Signal Transduction II
... SH2 domains o SH2 = src homology 2 o was first identified as a 100 amino acid region of homology (“sameness”) in the src tyrosine kinase o specifically recognizes phosphorylated Tyrosine o 2 classes of SH2 domain-containing proteins… - have enzymatic activity (like Src) ...
... SH2 domains o SH2 = src homology 2 o was first identified as a 100 amino acid region of homology (“sameness”) in the src tyrosine kinase o specifically recognizes phosphorylated Tyrosine o 2 classes of SH2 domain-containing proteins… - have enzymatic activity (like Src) ...
A short guided tour through functional and structural features of
... only genes found are in amoebozoa (Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar and Dictyostelium discoideum), in the heteroloboseid amoeba, Naegleria fowleri, and then next in fungi and metazoa; i.e. no candidates are found in the genomes of diplomonadida, apicomplexa or kinetoplastida that have by now ...
... only genes found are in amoebozoa (Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar and Dictyostelium discoideum), in the heteroloboseid amoeba, Naegleria fowleri, and then next in fungi and metazoa; i.e. no candidates are found in the genomes of diplomonadida, apicomplexa or kinetoplastida that have by now ...
Drug-resistance facilitates tumor-targeting of
... Elevation of the human epidermal growth factor receptor subunit 2 (HER2) characterizes HER2+ tumors. HER2 elevation amplifies tumor growth signaling, facilitating recalcitrance to standard therapies. Whereas HER2 inhibitors, trastuzumab and lapatinib, target HER2+ tumors by blocking HER2 signaling, ...
... Elevation of the human epidermal growth factor receptor subunit 2 (HER2) characterizes HER2+ tumors. HER2 elevation amplifies tumor growth signaling, facilitating recalcitrance to standard therapies. Whereas HER2 inhibitors, trastuzumab and lapatinib, target HER2+ tumors by blocking HER2 signaling, ...
the ask1-map kinase cascades in mammalian stress response
... ASk1 activated with death receptor ligands ( TNFα and Fas ligand) Also activated by cytotoxic stresses: H2O2, anticancer drugs and growth ...
... ASk1 activated with death receptor ligands ( TNFα and Fas ligand) Also activated by cytotoxic stresses: H2O2, anticancer drugs and growth ...
LysM, a widely distributed protein motif for binding to
... Structural studies should elucidate how Leu-118 determines this specificity. Mulder et al. (2006) also describe the homology modelling of the three LysMs of M. trunculata using the MltD LysM structure. They docked chito-oligosacharides and Nod factors on these models to predict the most favoured bin ...
... Structural studies should elucidate how Leu-118 determines this specificity. Mulder et al. (2006) also describe the homology modelling of the three LysMs of M. trunculata using the MltD LysM structure. They docked chito-oligosacharides and Nod factors on these models to predict the most favoured bin ...
Heterochromatin silencing at p53 target genes by a small viral protein.
... global transcriptional changes that drive oncogenic cellular and viral replication. ...
... global transcriptional changes that drive oncogenic cellular and viral replication. ...
Cell Signalling Pathways
... 2) SH domain proteins (part of STAT): recognize phosphorylated tyrosines and STAT (a strong transcription factor) is phosphorylated by JAK. 3) STATs recognize each other in end to end manner and homodimerize. This exposes the NLS (Nuclear localization signal) and will take STAT into nucleus. THIS IS ...
... 2) SH domain proteins (part of STAT): recognize phosphorylated tyrosines and STAT (a strong transcription factor) is phosphorylated by JAK. 3) STATs recognize each other in end to end manner and homodimerize. This exposes the NLS (Nuclear localization signal) and will take STAT into nucleus. THIS IS ...
Cell Lineage-Specific Surface Molecular Alterations Associated with
... apoptotic neutrophils, but not lymphocytes occurs following crosslinking of macrophage CD44. Thus, phagocytes may have the potential to recognize apoptotic cell types in a lineage-specific manner. In the present study, we provide evidence for cell typespecific surface membrane alterations accompanyi ...
... apoptotic neutrophils, but not lymphocytes occurs following crosslinking of macrophage CD44. Thus, phagocytes may have the potential to recognize apoptotic cell types in a lineage-specific manner. In the present study, we provide evidence for cell typespecific surface membrane alterations accompanyi ...
Sp100 is important for the stimulatory effect of
... various combinations of expression vectors encoding Sp100 and the wild-type and kinase inactive (K221A) point mutant of HIPK2, along with a pG13-luc luciferase reporter gene controlled by multimers of intact p53-binding sites (Figure 1a). While expression of HIPK2 induced p53-dependent transcription ...
... various combinations of expression vectors encoding Sp100 and the wild-type and kinase inactive (K221A) point mutant of HIPK2, along with a pG13-luc luciferase reporter gene controlled by multimers of intact p53-binding sites (Figure 1a). While expression of HIPK2 induced p53-dependent transcription ...
Problems of cell death in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer`s Disease
... Progressive cell loss in specific neuronal populations is a pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases, but its mechanisms remain unresolved. Apoptosis or alternative pathways of neuronal death have been discussed in Alzheimer disease (AD) and other disorders. However, DNA fragmentation in ...
... Progressive cell loss in specific neuronal populations is a pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases, but its mechanisms remain unresolved. Apoptosis or alternative pathways of neuronal death have been discussed in Alzheimer disease (AD) and other disorders. However, DNA fragmentation in ...
L07v02 Trp part1a final export.stamped_doc
... what negative feedback regulation that we saw earlier in the class, where molecules were-- in this case CTP was the molecule z, it binds to this enzyme complex here that converts b to x. And because we have enough CTP, it will bind and prevent the conversion of b to x. So all the molecules of interm ...
... what negative feedback regulation that we saw earlier in the class, where molecules were-- in this case CTP was the molecule z, it binds to this enzyme complex here that converts b to x. And because we have enough CTP, it will bind and prevent the conversion of b to x. So all the molecules of interm ...
erp013_60_3_combined 709..714 - Journal of Experimental Botany
... however, the result is completely unexpected—it was an unknown unknown. There are many known knowns of intracellular protein targeting and, as with many fields of research, it seems that the number of known unknowns increase in parallel. The ...
... however, the result is completely unexpected—it was an unknown unknown. There are many known knowns of intracellular protein targeting and, as with many fields of research, it seems that the number of known unknowns increase in parallel. The ...
Membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase and cell migration
... surface. As a first step, proMMP-2 binds to cells expressing MT1-MMP. However, MT1-MMP cannot bind proMMP-2 directly, but uses TIMP-2 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2) as an adaptor molecule. In addition to an N-terminal inhibitory domain that binds to and inhibits the catalytic domains of ...
... surface. As a first step, proMMP-2 binds to cells expressing MT1-MMP. However, MT1-MMP cannot bind proMMP-2 directly, but uses TIMP-2 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2) as an adaptor molecule. In addition to an N-terminal inhibitory domain that binds to and inhibits the catalytic domains of ...
Caspases - Essays in Biochemistry
... Depending on the stimulus and cell type, several pathways of sequential caspase activation have been described. Different line shapes are related to distinct pathways of caspase activation. © 2003 The Biochemical Society ...
... Depending on the stimulus and cell type, several pathways of sequential caspase activation have been described. Different line shapes are related to distinct pathways of caspase activation. © 2003 The Biochemical Society ...
Gene7-26
... Receptor is a transmembrane protein, located in the plasma membrane, that binds a ligand in a domain on the extracellular side, and as a result has a change in activity of the cytoplasmic domain. (The same term is sometimes used also for the steroid receptors, which are transcription factors that ar ...
... Receptor is a transmembrane protein, located in the plasma membrane, that binds a ligand in a domain on the extracellular side, and as a result has a change in activity of the cytoplasmic domain. (The same term is sometimes used also for the steroid receptors, which are transcription factors that ar ...
Death associated proteins (DAPs)
... Once the full-length cDNA clone of DAP-2 was isolated, the deduced amino acid structure predicted that a novel calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine type kinase (160 kDa) had been isolated (Figure 2). Its kinase domain has a classical 12 subdomain composition, typical of serine/threonine kinases, fo ...
... Once the full-length cDNA clone of DAP-2 was isolated, the deduced amino acid structure predicted that a novel calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine type kinase (160 kDa) had been isolated (Figure 2). Its kinase domain has a classical 12 subdomain composition, typical of serine/threonine kinases, fo ...
Annotated Bibliography "Primary Information of P53 Gene
... This article was published in a journal and meant for the scientific community. This article was very useful because it talked about the relationship between p53 and aging. This could be applied to my research to find differences between young and old population that cause the decline in p53 protein ...
... This article was published in a journal and meant for the scientific community. This article was very useful because it talked about the relationship between p53 and aging. This could be applied to my research to find differences between young and old population that cause the decline in p53 protein ...
What is the true size of the mitochondrial intermembrane space?
... It is generally believed that an intermembrane space of about 40 to 100 nm separates inner and outer mitochondrial membrane and the membranes of the cristae; and according to textbooks this space bears a number of different proteins for oxidative phosphorylation and for control of apoptosis [1]. Thi ...
... It is generally believed that an intermembrane space of about 40 to 100 nm separates inner and outer mitochondrial membrane and the membranes of the cristae; and according to textbooks this space bears a number of different proteins for oxidative phosphorylation and for control of apoptosis [1]. Thi ...
Protein Degradation
... A simpler archaebacterial cap complex called PAN consists only of a hexameric ring of AAA ATPases, comparable to the base of the 19S regulatory cap. PAN, in the presence of ATP, was found to cause opening of a gate at the end of the 20S proteasome through which an unfolded protein could enter. The ...
... A simpler archaebacterial cap complex called PAN consists only of a hexameric ring of AAA ATPases, comparable to the base of the 19S regulatory cap. PAN, in the presence of ATP, was found to cause opening of a gate at the end of the 20S proteasome through which an unfolded protein could enter. The ...
File
... 1- The inability to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction even after resolution of the original injury, and 2- profound disturbances in membrane function. Injury to lysosomal membranes results in the enzymatic dissolution of the injured cell that is characteristic of necrosis. ...
... 1- The inability to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction even after resolution of the original injury, and 2- profound disturbances in membrane function. Injury to lysosomal membranes results in the enzymatic dissolution of the injured cell that is characteristic of necrosis. ...
lecture 17
... E1 - ubiquitin activating enzyme uses ATP to activate the carboxyl group of ubiquitin’s C-terminal residue (Gly76). The outcome of this reaction is the formation of a thioester between Gly76 of ubiquitin, and a cysteine residue of E1 E2 - ubiquitin conjugating enzyme accepts the ubiquitin fr ...
... E1 - ubiquitin activating enzyme uses ATP to activate the carboxyl group of ubiquitin’s C-terminal residue (Gly76). The outcome of this reaction is the formation of a thioester between Gly76 of ubiquitin, and a cysteine residue of E1 E2 - ubiquitin conjugating enzyme accepts the ubiquitin fr ...
Radixin: cytoskeletal adopter and signaling protein
... ERM proteins or the ␣-domain alone have been unsuccessful until now, a structural model in which a single helix for the ␣-domain (Hoeflich et al., 2003) is placed spanning the FERM and C-terminal domain structures as determined by X-ray crystallography is depicted in Fig. 1B. Importantly, comparison ...
... ERM proteins or the ␣-domain alone have been unsuccessful until now, a structural model in which a single helix for the ␣-domain (Hoeflich et al., 2003) is placed spanning the FERM and C-terminal domain structures as determined by X-ray crystallography is depicted in Fig. 1B. Importantly, comparison ...
The role of mitochondria in immune-mediated disease: the dangers
... can leave the mitochondrial sinking ship and interact with other molecules to drive apoptosis. Similarly, mitochondrial DNA, once outside the confines of the mitochondria, can interact with internal sensors to activate the inflammasome. With more severe cell dysfunction, these mitochondrial products ...
... can leave the mitochondrial sinking ship and interact with other molecules to drive apoptosis. Similarly, mitochondrial DNA, once outside the confines of the mitochondria, can interact with internal sensors to activate the inflammasome. With more severe cell dysfunction, these mitochondrial products ...
Mighty Mitochondria
... is known as cellular respiration. Most of the chemical reactions involved in cellular respiration happen in the mitochondria. A mitochondrion is shaped perfectly to maximize its efforts. Mitochondria are very small organelles. You might find cells with several thousand mitochondria. The number depen ...
... is known as cellular respiration. Most of the chemical reactions involved in cellular respiration happen in the mitochondria. A mitochondrion is shaped perfectly to maximize its efforts. Mitochondria are very small organelles. You might find cells with several thousand mitochondria. The number depen ...
Apoptosome
The apoptosome is a large quaternary protein structure formed in the process of apoptosis. Its formation is triggered by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in response to an internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) cell death stimulus. Stimuli can vary from DNA damage and viral infection to developmental cues such as those leading to the degradation of a tadpole's tail.In mammalian cells, once cytochrome c is released, it binds to the cytosolic protein Apaf-1 to facilitate the formation of apoptosome. An early biochemical study suggests a two-to-one ratio of cytochrome c to apaf-1 for apoptosome formation. However, recent structural studies suggest the cytochrome c to apaf-1 ratio is one-to-one. It has also been shown that the nucleotide dATP as third component binds to apaf-1, however its exact role is still debated. The mammalian apoptosome had never been crystallized, but a human APAF-1/cytochrome-c apoptosome has been imaged at lower (2 nm) resolution by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy 10 years ago, revealing a wheel-like particle with 7-fold symmetry. Recently, a medium resolution (9.5 Ångström) structure of human apoptosome was also solved by cryo-electron microscopy, which allows unambiguous inference for positions of all the APAF-1 domains (CARD, NBARC and WD40) and cytochrome c. There is also now a crystal structure of the monomeric, inactive Apaf-1 subunit (PDB 3SFZ). Once formed, the apoptosome can then recruit and activate the inactive pro-caspase-9. Once activated, this initiator caspase can then activate effector caspases and trigger a cascade of events leading to apoptosis.