ...
... sterol pathway, by which sterols are synthesized from acetylCoA (Figure 2). The HMGR-catalyzed reaction produces mevalonic acid from HMG-CoA by reduction with NADPH. The resulting six-carbon mevalonate is next converted into the isomeric, phosphorylated five-carbon isoprene subunits dimethylallyl py ...
Cardioprotective Effects of Erythropoietin in Rats Subjected to
... anesthetized (sodium pentobarbital, 30 mg/kg intraperitoneally) for a baseline ventricular function measurement by echocardiography (Sonos 5500 equipped with a 15-MHz phased-array transducer; Philips Electronics N.V.). The anesthetized rats were subjected to 20 min of myocardial ischemia and 30 min ...
... anesthetized (sodium pentobarbital, 30 mg/kg intraperitoneally) for a baseline ventricular function measurement by echocardiography (Sonos 5500 equipped with a 15-MHz phased-array transducer; Philips Electronics N.V.). The anesthetized rats were subjected to 20 min of myocardial ischemia and 30 min ...
S7.Cell Signaling-β-catenin pathway homework
... 1. What are the components of the receptor complex? What is the ligand? The receptor complex is composed of LRP and Fzd. The ligand for Fzd is Wnt. 2. What is the molecular function of β-catenin itself? Apart from its role in adherens junctions, β-catenin is a transcriptional coactivator. β-catenin ...
... 1. What are the components of the receptor complex? What is the ligand? The receptor complex is composed of LRP and Fzd. The ligand for Fzd is Wnt. 2. What is the molecular function of β-catenin itself? Apart from its role in adherens junctions, β-catenin is a transcriptional coactivator. β-catenin ...
Full Text
... yeast, genetic studies clearly demonstrated that histones and presumably nucleosomes are the major targets for SWI/SNF action. Several other strategic changes to chromatin occur in multicellular organisms, including the appearance of histone H1, which may also create chromatin structures that requir ...
... yeast, genetic studies clearly demonstrated that histones and presumably nucleosomes are the major targets for SWI/SNF action. Several other strategic changes to chromatin occur in multicellular organisms, including the appearance of histone H1, which may also create chromatin structures that requir ...
The structure of secondary cell wall polymers: how
... and succinic acid), or sulphate. While the overall structure of the different types of teichoic acids is well documented (Archibald et al., 1993; Fischer, 1988; Hancock & Baddiley, 1985; Munson & Glaser, 1981), the structural features of teichuronic acids are less well understood and only a few have ...
... and succinic acid), or sulphate. While the overall structure of the different types of teichoic acids is well documented (Archibald et al., 1993; Fischer, 1988; Hancock & Baddiley, 1985; Munson & Glaser, 1981), the structural features of teichuronic acids are less well understood and only a few have ...
The ATP synthase is involved in generating mitochondrial cristae
... Mitochondria of yeast cells de®cient in either subunits e or g were found to have numerous digitations and onion-like structures that correspond to an uncontrolled biogenesis and/or folding of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The present data show that there is a link between dimerization of the mi ...
... Mitochondria of yeast cells de®cient in either subunits e or g were found to have numerous digitations and onion-like structures that correspond to an uncontrolled biogenesis and/or folding of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The present data show that there is a link between dimerization of the mi ...
A domain-specific usherin/collagen IV interaction may be required
... 100 amino acids, are shared with at least 45 different families of molecules ranging from cytokine receptors to cell surface binding proteins. Different type III domains may be almost completely dissimilar at the amino acid level and as much as 90% structurally similar (Sharma et al., 1999). Like th ...
... 100 amino acids, are shared with at least 45 different families of molecules ranging from cytokine receptors to cell surface binding proteins. Different type III domains may be almost completely dissimilar at the amino acid level and as much as 90% structurally similar (Sharma et al., 1999). Like th ...
A Novel Recombinant Plasma Membrane
... pathways for nonlytic ATP release, we transfected pmeLUC into cells expressing the recombinant or native P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). Both cell types release large amounts of ATP (100 –200 M) in response to P2X7R activation. This novel approach unveils a hitherto unsuspected nonlytic pathway for the rele ...
... pathways for nonlytic ATP release, we transfected pmeLUC into cells expressing the recombinant or native P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). Both cell types release large amounts of ATP (100 –200 M) in response to P2X7R activation. This novel approach unveils a hitherto unsuspected nonlytic pathway for the rele ...
ANALYSIS OF NF-κB, CASPASE-3, MMP-2, MMP
... [3,11,13,14,28]. Its expression is induced by LMP-1 or other signals, and results in the ...
... [3,11,13,14,28]. Its expression is induced by LMP-1 or other signals, and results in the ...
Mitochondrial dysfunction and Parkinson`s disease genes: insights
... genes and the rest are known as autosomal recessive genes. The recent identification of these genes has stimulated a search for understanding the mechanisms underlying familial PD pathology, but this in turn would also help us to understand the pathological mechanism of sporadic cases of PD. Before ...
... genes and the rest are known as autosomal recessive genes. The recent identification of these genes has stimulated a search for understanding the mechanisms underlying familial PD pathology, but this in turn would also help us to understand the pathological mechanism of sporadic cases of PD. Before ...
Global phosphoproteomic effects of natural tyrosine kinase inhibitor
... tool for comprehensively characterizing protein expression and modification. However, a limited number of tyrosinephosphorylated proteins were identified when using IMAC or TiO2 phosphopeptide enrichment strategy because that tyrosine phosphorylation represents merely 0.05% of all the phosphorylatio ...
... tool for comprehensively characterizing protein expression and modification. However, a limited number of tyrosinephosphorylated proteins were identified when using IMAC or TiO2 phosphopeptide enrichment strategy because that tyrosine phosphorylation represents merely 0.05% of all the phosphorylatio ...
Communication - Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
... DAP and dystrophin) (1-6). The α-dystroglycan (156-DAG) binds laminin and dystrophin binds to actin filaments, indicating that one function of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex is to provide a link between the extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton (5, 6). 59-DAP (now named syntrophin) is ...
... DAP and dystrophin) (1-6). The α-dystroglycan (156-DAG) binds laminin and dystrophin binds to actin filaments, indicating that one function of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex is to provide a link between the extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton (5, 6). 59-DAP (now named syntrophin) is ...
Apoptosome
The apoptosome is a large quaternary protein structure formed in the process of apoptosis. Its formation is triggered by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in response to an internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) cell death stimulus. Stimuli can vary from DNA damage and viral infection to developmental cues such as those leading to the degradation of a tadpole's tail.In mammalian cells, once cytochrome c is released, it binds to the cytosolic protein Apaf-1 to facilitate the formation of apoptosome. An early biochemical study suggests a two-to-one ratio of cytochrome c to apaf-1 for apoptosome formation. However, recent structural studies suggest the cytochrome c to apaf-1 ratio is one-to-one. It has also been shown that the nucleotide dATP as third component binds to apaf-1, however its exact role is still debated. The mammalian apoptosome had never been crystallized, but a human APAF-1/cytochrome-c apoptosome has been imaged at lower (2 nm) resolution by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy 10 years ago, revealing a wheel-like particle with 7-fold symmetry. Recently, a medium resolution (9.5 Ångström) structure of human apoptosome was also solved by cryo-electron microscopy, which allows unambiguous inference for positions of all the APAF-1 domains (CARD, NBARC and WD40) and cytochrome c. There is also now a crystal structure of the monomeric, inactive Apaf-1 subunit (PDB 3SFZ). Once formed, the apoptosome can then recruit and activate the inactive pro-caspase-9. Once activated, this initiator caspase can then activate effector caspases and trigger a cascade of events leading to apoptosis.