Synergy and duality in peptide antibiotic mechanisms Dewey G
... to the 23S rRNA subunit of the ribosome and preventing its proper function [1•–3•]. This family of antibiotics (see Figure 1) is characterized by highly modified peptide backbones, in which thiazole, 4,2′-bisthiazole, didehydroalanine and didehydrobutyrine residues are formed from oxidative cyclizat ...
... to the 23S rRNA subunit of the ribosome and preventing its proper function [1•–3•]. This family of antibiotics (see Figure 1) is characterized by highly modified peptide backbones, in which thiazole, 4,2′-bisthiazole, didehydroalanine and didehydrobutyrine residues are formed from oxidative cyclizat ...
The Expanding Role of the mammalian Target of Rapamycin
... rapamycin-sensitive regulatory-associated protein of TOR (Raptor) in the mTORC1 complex. The complex also binds other proteins including the DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein (Deptor), the mammalian lethal with Sec13 protein 8 (mLST8, also known as GβL), and PRAS 40 as shown in Figure 1 ...
... rapamycin-sensitive regulatory-associated protein of TOR (Raptor) in the mTORC1 complex. The complex also binds other proteins including the DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein (Deptor), the mammalian lethal with Sec13 protein 8 (mLST8, also known as GβL), and PRAS 40 as shown in Figure 1 ...
A Molecular Switch for Targeting between Endoplasmic Reticulum
... also found in all of the fractions. However, most of the PKA-Cat is in the post ER fraction, reflecting its multiple localizations and associations. Cytochrome c (CytC), a mitochondria protein, and calnexin, an ER protein, were used to measure the efficient separation of mitochondria and ER. Purifie ...
... also found in all of the fractions. However, most of the PKA-Cat is in the post ER fraction, reflecting its multiple localizations and associations. Cytochrome c (CytC), a mitochondria protein, and calnexin, an ER protein, were used to measure the efficient separation of mitochondria and ER. Purifie ...
Poster
... the excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSC) that run through the postsynaptic neurons when glutamate reacts with its receptors. These data were plotted on the y-axis of Figure 4. Small pulses were used to release glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell but not enough to trigger the synthesis of 2-AG. ...
... the excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSC) that run through the postsynaptic neurons when glutamate reacts with its receptors. These data were plotted on the y-axis of Figure 4. Small pulses were used to release glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell but not enough to trigger the synthesis of 2-AG. ...
WAVE/Scars in platelets
... In vitro cleavage of WAVEs by calpain Lysis of cells and subsequent precipitation of WAVEs by GST-fusion proteins or an antibody were performed as described previously.25 Precipitates were washed twice with a reaction buffer (NaCl 150 mM, MgCl2 5 mM, MnCl2 5 mM, Na3VO4 1 mM, and HEPES 10 mM, pH 7.4) ...
... In vitro cleavage of WAVEs by calpain Lysis of cells and subsequent precipitation of WAVEs by GST-fusion proteins or an antibody were performed as described previously.25 Precipitates were washed twice with a reaction buffer (NaCl 150 mM, MgCl2 5 mM, MnCl2 5 mM, Na3VO4 1 mM, and HEPES 10 mM, pH 7.4) ...
A Per-ARNT-Sim-Like Sensor Domain Uniquely
... 2005). Hence, the expression domain of each of the five HD-ZIP III genes is determined by their promoters as well as by localized miRNA action. In this study, we identify and characterize the role of the MEKHLA domain in modulating REV dimerization. Our data suggest a mechanism in which the N-termin ...
... 2005). Hence, the expression domain of each of the five HD-ZIP III genes is determined by their promoters as well as by localized miRNA action. In this study, we identify and characterize the role of the MEKHLA domain in modulating REV dimerization. Our data suggest a mechanism in which the N-termin ...
Hsp70 and Hsp90 of E. coli Directly Interact for Collaboration in
... when cells carry mutations in Hsp90Ec they grow more slowly at high temperature [20], exhibit a slight increase in aggregated proteins at high temperature [21], lose adaptive immunity conferred by the CRISPR system [22] and show a subtle defect in motility [23]. Additionally, when Hsp90Ec is overexp ...
... when cells carry mutations in Hsp90Ec they grow more slowly at high temperature [20], exhibit a slight increase in aggregated proteins at high temperature [21], lose adaptive immunity conferred by the CRISPR system [22] and show a subtle defect in motility [23]. Additionally, when Hsp90Ec is overexp ...
Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate Formation at ER Exit Sites
... from the ER, whereas the catalytically inactive mutant (Sac1C392S) had no effect (Figure 2G). The inhibitory effect was reproduced in morphological ER export assays. Sac1 quantitatively delayed the cytosol-dependent mobilization of VSV-Gts to VTCs as analyzed by IF in permeabilized VSV-Gts expressin ...
... from the ER, whereas the catalytically inactive mutant (Sac1C392S) had no effect (Figure 2G). The inhibitory effect was reproduced in morphological ER export assays. Sac1 quantitatively delayed the cytosol-dependent mobilization of VSV-Gts to VTCs as analyzed by IF in permeabilized VSV-Gts expressin ...
supplemental materials
... dynamic parts of the ribosome improved due to our multi-particle refinement, both these regions contain fragmented density (not shown) indicating local conformational heterogeneity. Some regions of poor correlation are due to the incompleteness of the atomic model. For example, density is present in ...
... dynamic parts of the ribosome improved due to our multi-particle refinement, both these regions contain fragmented density (not shown) indicating local conformational heterogeneity. Some regions of poor correlation are due to the incompleteness of the atomic model. For example, density is present in ...
Current Status and Future Prospectives of C1 Domain Ligands as
... ligands have been characterized are mainly based on the proposed role of PKC in the pathophysiology of cancer and AD. In cancer, the differential effects of PKC isoforms on cell proliferation and apoptosis form the basis for targeting PKC. In the central nervous system, PKC regulates processes linke ...
... ligands have been characterized are mainly based on the proposed role of PKC in the pathophysiology of cancer and AD. In cancer, the differential effects of PKC isoforms on cell proliferation and apoptosis form the basis for targeting PKC. In the central nervous system, PKC regulates processes linke ...
The Human Arp2/3 Complex Is Composed of Evolutionarily
... In this study we have begun to explore the function of the Arp2/3 complex in animal cells. We have determined the complete amino acid sequence of all seven subunits of the human complex. Each protein has homologues in diverse eukaryotic organisms, indicating that the subunit composition, and most li ...
... In this study we have begun to explore the function of the Arp2/3 complex in animal cells. We have determined the complete amino acid sequence of all seven subunits of the human complex. Each protein has homologues in diverse eukaryotic organisms, indicating that the subunit composition, and most li ...
12 Insights into the mechanisms underlying CFTR channel activity
... In addition to the structural features shared with other ABC proteins, CFTR also contains a unique 241‑residue R domain in the linker region that joins the two halves of the protein [35] and is essential for its activity [36]. The highly charged R domain possesses multiple phosphorylation sites for ...
... In addition to the structural features shared with other ABC proteins, CFTR also contains a unique 241‑residue R domain in the linker region that joins the two halves of the protein [35] and is essential for its activity [36]. The highly charged R domain possesses multiple phosphorylation sites for ...
Structural Mechanisms for Regulation of Membrane
... suggested to be located under the Rab-binding platform in domain I based on the complex of RabGDI with a di-geranyl geranyl peptide (49). Curiously, however, subsequent structures of RabGDI and REP in complex with mono-geranyl geranyl Ypt1p and Rab7 revealed a distinct prenyl group pocket in domain ...
... suggested to be located under the Rab-binding platform in domain I based on the complex of RabGDI with a di-geranyl geranyl peptide (49). Curiously, however, subsequent structures of RabGDI and REP in complex with mono-geranyl geranyl Ypt1p and Rab7 revealed a distinct prenyl group pocket in domain ...
PDF
... still growing, and not at the mid-pupal stage of development, when apoptosis removes supernumerary cells in the D. melanogaster eye. Therefore, we hypothesized that Ft and Ex control SWH pathway activity in the D. melanogaster eye in a temporally restricted fashion, i.e. during larval, but not pupal ...
... still growing, and not at the mid-pupal stage of development, when apoptosis removes supernumerary cells in the D. melanogaster eye. Therefore, we hypothesized that Ft and Ex control SWH pathway activity in the D. melanogaster eye in a temporally restricted fashion, i.e. during larval, but not pupal ...
Chapter18_Section03_JKedit
... multicellular and heterotrophic. The cells of animals do not have cell walls. Most animals can move about. There is great diversity within the animal kingdom, and many species exist in nearly every part of the planet. Slide 22 of 28 End Show ...
... multicellular and heterotrophic. The cells of animals do not have cell walls. Most animals can move about. There is great diversity within the animal kingdom, and many species exist in nearly every part of the planet. Slide 22 of 28 End Show ...
The TACC proteins: TACC-ling microtubule dynamics and
... the TACC domain. It is interesting to note that truncated proteins lacking the TACC domain do not localize to centrosomes or microtubules in Drosophila or Xenopus [12,42]. Interestingly, some data suggest that TACC proteins bind to the ends of microtubules. On the one hand, the high degree of accumu ...
... the TACC domain. It is interesting to note that truncated proteins lacking the TACC domain do not localize to centrosomes or microtubules in Drosophila or Xenopus [12,42]. Interestingly, some data suggest that TACC proteins bind to the ends of microtubules. On the one hand, the high degree of accumu ...
- ORCA - Cardiff University
... neuron to undergo apoptosis seems to be determined by a tightly regulated apoptotic machinery (summarized in Fig. 1). Therefore, modulation of the expression levels or the activity of components of this apoptotic balance changes the sensitivity to deathpromoting cues, allowing temporal restriction o ...
... neuron to undergo apoptosis seems to be determined by a tightly regulated apoptotic machinery (summarized in Fig. 1). Therefore, modulation of the expression levels or the activity of components of this apoptotic balance changes the sensitivity to deathpromoting cues, allowing temporal restriction o ...
RNA polymerase III component Rpc9 regulates
... should also be tightly regulated during cell growth (Geiduschek and Kassavetis, 2001) in various environments, including nutrition availability (Boguta and Graczyk, 2011; Marshall et al., 2012). In fact, the activity of Pol III is well coupled with cell cycle regulation (Hu et al., 2004) and abnorma ...
... should also be tightly regulated during cell growth (Geiduschek and Kassavetis, 2001) in various environments, including nutrition availability (Boguta and Graczyk, 2011; Marshall et al., 2012). In fact, the activity of Pol III is well coupled with cell cycle regulation (Hu et al., 2004) and abnorma ...
The complex life of simple sphingolipids
... phytosphingosine) to which a fatty acid is attached by an amide bond to carbon 2 (Fig 1). The simplest sphingolipid, ceramide (Merrill, 2002), functions both as a key player in cell signalling and as the precursor of more complex sphingolipids. In contrast to complex sphingolipids, which contain a h ...
... phytosphingosine) to which a fatty acid is attached by an amide bond to carbon 2 (Fig 1). The simplest sphingolipid, ceramide (Merrill, 2002), functions both as a key player in cell signalling and as the precursor of more complex sphingolipids. In contrast to complex sphingolipids, which contain a h ...
Dissecting the function of Atg1 complex in Dictyostelium autophagy
... conserved autophagic proteins Atg1 and Atg8. These analyses confirmed expected interactions described in other organisms and also identified novel interactors that highlight the complexity of autophagy regulation. The Atg1 kinase complex, an essential regulator of autophagy, was investigated in deta ...
... conserved autophagic proteins Atg1 and Atg8. These analyses confirmed expected interactions described in other organisms and also identified novel interactors that highlight the complexity of autophagy regulation. The Atg1 kinase complex, an essential regulator of autophagy, was investigated in deta ...
Integrin cytoplasmic domain-binding proteins
... localizes to focal adhesions in a manner dependent on both the C-terminal domain, which contains the integrin-binding site, and the most N-terminal ankyrin repeat (Wu, 1999). This repeat is responsible for binding the LIM domain protein PINCH. PINCH in turn binds to other adaptor proteins, which cou ...
... localizes to focal adhesions in a manner dependent on both the C-terminal domain, which contains the integrin-binding site, and the most N-terminal ankyrin repeat (Wu, 1999). This repeat is responsible for binding the LIM domain protein PINCH. PINCH in turn binds to other adaptor proteins, which cou ...
Transport functions and physiological significance of 76 kDa Ral
... Bacterially expressed RLIP76 showed catalytic properties similar to those of DNP-SG ATPase purified from human tissues. RLIP76 had constitutive ATPase activity that was stimulated by anionic (e.g., DNP-SG), as well as cationic (e.g., DOX) ligands (Awasthi et al., 2000; 2001c; Singhal et al., 2001). ...
... Bacterially expressed RLIP76 showed catalytic properties similar to those of DNP-SG ATPase purified from human tissues. RLIP76 had constitutive ATPase activity that was stimulated by anionic (e.g., DNP-SG), as well as cationic (e.g., DOX) ligands (Awasthi et al., 2000; 2001c; Singhal et al., 2001). ...
Mechanosensitive Channels:
... This region seems to be the main business end of the MscS. Just like in MscL, this region is occupied by a lot of hydrophobic amino acids. The pore is almost totally hydrophobic with the exception of ARG 88 and GLN 112. Both groups present –NH3 groups to the pore surface, and it could be these posit ...
... This region seems to be the main business end of the MscS. Just like in MscL, this region is occupied by a lot of hydrophobic amino acids. The pore is almost totally hydrophobic with the exception of ARG 88 and GLN 112. Both groups present –NH3 groups to the pore surface, and it could be these posit ...
Structure of Mammalian AMPK and its regulation by ADP
... catalytic α subunit and the non-catalytic β and γ subunits. There are two genes encoding isoforms of both the α and β subunits-α1, α2, β1 and β2and three genes encoding isoforms of the γ subunit-γ1-γ3 there are multiple genes encoding each of the subunits of AMPK it is possible that 12 differe ...
... catalytic α subunit and the non-catalytic β and γ subunits. There are two genes encoding isoforms of both the α and β subunits-α1, α2, β1 and β2and three genes encoding isoforms of the γ subunit-γ1-γ3 there are multiple genes encoding each of the subunits of AMPK it is possible that 12 differe ...
Molecular mechanism of protrusion formation during Listeria Keith Ireton Luciano A. Rigano
... promote bacterial spread (Rigano et al., 2014). Infection of Caco2 BBE1 cells causes a ∼65% reduction in levels of Cdc42-GTP. In addition, a dominant negative allele of Cdc42 restores normal protrusion formation to inlC mutant Listeria, whereas constitutively activated Cdc42 inhibits protrusions no ...
... promote bacterial spread (Rigano et al., 2014). Infection of Caco2 BBE1 cells causes a ∼65% reduction in levels of Cdc42-GTP. In addition, a dominant negative allele of Cdc42 restores normal protrusion formation to inlC mutant Listeria, whereas constitutively activated Cdc42 inhibits protrusions no ...
Apoptosome
The apoptosome is a large quaternary protein structure formed in the process of apoptosis. Its formation is triggered by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in response to an internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) cell death stimulus. Stimuli can vary from DNA damage and viral infection to developmental cues such as those leading to the degradation of a tadpole's tail.In mammalian cells, once cytochrome c is released, it binds to the cytosolic protein Apaf-1 to facilitate the formation of apoptosome. An early biochemical study suggests a two-to-one ratio of cytochrome c to apaf-1 for apoptosome formation. However, recent structural studies suggest the cytochrome c to apaf-1 ratio is one-to-one. It has also been shown that the nucleotide dATP as third component binds to apaf-1, however its exact role is still debated. The mammalian apoptosome had never been crystallized, but a human APAF-1/cytochrome-c apoptosome has been imaged at lower (2 nm) resolution by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy 10 years ago, revealing a wheel-like particle with 7-fold symmetry. Recently, a medium resolution (9.5 Ångström) structure of human apoptosome was also solved by cryo-electron microscopy, which allows unambiguous inference for positions of all the APAF-1 domains (CARD, NBARC and WD40) and cytochrome c. There is also now a crystal structure of the monomeric, inactive Apaf-1 subunit (PDB 3SFZ). Once formed, the apoptosome can then recruit and activate the inactive pro-caspase-9. Once activated, this initiator caspase can then activate effector caspases and trigger a cascade of events leading to apoptosis.