Super-resolution microscopy of mitochondria
... answer on the average number of mtDNAs per nucleoid. In a careful study employing 2D and 3D photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM and iPALM, respectively), Brown et al. [59] demonstrated that nucleoids often adopt an ellipsoidal shape (Figure 3c,d), although their shape may vary strongly and ...
... answer on the average number of mtDNAs per nucleoid. In a careful study employing 2D and 3D photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM and iPALM, respectively), Brown et al. [59] demonstrated that nucleoids often adopt an ellipsoidal shape (Figure 3c,d), although their shape may vary strongly and ...
Viral Strategies in Modulation of NF
... Many HIV regulatory and accessory proteins have been identified as involved in NF-κB induction. One of them, Tat protein, the primary role of which is to regulate productive transcription from the HIV-1 LTR, induces a variety of cellular responses, including caspase activation and accumulation of re ...
... Many HIV regulatory and accessory proteins have been identified as involved in NF-κB induction. One of them, Tat protein, the primary role of which is to regulate productive transcription from the HIV-1 LTR, induces a variety of cellular responses, including caspase activation and accumulation of re ...
Linköping University Post Print
... glycosidases, proteases, peptidases, sulphatases, and lipases [2]. Of the lysosomal hydrolases, the cathepsin family of proteases is the best characterized. The cathepsins are subdivided, according to their active site amino acids, into cysteine (cathepsins B, C, F, H, K, L, O, S, V, W, and X), seri ...
... glycosidases, proteases, peptidases, sulphatases, and lipases [2]. Of the lysosomal hydrolases, the cathepsin family of proteases is the best characterized. The cathepsins are subdivided, according to their active site amino acids, into cysteine (cathepsins B, C, F, H, K, L, O, S, V, W, and X), seri ...
The Role of Mitochondria in Cholestatic Liver Injury
... failure in patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction is most likely related to their reduced detoxification capacity, including antioxidants in the liver, and is also associated with increased retention of toxic hydrophobic bile acids.(5,25) Direct assessment of the activities of the enzyme com ...
... failure in patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction is most likely related to their reduced detoxification capacity, including antioxidants in the liver, and is also associated with increased retention of toxic hydrophobic bile acids.(5,25) Direct assessment of the activities of the enzyme com ...
G1 Phase-Dependent Expression of Bcl
... progression and thereby cell proliferation have been linked to functions of several cell cycle-dependent regulators (Sherr and Roberts, 1999). Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is the process by which a cell will actively commit suicide under tightly controlled circumstances (Wyllie et al., 1980). A ...
... progression and thereby cell proliferation have been linked to functions of several cell cycle-dependent regulators (Sherr and Roberts, 1999). Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is the process by which a cell will actively commit suicide under tightly controlled circumstances (Wyllie et al., 1980). A ...
BTK, THE TYROSINE KINASE AFFECTED IN X-LINKED
... The mechanism by which the Src kinases regulate Btk activity is not known in detail. The Blk, Fyn, Lyn and Hck may regulate Btk through an indirect mechanism, in which autophosphorylation of Btk Y551 is required for Btk activity (37). This observation is further supported by the interaction of Btk T ...
... The mechanism by which the Src kinases regulate Btk activity is not known in detail. The Blk, Fyn, Lyn and Hck may regulate Btk through an indirect mechanism, in which autophosphorylation of Btk Y551 is required for Btk activity (37). This observation is further supported by the interaction of Btk T ...
Molecular mechanisms of complement evasion: learning from
... killing. In addition, new structural data have provided detailed insights into the molecular mechanisms of host defence mediated by the complement system and how bacterial proteins interfere with this process. This information is fundamental to our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis and may fac ...
... killing. In addition, new structural data have provided detailed insights into the molecular mechanisms of host defence mediated by the complement system and how bacterial proteins interfere with this process. This information is fundamental to our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis and may fac ...
TOR SIGNALLING IN BUGS, BRAIN AND BRAWN
... certain exceptions, however, in which one process occurs independently of the other. For example, division without growth occurs during early development when embryonic cells divide before commencing growth. Growth without division occurs in predifferentiated cells, such as immature thymocytes, and ...
... certain exceptions, however, in which one process occurs independently of the other. For example, division without growth occurs during early development when embryonic cells divide before commencing growth. Growth without division occurs in predifferentiated cells, such as immature thymocytes, and ...
Sliding_filament_theory_1
... composed of actin subunits, joined together and twisted in a double helical chain. Each actin subunit has a specific binding site to which myosin head binds. Tropomyosin entwines around the actin. This cover the binding sites of actin subunits, preventing myosin heads from binding to them in an unst ...
... composed of actin subunits, joined together and twisted in a double helical chain. Each actin subunit has a specific binding site to which myosin head binds. Tropomyosin entwines around the actin. This cover the binding sites of actin subunits, preventing myosin heads from binding to them in an unst ...
HL-1 Myocytes Exhibit PKC and K Channel-Dependent Delta Opioid Preconditioning
... damage by limiting infarct size and enhancing functional recovery in whole-heart models [8, 9]. In addition, isolated myocyte models indicate that opioids can enhance cell viability [10 –12] and function [13]. Although the end effectors of acute opioid preconditioning remain elusive, early events fo ...
... damage by limiting infarct size and enhancing functional recovery in whole-heart models [8, 9]. In addition, isolated myocyte models indicate that opioids can enhance cell viability [10 –12] and function [13]. Although the end effectors of acute opioid preconditioning remain elusive, early events fo ...
machinery pre-mRNA in sensing defects in the spliceosomal Mdm4
... P0 Prmt5F/FNes brains had a lower cellularity count in both the cortical plate (CP) and the ventricular zone/ subventricular zone (VZ/SVZ) (Fig. 1C) and a lower number of SOX2/Ki67-positive proliferating NPCs (Fig. 1D) as opposed to controls (PRMT5F/F). We could not observe any appreciable differenc ...
... P0 Prmt5F/FNes brains had a lower cellularity count in both the cortical plate (CP) and the ventricular zone/ subventricular zone (VZ/SVZ) (Fig. 1C) and a lower number of SOX2/Ki67-positive proliferating NPCs (Fig. 1D) as opposed to controls (PRMT5F/F). We could not observe any appreciable differenc ...
Idh paper revised II - G3: Genes | Genomes | Genetics
... sequence. Homozygotes for E93Δ1 survive to the pharate adult stage and show cuticular defects essentially identical to those shown by homozygotes for alleles of the E934-6 group. As expected, E93Δ1 fails to complement alleles of this group. However, E93Δ1 fully complements the three alleles of the ...
... sequence. Homozygotes for E93Δ1 survive to the pharate adult stage and show cuticular defects essentially identical to those shown by homozygotes for alleles of the E934-6 group. As expected, E93Δ1 fails to complement alleles of this group. However, E93Δ1 fully complements the three alleles of the ...
- Wiley Online Library
... cessed forms, p100 and p105 contain C-terminal ankryin like repeats, similar to those found in the IjB molecules. Thus, p100 and p105 can also hold their NFjB-subunit partners inactive in the cytoplasm (Hayden and Ghosh, 2004), and perhaps partially compensate for the loss of function of the “typica ...
... cessed forms, p100 and p105 contain C-terminal ankryin like repeats, similar to those found in the IjB molecules. Thus, p100 and p105 can also hold their NFjB-subunit partners inactive in the cytoplasm (Hayden and Ghosh, 2004), and perhaps partially compensate for the loss of function of the “typica ...
Я-Amyloid-Induced Synthesis of the Ganglioside Gd3 Is a Requisite
... higher than in control cultures, 16 hr after the addition of AP(25–35) (Fig. 1 A,B). In Figure 2 A,B,D, double-fluorescence analysis of GD3 ( green) and nuclear chromatin (red) showed few neurons expressing GD3 in control cultures or in cultures exposed to the reverse peptide AP(35–25). Nearly all ...
... higher than in control cultures, 16 hr after the addition of AP(25–35) (Fig. 1 A,B). In Figure 2 A,B,D, double-fluorescence analysis of GD3 ( green) and nuclear chromatin (red) showed few neurons expressing GD3 in control cultures or in cultures exposed to the reverse peptide AP(35–25). Nearly all ...
F-actin Sequesters Elongation Factor from Interaction with
... A correlation between cytoplasmic alkalinization and increases in protein synthesis has been observed in a number of different cell types (for review see Grinstein et al., 1989). In sea urchins, elevation of intracellular pH serves as a primary signal in the activation of protein synthesis at fertil ...
... A correlation between cytoplasmic alkalinization and increases in protein synthesis has been observed in a number of different cell types (for review see Grinstein et al., 1989). In sea urchins, elevation of intracellular pH serves as a primary signal in the activation of protein synthesis at fertil ...
pdf file - John Innes Centre
... complex has a stoichiometry of 1:1, and all molecules of GlnK within the complex are fully deuridylylated (15). The crystal structure of the AmtB-GlnK complex revealed that ADP and not ATP is present in all three lateral clefts of GlnK and that 2-OG and Mg2⫹ ions are absent (23, 25). The conformatio ...
... complex has a stoichiometry of 1:1, and all molecules of GlnK within the complex are fully deuridylylated (15). The crystal structure of the AmtB-GlnK complex revealed that ADP and not ATP is present in all three lateral clefts of GlnK and that 2-OG and Mg2⫹ ions are absent (23, 25). The conformatio ...
AMPK regulates ER morphology and function in
... mouse islets and clonal -cells We employed several imaging techniques to study ER morphology in ER stress. Primary mouse -cells were infected with a baculovirus expressing ER-Gfp and then treated with palmitate or the SERCA inhibitor thapsigargin for different periods of time followed by confocal ...
... mouse islets and clonal -cells We employed several imaging techniques to study ER morphology in ER stress. Primary mouse -cells were infected with a baculovirus expressing ER-Gfp and then treated with palmitate or the SERCA inhibitor thapsigargin for different periods of time followed by confocal ...
Intracellular Triggering of Fas Aggregation and Recruitment of
... death domain in its cytoplasmic portion after receptor engagement with FasL or agonistic anti-Fas antibodies (19). Stimulation of Fas results in receptor oligomerization and recruitment of the adaptor molecule Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) through interaction between its own death domai ...
... death domain in its cytoplasmic portion after receptor engagement with FasL or agonistic anti-Fas antibodies (19). Stimulation of Fas results in receptor oligomerization and recruitment of the adaptor molecule Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) through interaction between its own death domai ...
Ribosome-tethered molecular chaperones
... associate specifically with ribosomes and bind to polypeptide chains that have just emerged from the tunnel. In addition, non-ribosome-bound chaperones act on longer nascent chains, either during the process of translation, or after they have been released from the ribosome. Although chaperones carr ...
... associate specifically with ribosomes and bind to polypeptide chains that have just emerged from the tunnel. In addition, non-ribosome-bound chaperones act on longer nascent chains, either during the process of translation, or after they have been released from the ribosome. Although chaperones carr ...
Cell death in Leishmania induced by stress and differentiation
... and proteins possibly involved in programmed DNA degradation have been described.8,12,30 However, none of these reports provide answers about the implicated pathways except in the case of death in Trypanosoma brucei, which was shown to be Ca2+-dependent when induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). ...
... and proteins possibly involved in programmed DNA degradation have been described.8,12,30 However, none of these reports provide answers about the implicated pathways except in the case of death in Trypanosoma brucei, which was shown to be Ca2+-dependent when induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). ...
TIBS Review - Structural Genomics Consortium
... association of the P-TEFb complex with chromatin [43]. Additional evidence suggests that BRD4 occupies widespread genomic regions to stimulate directly elongation of both protein-coding transcripts and noncoding enhancer RNAs, assisting Pol II in progression through hyperacetylated nucleosomes whil ...
... association of the P-TEFb complex with chromatin [43]. Additional evidence suggests that BRD4 occupies widespread genomic regions to stimulate directly elongation of both protein-coding transcripts and noncoding enhancer RNAs, assisting Pol II in progression through hyperacetylated nucleosomes whil ...
12 October 2000
... in humans; about two-thirds of these have been suggested to function in apoptosis7, 8. All known caspases possess an active-site cysteine, and cleave substrates at Asp-Xxx bonds (that is, after aspartic acid residues); a caspase's distinct substrate specificity is determined by the four residues ami ...
... in humans; about two-thirds of these have been suggested to function in apoptosis7, 8. All known caspases possess an active-site cysteine, and cleave substrates at Asp-Xxx bonds (that is, after aspartic acid residues); a caspase's distinct substrate specificity is determined by the four residues ami ...
A role for actin in regulating apoptosis/programmed cell death
... over the last century [1]. However, it was not until the recent discovery of regulators of the most studied form of PCD, apoptosis (reviewed in [2]), that this became a ‘red hot’ field of study. PCD/ apoptosis is an essential process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Alt ...
... over the last century [1]. However, it was not until the recent discovery of regulators of the most studied form of PCD, apoptosis (reviewed in [2]), that this became a ‘red hot’ field of study. PCD/ apoptosis is an essential process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Alt ...
Metabolic homeostasis of the heart
... production (qATP) and hydrolysis while keeping the free energy available from ATP hydrolysis constant, and use some allometric relationships to contribute to the analysis. As discussed by Hill for skeletal muscle, it has been appreciated for years that the cardiac concentration of the high energy ph ...
... production (qATP) and hydrolysis while keeping the free energy available from ATP hydrolysis constant, and use some allometric relationships to contribute to the analysis. As discussed by Hill for skeletal muscle, it has been appreciated for years that the cardiac concentration of the high energy ph ...
Apigenin
... patients. The hyperactivation of microglia contributes to neurotoxicity. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that antiinflammatory compounds modulate the progression of cell cycle and induce apoptosis of the activated cells. We investigated the effects of ibuprofen (non-steroidal anti-infl ...
... patients. The hyperactivation of microglia contributes to neurotoxicity. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that antiinflammatory compounds modulate the progression of cell cycle and induce apoptosis of the activated cells. We investigated the effects of ibuprofen (non-steroidal anti-infl ...
Apoptosome
The apoptosome is a large quaternary protein structure formed in the process of apoptosis. Its formation is triggered by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in response to an internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) cell death stimulus. Stimuli can vary from DNA damage and viral infection to developmental cues such as those leading to the degradation of a tadpole's tail.In mammalian cells, once cytochrome c is released, it binds to the cytosolic protein Apaf-1 to facilitate the formation of apoptosome. An early biochemical study suggests a two-to-one ratio of cytochrome c to apaf-1 for apoptosome formation. However, recent structural studies suggest the cytochrome c to apaf-1 ratio is one-to-one. It has also been shown that the nucleotide dATP as third component binds to apaf-1, however its exact role is still debated. The mammalian apoptosome had never been crystallized, but a human APAF-1/cytochrome-c apoptosome has been imaged at lower (2 nm) resolution by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy 10 years ago, revealing a wheel-like particle with 7-fold symmetry. Recently, a medium resolution (9.5 Ångström) structure of human apoptosome was also solved by cryo-electron microscopy, which allows unambiguous inference for positions of all the APAF-1 domains (CARD, NBARC and WD40) and cytochrome c. There is also now a crystal structure of the monomeric, inactive Apaf-1 subunit (PDB 3SFZ). Once formed, the apoptosome can then recruit and activate the inactive pro-caspase-9. Once activated, this initiator caspase can then activate effector caspases and trigger a cascade of events leading to apoptosis.