Interaction of TCF4 with DP103 and FHL3
... β-catenin is destroyed by a multiprotein complex containing tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), Axin and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) (Figure 1). Phosphorylation of β-catenin by GSK3β earmarks it for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the proteasome pathway. Both APC ...
... β-catenin is destroyed by a multiprotein complex containing tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), Axin and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) (Figure 1). Phosphorylation of β-catenin by GSK3β earmarks it for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the proteasome pathway. Both APC ...
Structure of the Reovirus Membrane
... residues in two discontinuous polypeptide-chain segments (279–305 and 515–640). There are five ␣ helices (␣F–␣J) and a short  strand (25). Helices F, G, and J are an antiparallel bundle linking domains II and IV. Helices H and I and the exposed bridge between them project laterally, forming a crad ...
... residues in two discontinuous polypeptide-chain segments (279–305 and 515–640). There are five ␣ helices (␣F–␣J) and a short  strand (25). Helices F, G, and J are an antiparallel bundle linking domains II and IV. Helices H and I and the exposed bridge between them project laterally, forming a crad ...
AP Cell Signaling
... Apoptosis • Apoptosis – A response that is a programmed or controlled cell suicide • A cell is chopped and packaged into vesicles that are digested to prevent enzymes from leaking out and ...
... Apoptosis • Apoptosis – A response that is a programmed or controlled cell suicide • A cell is chopped and packaged into vesicles that are digested to prevent enzymes from leaking out and ...
G-protein-mediated pathway
... Among the final targets of the kinase cascade are transcriptions factors (fos and jun showed here). Phosphorylation of these proteins causes them to become active and bind to the DNA, causing changes in gene transcription ...
... Among the final targets of the kinase cascade are transcriptions factors (fos and jun showed here). Phosphorylation of these proteins causes them to become active and bind to the DNA, causing changes in gene transcription ...
Chapter 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1.1 Peptidyl
... overexpression of hPin1 increases the levels of cellular cyclin D1 mRNA and protein. Moreover, hPin1 binds to phosphorylated c-Jun and increases its transcriptional activity towards the AP1 site in cyclin D1 promoter. This action is in cooperation either with activated JNK or oncogenic Ras. The effe ...
... overexpression of hPin1 increases the levels of cellular cyclin D1 mRNA and protein. Moreover, hPin1 binds to phosphorylated c-Jun and increases its transcriptional activity towards the AP1 site in cyclin D1 promoter. This action is in cooperation either with activated JNK or oncogenic Ras. The effe ...
The Haber–Weiss reaction and mechanisms of toxicity
... exists as a diradical and thus reacts extremely rapidly with other radicals. Oxygen itself is often the source of such radicals as partially reduced species are generated through normal metabolic processes, and some of these reactive species can escape. As a result, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are ...
... exists as a diradical and thus reacts extremely rapidly with other radicals. Oxygen itself is often the source of such radicals as partially reduced species are generated through normal metabolic processes, and some of these reactive species can escape. As a result, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are ...
Gene Section MERTK (c-mer proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... members, AXL and Tyro-3. Together, Tyro-3, Axl, and Mer constitute the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases (Linger et al., 2008). The extracellular domain of MERTK serves as the ligand binding region for the ligands GAS6 (Chen et al., 1997) and Protein S (Prasad et al., 2006). Specifically, Gas6 ...
... members, AXL and Tyro-3. Together, Tyro-3, Axl, and Mer constitute the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases (Linger et al., 2008). The extracellular domain of MERTK serves as the ligand binding region for the ligands GAS6 (Chen et al., 1997) and Protein S (Prasad et al., 2006). Specifically, Gas6 ...
课件三
... hormones, may exist as dimers or dimerize during binding to ligands. Ligand binding leads to activation of the kinase activity of the receptor and autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues in its cytosolic domain (see Figure 20-31). The activated receptor also can phosphorylate other protein substrat ...
... hormones, may exist as dimers or dimerize during binding to ligands. Ligand binding leads to activation of the kinase activity of the receptor and autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues in its cytosolic domain (see Figure 20-31). The activated receptor also can phosphorylate other protein substrat ...
Bcl-2 family members localize to tobacco chloroplasts and inhibit
... In mammalian cells, programmed cell death (PCD) generally proceeds by one of two signalling pathways; intrinsic or extrinsic. In the latter, induction of apoptosis is mediated by extracellular receptors; binding of death ligands to these specialized death receptors (e.g. FAS, TNF) causes receptor ol ...
... In mammalian cells, programmed cell death (PCD) generally proceeds by one of two signalling pathways; intrinsic or extrinsic. In the latter, induction of apoptosis is mediated by extracellular receptors; binding of death ligands to these specialized death receptors (e.g. FAS, TNF) causes receptor ol ...
How Do Plant Mitochondria Avoid Importing Chloroplast Proteins
... known sizes of subunits in the yeast complex. In particular, no homologs of Tom37 or Tom22 were apparent and there was an additional protein of around 9 kD. The absence of Tom37 from the plant complex was not so surprising, since this subunit is also missing from the N. crassa complex, and the Tom37 ...
... known sizes of subunits in the yeast complex. In particular, no homologs of Tom37 or Tom22 were apparent and there was an additional protein of around 9 kD. The absence of Tom37 from the plant complex was not so surprising, since this subunit is also missing from the N. crassa complex, and the Tom37 ...
New method for the analysis of cell cycle
... As the present data showed, the API and standard FITCannexin V binding methods produce consistently higher results than the TUNEL method. One explanation for the discrepancy may be that the “time window” of the annexin V binding assay is wider, i.e., the cells become first annexin V positive and some ...
... As the present data showed, the API and standard FITCannexin V binding methods produce consistently higher results than the TUNEL method. One explanation for the discrepancy may be that the “time window” of the annexin V binding assay is wider, i.e., the cells become first annexin V positive and some ...
Active Transport
... surface which causes the coated pits to form a vesicle. Once ingested the receptor molecules are recycled back onto the surface of the cell. Ligand ...
... surface which causes the coated pits to form a vesicle. Once ingested the receptor molecules are recycled back onto the surface of the cell. Ligand ...
Cell Communication
... – How G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, ligandgated ion channels, and intracellular receptors receive cell signals and start transduction – How a cell signal is amplified by a phosphorylation cascade, via second messengers (such as cAMP or Ca2+ ions) and protein kinases. – How ...
... – How G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, ligandgated ion channels, and intracellular receptors receive cell signals and start transduction – How a cell signal is amplified by a phosphorylation cascade, via second messengers (such as cAMP or Ca2+ ions) and protein kinases. – How ...
in Thymocytes and Mature T Cells Transduction Pathways to Induce
... on the GC receptor (GR) and de novo gene expression, the effector phase differs among cell types. Proteasomal degradation as well as caspase-3, - 8, and -9 activity are essential for GC-induced apoptosis in murine thymocytes, but the same enzymes are dispensable in splenic T cells. Live imaging by c ...
... on the GC receptor (GR) and de novo gene expression, the effector phase differs among cell types. Proteasomal degradation as well as caspase-3, - 8, and -9 activity are essential for GC-induced apoptosis in murine thymocytes, but the same enzymes are dispensable in splenic T cells. Live imaging by c ...
Bioinformatics - Indiana University
... Symptoms are tremor, rigidity, difficulty coordinating movement and difficulty with balance The dopamine-producing neurons in the part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movement die or become so damaged that they are no longer functional. Recent findings suggest that misfolding of the ...
... Symptoms are tremor, rigidity, difficulty coordinating movement and difficulty with balance The dopamine-producing neurons in the part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movement die or become so damaged that they are no longer functional. Recent findings suggest that misfolding of the ...
powerpoint
... How are the hormone receptor and AC coupled? • Purified AC and purified receptor, when recombined, are not coupled. • Rodbell showed that GTP is required for hormonal activation of AC • In 1977, Elliott Ross and Alfred Gilman at Univ. of Virginia discovered a GTP-binding protein which restored hor ...
... How are the hormone receptor and AC coupled? • Purified AC and purified receptor, when recombined, are not coupled. • Rodbell showed that GTP is required for hormonal activation of AC • In 1977, Elliott Ross and Alfred Gilman at Univ. of Virginia discovered a GTP-binding protein which restored hor ...
Identification of the factors that interact with NCBP, an 80 kDa
... eIF-4E, conserved among species, are important for cap binding activity (3), whereas no similar sequence is found in either NCBP or NIP1. Although essential domains of NCBP and NIP1 for cap binding activity remain to be elucidated, it is likely that the RBD in NIPI plays some role in binding activit ...
... eIF-4E, conserved among species, are important for cap binding activity (3), whereas no similar sequence is found in either NCBP or NIP1. Although essential domains of NCBP and NIP1 for cap binding activity remain to be elucidated, it is likely that the RBD in NIPI plays some role in binding activit ...
Researchers Are First To Simulate The Binding Of Molecules To A
... Other negatively charged ions can enter the carrier, Tajkhorshid said, but only a molecule with at least two phosphate groups can disrupt the salt bridges to activate it. This simulation marks the first time that researchers have been able to describe in molecular detail how a protein binds to the m ...
... Other negatively charged ions can enter the carrier, Tajkhorshid said, but only a molecule with at least two phosphate groups can disrupt the salt bridges to activate it. This simulation marks the first time that researchers have been able to describe in molecular detail how a protein binds to the m ...
Physiological and induced apoptosis in sea urchin larvae
... therefore, we used a TdT assay on whole mount embryos to localize apoptotic cells in any given serial section, visualized by confocal microscopy. As a consequence of this reaction, the nuclei were stained in orange when positive for apoptosis; counterstained nuclei showed green fluorescence (see Mat ...
... therefore, we used a TdT assay on whole mount embryos to localize apoptotic cells in any given serial section, visualized by confocal microscopy. As a consequence of this reaction, the nuclei were stained in orange when positive for apoptosis; counterstained nuclei showed green fluorescence (see Mat ...
Gene Section HSPA5 (heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose regulated protein, 78kDa)) -
... aminoterminal nucleotide binding domain and a carboxyterminal substrate (poly)peptide binding domain. Its functional cycle involves an ATP-form with low affinity for substrate (poly)peptides and an ADP-form with high substrate affinity and is regulated by Hsp40-type co-chaperones and nucleotide exch ...
... aminoterminal nucleotide binding domain and a carboxyterminal substrate (poly)peptide binding domain. Its functional cycle involves an ATP-form with low affinity for substrate (poly)peptides and an ADP-form with high substrate affinity and is regulated by Hsp40-type co-chaperones and nucleotide exch ...
Chapter 11
... to response are mostly proteins • Behave similar to falling dominos • At each step, the signal is transduced into a different form, usually a conformational change EXTRACELLULAR FLUID ...
... to response are mostly proteins • Behave similar to falling dominos • At each step, the signal is transduced into a different form, usually a conformational change EXTRACELLULAR FLUID ...
Lecture # 15: The Endocrine System 2
... Receptors are protein or glycoprotein molecules on plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus. Usually each target cell has a few thousand receptors for a given hormone. Receptors act like switches turning on metabolic pathways when hormone binds to them. Metabolic effects can be achieved ...
... Receptors are protein or glycoprotein molecules on plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus. Usually each target cell has a few thousand receptors for a given hormone. Receptors act like switches turning on metabolic pathways when hormone binds to them. Metabolic effects can be achieved ...
Apoptosome
The apoptosome is a large quaternary protein structure formed in the process of apoptosis. Its formation is triggered by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in response to an internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) cell death stimulus. Stimuli can vary from DNA damage and viral infection to developmental cues such as those leading to the degradation of a tadpole's tail.In mammalian cells, once cytochrome c is released, it binds to the cytosolic protein Apaf-1 to facilitate the formation of apoptosome. An early biochemical study suggests a two-to-one ratio of cytochrome c to apaf-1 for apoptosome formation. However, recent structural studies suggest the cytochrome c to apaf-1 ratio is one-to-one. It has also been shown that the nucleotide dATP as third component binds to apaf-1, however its exact role is still debated. The mammalian apoptosome had never been crystallized, but a human APAF-1/cytochrome-c apoptosome has been imaged at lower (2 nm) resolution by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy 10 years ago, revealing a wheel-like particle with 7-fold symmetry. Recently, a medium resolution (9.5 Ångström) structure of human apoptosome was also solved by cryo-electron microscopy, which allows unambiguous inference for positions of all the APAF-1 domains (CARD, NBARC and WD40) and cytochrome c. There is also now a crystal structure of the monomeric, inactive Apaf-1 subunit (PDB 3SFZ). Once formed, the apoptosome can then recruit and activate the inactive pro-caspase-9. Once activated, this initiator caspase can then activate effector caspases and trigger a cascade of events leading to apoptosis.