UBIQUITIN AT FOX CHASE
... The rate of the E1.E2, UCH, amine system can be determined by measuring ATP consumption in a futile cycle similar to that of Scheme 2 where the rate can be used to test the activity or the specificity of the component present in rate determining amount. UCH enzymes are limited in the size of the sub ...
... The rate of the E1.E2, UCH, amine system can be determined by measuring ATP consumption in a futile cycle similar to that of Scheme 2 where the rate can be used to test the activity or the specificity of the component present in rate determining amount. UCH enzymes are limited in the size of the sub ...
PDF - Iqbal Hamza
... disorder resulting from a number of unique genetic abnormalities (Robinson, 2000). In general these disorders are associated with lactic acidosis, weakness, cardiomyopathy, and severe progressive neurodegeneration early in infancy. As expression of the functional oxidase complex requires many protei ...
... disorder resulting from a number of unique genetic abnormalities (Robinson, 2000). In general these disorders are associated with lactic acidosis, weakness, cardiomyopathy, and severe progressive neurodegeneration early in infancy. As expression of the functional oxidase complex requires many protei ...
The molecular basis for selective assembly of the UBAP1
... for several cellular functions, such as cell division and retroviral budding. ESCRT-I has four subunits; TSG101, VPS28, VPS37 and MVB12. There are several members of VPS37 and MVB12 families in mammalian cells, and their differential incorporation into ESCRT-I could provide function-specific variant ...
... for several cellular functions, such as cell division and retroviral budding. ESCRT-I has four subunits; TSG101, VPS28, VPS37 and MVB12. There are several members of VPS37 and MVB12 families in mammalian cells, and their differential incorporation into ESCRT-I could provide function-specific variant ...
The mammalian oxysterol-binding protein
... than the rest of the protein. Major differences between the sequences of ORP2 and Osh4p include the N-terminal segment 1–62 and residues 339–393, which might form a loop or a small additional domain in ORP2. More than 80 % of the pocketforming residues have similar polar or hydrophobic properties in ...
... than the rest of the protein. Major differences between the sequences of ORP2 and Osh4p include the N-terminal segment 1–62 and residues 339–393, which might form a loop or a small additional domain in ORP2. More than 80 % of the pocketforming residues have similar polar or hydrophobic properties in ...
Structural basis of ubiquitylation Andrew P VanDemark and
... E2, UbcH7, which, remarkably, binds the two very different HECT and RING structures in a large part through the same two loops at one end of the E2 structure (Figure 3). The prominent role of UbcH7 Phe63 in binding the E3s suggests that the identity of this residue correlates with cognate E2–E3 pair ...
... E2, UbcH7, which, remarkably, binds the two very different HECT and RING structures in a large part through the same two loops at one end of the E2 structure (Figure 3). The prominent role of UbcH7 Phe63 in binding the E3s suggests that the identity of this residue correlates with cognate E2–E3 pair ...
Inhibition of active nuclear transport is an intrinsic trigger of
... regulators, either at the nuclear membrane or at the mitotic spindle or kinetochores or centrosomes. These regulators are, on the one hand, RCC1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), and, on the other hand, the GTPase-activating protein, RanGAP1, which requires the additional factor RanBP1/2 ...
... regulators, either at the nuclear membrane or at the mitotic spindle or kinetochores or centrosomes. These regulators are, on the one hand, RCC1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), and, on the other hand, the GTPase-activating protein, RanGAP1, which requires the additional factor RanBP1/2 ...
Structure and Functions of Ribosomes
... A stop codon is encountered at the A site which causes the release factor to bind to the A site along with GTP instead of aminoacyltRNA The release factor binds to the stop codon and the bond holding the polypeptide chain to the tRNA site at the P site is hydrolyzed, catalyzed by the peptidyl tranfe ...
... A stop codon is encountered at the A site which causes the release factor to bind to the A site along with GTP instead of aminoacyltRNA The release factor binds to the stop codon and the bond holding the polypeptide chain to the tRNA site at the P site is hydrolyzed, catalyzed by the peptidyl tranfe ...
The NF- B Pathway
... and/or by other additional kinases, probably IRAK-4, leading to its dissociation from Myd88 and Tollip and its interaction with the downstream adaptor TRAF-6. The interaction of IRAK with TRAF-6 leads to activation of TAK1 (Ninomiya-Tsuji et al., 1999). IRAK is essential in this activation process, ...
... and/or by other additional kinases, probably IRAK-4, leading to its dissociation from Myd88 and Tollip and its interaction with the downstream adaptor TRAF-6. The interaction of IRAK with TRAF-6 leads to activation of TAK1 (Ninomiya-Tsuji et al., 1999). IRAK is essential in this activation process, ...
cell surface receptors
... Ligand gated Ion channels When the ligand binds, the subunits undergo changes opening the pore ion ...
... Ligand gated Ion channels When the ligand binds, the subunits undergo changes opening the pore ion ...
MITOCHONDRIAL PLASTICITY IN SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS
... Neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and ptosis (NARP) Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers (MERRF) progressive epilepsy, "Ragged Red Fibers" – clumps of diseased mitochondria accumulate in the subsarcolemmal region of the muscle fiber and appear as "Ragged ...
... Neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and ptosis (NARP) Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers (MERRF) progressive epilepsy, "Ragged Red Fibers" – clumps of diseased mitochondria accumulate in the subsarcolemmal region of the muscle fiber and appear as "Ragged ...
Heat shock protein: a hot topic in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
... them are expressed constitutively whereas others are induced by stressful conditions. Since their discovery, we have learned that the main function of HSPs is to help cells survive conditions that are otherwise lethal. Several mechanisms account for this cytoprotective effect. HSPs are powerful chap ...
... them are expressed constitutively whereas others are induced by stressful conditions. Since their discovery, we have learned that the main function of HSPs is to help cells survive conditions that are otherwise lethal. Several mechanisms account for this cytoprotective effect. HSPs are powerful chap ...
Application of Flow Cytometry Rat Cardiomyocytes
... results obtained in a scatter plot (Fig. 4) demonstrate that the neonatal cardiomyocytes lost their mitochondrial membrane potential due to NE and ISO treatment. The number of apoptotic cells was significantly increased in both the NE concentrations (Fig. 4B and C) and in the ISO concentration of 10 ...
... results obtained in a scatter plot (Fig. 4) demonstrate that the neonatal cardiomyocytes lost their mitochondrial membrane potential due to NE and ISO treatment. The number of apoptotic cells was significantly increased in both the NE concentrations (Fig. 4B and C) and in the ISO concentration of 10 ...
Structural Analysis and Functional Implications of
... from eIF4E at the 50 cap and allowing eIF4E interaction with eIF4G and the nucleation of a preinitiation complex (1). mTORC1 also phosphorylates S6K1 (S6 kinase 1), and this phosphorylation event [at Thr389; (10)] primes S6K1 for further phosphorylation and activation. S6K1 in turn phosphorylates, a ...
... from eIF4E at the 50 cap and allowing eIF4E interaction with eIF4G and the nucleation of a preinitiation complex (1). mTORC1 also phosphorylates S6K1 (S6 kinase 1), and this phosphorylation event [at Thr389; (10)] primes S6K1 for further phosphorylation and activation. S6K1 in turn phosphorylates, a ...
Protein
... JUST THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG OF PROTEIN DOMAINS USED FOR PROTEIN/PROTEIN INTERACTIONS ...
... JUST THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG OF PROTEIN DOMAINS USED FOR PROTEIN/PROTEIN INTERACTIONS ...
Dissecting the mechanisms of mTOR activation. Supervisor: Dr. Zita
... Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia in old age. Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mutations in APP gene cause an early onset or familial form of AD. The aberrant processing of APP by secretases is thought to be a key driver in AD as fam ...
... Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia in old age. Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mutations in APP gene cause an early onset or familial form of AD. The aberrant processing of APP by secretases is thought to be a key driver in AD as fam ...
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase μ
... of soluble secreted proteins [22]. This methodology allows manipulation of the glycosylation state of a secreted protein; a functionality that is frequently essential for the finetuning of the homogeneity of glycoproteins to permit the growth of well-ordered protein crystals [23]. The transient expr ...
... of soluble secreted proteins [22]. This methodology allows manipulation of the glycosylation state of a secreted protein; a functionality that is frequently essential for the finetuning of the homogeneity of glycoproteins to permit the growth of well-ordered protein crystals [23]. The transient expr ...
MuscleContraction
... much greater capacity to make ATP through oxidative mechanisms. Fast muscle cells, on the other hand have a much greater capacity to make ATP through glycolysis. Maintaining muscle contractions depends on regenerating ATP as it is being used up. ...
... much greater capacity to make ATP through oxidative mechanisms. Fast muscle cells, on the other hand have a much greater capacity to make ATP through glycolysis. Maintaining muscle contractions depends on regenerating ATP as it is being used up. ...
and y-crystallin X - Prof. N. Srinivasan
... locations of these proteins in the lens. y-Crystallins are found mainly in the central densely packed core region of the lens, whereas yS-crystallin occurs in the more hydrated outerregion: this has led to the notion that their different interactions with protein and solvent may contribute to the ov ...
... locations of these proteins in the lens. y-Crystallins are found mainly in the central densely packed core region of the lens, whereas yS-crystallin occurs in the more hydrated outerregion: this has led to the notion that their different interactions with protein and solvent may contribute to the ov ...
Mechanisms of Hormonal Action
... 5. Hormones can induce or repress genes to change the amount of enzyme present in the cell. We have already studied the peptide hormones insulin and glucagons, and the catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones bind to receptors of the target cells. These hormones have high affin ...
... 5. Hormones can induce or repress genes to change the amount of enzyme present in the cell. We have already studied the peptide hormones insulin and glucagons, and the catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones bind to receptors of the target cells. These hormones have high affin ...
active
... protein, a process called phosphorylation • Protein phosphatases remove the phosphates from proteins, a process called dephosphorylation • This phosphorylation and dephosphorylation system acts as a molecular switch, turning activities on and off or up or down, as required ...
... protein, a process called phosphorylation • Protein phosphatases remove the phosphates from proteins, a process called dephosphorylation • This phosphorylation and dephosphorylation system acts as a molecular switch, turning activities on and off or up or down, as required ...
Supplementary information
... described by the two phase exponential association model (with the exception of L344P variant), this of ECFP-EYFP optimally fits one phase exponential model. The result is in agreement with predicted model of interactions in the nucleus where p53 interacts with chromatin in both specific and non-spe ...
... described by the two phase exponential association model (with the exception of L344P variant), this of ECFP-EYFP optimally fits one phase exponential model. The result is in agreement with predicted model of interactions in the nucleus where p53 interacts with chromatin in both specific and non-spe ...
MB207_15 - MB207Jan2010
... Each type of the cytoskeletal element is constructed from smaller protein subunits. → repetitive assembly of large numbers of the small subunits. These subunits are small that they an diffuse rapidly within cytoplasm whereas assembled filaments cannot. All the three types of cytoskeletal filaments s ...
... Each type of the cytoskeletal element is constructed from smaller protein subunits. → repetitive assembly of large numbers of the small subunits. These subunits are small that they an diffuse rapidly within cytoplasm whereas assembled filaments cannot. All the three types of cytoskeletal filaments s ...
presentation Prof Khwaja
... What can we learn from the identification of specific molecular abnormalities in malignant disease? ...
... What can we learn from the identification of specific molecular abnormalities in malignant disease? ...
Beyond apoptosis: nonapoptotic cell death in physiology and disease
... Krammer 2003). For example, activated Fas recruits the adaptor protein Fas-associated death-domain (DD) - containing protein (FADD). The amino-terminal DD of FADD interacts with a homologous DD within the prodomain of caspase-8 and (or) caspase-10, providing a platform for their activation. Activate ...
... Krammer 2003). For example, activated Fas recruits the adaptor protein Fas-associated death-domain (DD) - containing protein (FADD). The amino-terminal DD of FADD interacts with a homologous DD within the prodomain of caspase-8 and (or) caspase-10, providing a platform for their activation. Activate ...
Interaction of TCF4 with DP103 and FHL3
... β-catenin is destroyed by a multiprotein complex containing tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), Axin and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) (Figure 1). Phosphorylation of β-catenin by GSK3β earmarks it for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the proteasome pathway. Both APC ...
... β-catenin is destroyed by a multiprotein complex containing tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), Axin and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) (Figure 1). Phosphorylation of β-catenin by GSK3β earmarks it for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the proteasome pathway. Both APC ...
Apoptosome
The apoptosome is a large quaternary protein structure formed in the process of apoptosis. Its formation is triggered by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in response to an internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) cell death stimulus. Stimuli can vary from DNA damage and viral infection to developmental cues such as those leading to the degradation of a tadpole's tail.In mammalian cells, once cytochrome c is released, it binds to the cytosolic protein Apaf-1 to facilitate the formation of apoptosome. An early biochemical study suggests a two-to-one ratio of cytochrome c to apaf-1 for apoptosome formation. However, recent structural studies suggest the cytochrome c to apaf-1 ratio is one-to-one. It has also been shown that the nucleotide dATP as third component binds to apaf-1, however its exact role is still debated. The mammalian apoptosome had never been crystallized, but a human APAF-1/cytochrome-c apoptosome has been imaged at lower (2 nm) resolution by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy 10 years ago, revealing a wheel-like particle with 7-fold symmetry. Recently, a medium resolution (9.5 Ångström) structure of human apoptosome was also solved by cryo-electron microscopy, which allows unambiguous inference for positions of all the APAF-1 domains (CARD, NBARC and WD40) and cytochrome c. There is also now a crystal structure of the monomeric, inactive Apaf-1 subunit (PDB 3SFZ). Once formed, the apoptosome can then recruit and activate the inactive pro-caspase-9. Once activated, this initiator caspase can then activate effector caspases and trigger a cascade of events leading to apoptosis.