Low Catecholamine Concentrations Protect Adult Rat Ventricular
... ventricular myocyte apoptosis, 0.1 M epinephrine, like serum, was able to modulate the proapoptotic effect that ST exerts on these cells. Protective Effect of Epinephrine Requires Tyrosine Phosphorylation and ERK Activation. We tested the involvement of tyrosine kinases in the protective effect of ...
... ventricular myocyte apoptosis, 0.1 M epinephrine, like serum, was able to modulate the proapoptotic effect that ST exerts on these cells. Protective Effect of Epinephrine Requires Tyrosine Phosphorylation and ERK Activation. We tested the involvement of tyrosine kinases in the protective effect of ...
Tyrosine kinase receptor-activated signal transduction
... words, the cellular signaling pathways that are activated or inactivated by an onco-protein are equally as important, as the onco-protein itself, for the oncogenic process to occur. Historically, the morphological transformation of the mouse ®broblast cell line NIH3T3 has been used as a screen for o ...
... words, the cellular signaling pathways that are activated or inactivated by an onco-protein are equally as important, as the onco-protein itself, for the oncogenic process to occur. Historically, the morphological transformation of the mouse ®broblast cell line NIH3T3 has been used as a screen for o ...
Detection of Apoptosis in Paraffin Embedded Tissues: the Influence
... an extensive cleavage of the nuclear DNA into oligonucleosome-sized fragments. These fragments can be visualized as the typical ladder pattern using gel electrophoresis (Aaij et Borst 1972) and DNA breaks can be detected in situ using enzymatic labeling system (Gavrieli et al. 1992). In the absence ...
... an extensive cleavage of the nuclear DNA into oligonucleosome-sized fragments. These fragments can be visualized as the typical ladder pattern using gel electrophoresis (Aaij et Borst 1972) and DNA breaks can be detected in situ using enzymatic labeling system (Gavrieli et al. 1992). In the absence ...
ATP - BIOLUMINESCENCE
... individual PASS / FAIL limits by using the median as PASS limit. To find the median, prepare a list of increasing values out of the 40 RLU readings. Determine the value of the 20th measurement, the "median". This RLU value is your recommended PASS limit, meaning, that 50 % of the results will be PAS ...
... individual PASS / FAIL limits by using the median as PASS limit. To find the median, prepare a list of increasing values out of the 40 RLU readings. Determine the value of the 20th measurement, the "median". This RLU value is your recommended PASS limit, meaning, that 50 % of the results will be PAS ...
(2002) Thyroxine induces pancreatic beta cell apoptosis in rats
... pancreas due to thyroid hormone-induced apoptosis in the hyperthyroid state puts an increased demand on each single remaining beta cell, which have to compensate for the increased insulin requirements due to thyroxine-induced peripheral insulin resistance [2]. An increase of the blood glucose concen ...
... pancreas due to thyroid hormone-induced apoptosis in the hyperthyroid state puts an increased demand on each single remaining beta cell, which have to compensate for the increased insulin requirements due to thyroxine-induced peripheral insulin resistance [2]. An increase of the blood glucose concen ...
ATP Synthase Dynamic
... energy for the cell to use through the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the most commonly used "energy currency" of cells from most organisms. It is formed from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and needs energy. The overall reaction sequence is: ATP synthase ...
... energy for the cell to use through the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the most commonly used "energy currency" of cells from most organisms. It is formed from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and needs energy. The overall reaction sequence is: ATP synthase ...
WRI116-Research_Review
... Integrins are a group of heterodimer cell surface receptors that are considered as the central extracellular matrix receptors. They convey cell-matrix and cell-to-cell interactions that involve adhesion, invasion, proliferation, and migration. In particular, alpha-v-beta-6 (avb6) and alpha-v-beta-3( ...
... Integrins are a group of heterodimer cell surface receptors that are considered as the central extracellular matrix receptors. They convey cell-matrix and cell-to-cell interactions that involve adhesion, invasion, proliferation, and migration. In particular, alpha-v-beta-6 (avb6) and alpha-v-beta-3( ...
a morphogenetic role for the TNF signalling pathway
... One mechanism by which RhoA activity can be regulated is via the RhoGDP dissociation inhibitor (RhoGDI), which can bind to the intracellular domain of p75 (Yamashita and Tohyama, 2003). The binding of RhoGDI to p75 prevents the inhibition of RhoA by RhoGDI, allowing activation of RhoA by an as-yet-u ...
... One mechanism by which RhoA activity can be regulated is via the RhoGDP dissociation inhibitor (RhoGDI), which can bind to the intracellular domain of p75 (Yamashita and Tohyama, 2003). The binding of RhoGDI to p75 prevents the inhibition of RhoA by RhoGDI, allowing activation of RhoA by an as-yet-u ...
In Vitro Toxicology and Cellular Fate Determination Using
... biosensors of cell viability. In particular, mitochondrial membranes respond to relatively low concentrations of toxic compounds, leading to a cascade of biochemical signals that culminates in the release of cytochrome c and the progression of apoptosis. This form of cell death limits damage to adja ...
... biosensors of cell viability. In particular, mitochondrial membranes respond to relatively low concentrations of toxic compounds, leading to a cascade of biochemical signals that culminates in the release of cytochrome c and the progression of apoptosis. This form of cell death limits damage to adja ...
Purine Riboswitch
... When the ligand binds, the P1 helix is stabilized which orders the riboswitch core. This ordering causes the switching domain to change to the more stable terminator conformation which is shown in the top pathway in the diagram. If the ligand does not bind, the P1 helix is not stabilized and the ri ...
... When the ligand binds, the P1 helix is stabilized which orders the riboswitch core. This ordering causes the switching domain to change to the more stable terminator conformation which is shown in the top pathway in the diagram. If the ligand does not bind, the P1 helix is not stabilized and the ri ...
Cytochrome c Oxidase dysfunction in cancer
... We have investigated, on a molecular level, the functional effects of substitutions in CytcO related to colon- and prostate cancer. For these studies the well-characterized bacterial CytcO from the model organism Rhodobacter sphaeroides was used. The studies have provided detailed insights into how ...
... We have investigated, on a molecular level, the functional effects of substitutions in CytcO related to colon- and prostate cancer. For these studies the well-characterized bacterial CytcO from the model organism Rhodobacter sphaeroides was used. The studies have provided detailed insights into how ...
Leukaemia Section del(11)(q23q23) MLL/CBL t(11;11)(q23;q23) MLL/CBL Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... histones in the HOX area for allowing chromatin to be open to transcription. MLL is cleaved by taspase 1 into 2 proteins before entering the nucleus: a p300/320 N-term protein called MLL-N, and a p180 C-term protein, called MLL-C. The FYRN and a FRYC domains of native MLL associate MLL-N and MLL-C i ...
... histones in the HOX area for allowing chromatin to be open to transcription. MLL is cleaved by taspase 1 into 2 proteins before entering the nucleus: a p300/320 N-term protein called MLL-N, and a p180 C-term protein, called MLL-C. The FYRN and a FRYC domains of native MLL associate MLL-N and MLL-C i ...
Chlorophyll Breakdown Branches Out: Identification
... most abundant of the Arabidopsis NDCCs. The authors also identify the responsible enzyme, finding that cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP89A9 is required for accumulation of NDCCs. They first implicate P450s, finding that treatment with CO, which inhibits P450s, results in reduced accumulation of NDC ...
... most abundant of the Arabidopsis NDCCs. The authors also identify the responsible enzyme, finding that cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP89A9 is required for accumulation of NDCCs. They first implicate P450s, finding that treatment with CO, which inhibits P450s, results in reduced accumulation of NDC ...
Chapter 15. Recognition of foreign molecules by the immune system
... Structural details and comparisons of the coreceptor-Lck complexes. In addition to metal coordination, hydrophobic cores stabilize the CD4 (A) and CD8 (B) complexes. In CD4, phosphorylation of Ser 408 (and to a lesser extent Ser415) promotes CD4 internalization. These residues are exposed in the co ...
... Structural details and comparisons of the coreceptor-Lck complexes. In addition to metal coordination, hydrophobic cores stabilize the CD4 (A) and CD8 (B) complexes. In CD4, phosphorylation of Ser 408 (and to a lesser extent Ser415) promotes CD4 internalization. These residues are exposed in the co ...
Nuclear Localization of the Parafibromin Tumor Suppressor Protein
... involving both NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal basic clusters (R126A/K137A and R126A/R139A) were sufficient to disrupt nuclear localization of the GFP-HRPT2 fusion (Fig. 3A and B). These data strongly suggest that the bipartite cluster of basic amino acids spanning residues 125 to 139 functions as a ...
... involving both NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal basic clusters (R126A/K137A and R126A/R139A) were sufficient to disrupt nuclear localization of the GFP-HRPT2 fusion (Fig. 3A and B). These data strongly suggest that the bipartite cluster of basic amino acids spanning residues 125 to 139 functions as a ...
1. The BCL-2 Family Reunion.
... pathway of apoptosis by complex interactions that dictate the integrity of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) (Green and Evan, 2002). This pathway is initiated by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), which allows soluble proteins (e.g., cytochrome c) in the mitochondrial interme ...
... pathway of apoptosis by complex interactions that dictate the integrity of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) (Green and Evan, 2002). This pathway is initiated by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), which allows soluble proteins (e.g., cytochrome c) in the mitochondrial interme ...
Activity-based probes that target diverse cysteine protease families
... complex proteolytic cascades remains in its infancy. One major reason for this gap in understanding is the lack of technologies that allow direct assessment of protease activity. We report here an optimized solid-phase synthesis protocol that allows rapid generation of activity-based probes (ABPs) t ...
... complex proteolytic cascades remains in its infancy. One major reason for this gap in understanding is the lack of technologies that allow direct assessment of protease activity. We report here an optimized solid-phase synthesis protocol that allows rapid generation of activity-based probes (ABPs) t ...
Mechanisms of enveloped RNA virus budding
... have shown that the cellular protein Tsg101 (tumor susceptibility gene 101) binds to the PTAP late domain of HIV Gag and facilitates the final stages of virus release [11–14] (Fig. 2a). Tsg101 also seems to be involved in the release of other pathogenic human viruses because structural proteins in b ...
... have shown that the cellular protein Tsg101 (tumor susceptibility gene 101) binds to the PTAP late domain of HIV Gag and facilitates the final stages of virus release [11–14] (Fig. 2a). Tsg101 also seems to be involved in the release of other pathogenic human viruses because structural proteins in b ...
Role of cryo-ET in membrane bioenergetics research
... interest are extracted from the tomogram, aligned with each other and averaged together using specialized software. By subvolume averaging, characteristic features of a particular protein are amplified, whereas random features around it are averaged out increasing the signal-to-noise ratio and hence ...
... interest are extracted from the tomogram, aligned with each other and averaged together using specialized software. By subvolume averaging, characteristic features of a particular protein are amplified, whereas random features around it are averaged out increasing the signal-to-noise ratio and hence ...
SED4 Encodes a Yeast Endoplasmic Reticulum
... HE transport of proteins between successive organelles of the secretory pathway is mediated by vesicle carriers that bud from the membrane of the donor compartment and then fuse with the membrane of the acceptor compartment (Palade, 1975). A general feature of vesicle formation is the recruitment of ...
... HE transport of proteins between successive organelles of the secretory pathway is mediated by vesicle carriers that bud from the membrane of the donor compartment and then fuse with the membrane of the acceptor compartment (Palade, 1975). A general feature of vesicle formation is the recruitment of ...
Functional Characterization of a Mitochondrial Ser/Thr Protein
... are engaged in different functions. Outer membrane and IMS proteins are critical to classic apoptotic activities; matrix and inner membrane proteins are mostly involved in respiratory chain reaction and oxidative phosphorylation; and both inner/outer membrane proteins are implicated in mitochondria ...
... are engaged in different functions. Outer membrane and IMS proteins are critical to classic apoptotic activities; matrix and inner membrane proteins are mostly involved in respiratory chain reaction and oxidative phosphorylation; and both inner/outer membrane proteins are implicated in mitochondria ...
RECEPTORS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Chapter 4
... another nerve. Usually short lived and responsible for messages between individual cells Hormones: Chemicals released from cells or glands and which travel some distance to bind with receptors on target cells throughout the body Note: Chemical messengers ‘switch on’ receptors without undergoing a re ...
... another nerve. Usually short lived and responsible for messages between individual cells Hormones: Chemicals released from cells or glands and which travel some distance to bind with receptors on target cells throughout the body Note: Chemical messengers ‘switch on’ receptors without undergoing a re ...
The plant formin AtFH4 interacts with both actin and microtubules
... microtubule bundling. Together, these data show that the GOE domain exhibits microtubule-binding activity in vivo and in vitro, and that the neighbouring FH1 region also influences AtFH4microtubule interactions. In animals, three formins have been found to associate directly with microtubules: mDia1 ...
... microtubule bundling. Together, these data show that the GOE domain exhibits microtubule-binding activity in vivo and in vitro, and that the neighbouring FH1 region also influences AtFH4microtubule interactions. In animals, three formins have been found to associate directly with microtubules: mDia1 ...
Thierry Vrain, Innisfree Farm – The GMO Apple
... and is detectable in the intestine. There is lateral gene transfer to gut bacteria. ...
... and is detectable in the intestine. There is lateral gene transfer to gut bacteria. ...
Recruiting Coreceptors to the T Cell Receptor Complex
... in the cytoplasmic domains of the CD3 subunits, suggested that an important function of coreceptors was to recruit Lck to TCRs that had engaged pMHC, thereby enabling TCR-CD3 ITAM phosphorylation by Lck. An attractive feature of this heterodimerization model was that it provided an elegantly simple ...
... in the cytoplasmic domains of the CD3 subunits, suggested that an important function of coreceptors was to recruit Lck to TCRs that had engaged pMHC, thereby enabling TCR-CD3 ITAM phosphorylation by Lck. An attractive feature of this heterodimerization model was that it provided an elegantly simple ...
Apoptosome
The apoptosome is a large quaternary protein structure formed in the process of apoptosis. Its formation is triggered by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in response to an internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) cell death stimulus. Stimuli can vary from DNA damage and viral infection to developmental cues such as those leading to the degradation of a tadpole's tail.In mammalian cells, once cytochrome c is released, it binds to the cytosolic protein Apaf-1 to facilitate the formation of apoptosome. An early biochemical study suggests a two-to-one ratio of cytochrome c to apaf-1 for apoptosome formation. However, recent structural studies suggest the cytochrome c to apaf-1 ratio is one-to-one. It has also been shown that the nucleotide dATP as third component binds to apaf-1, however its exact role is still debated. The mammalian apoptosome had never been crystallized, but a human APAF-1/cytochrome-c apoptosome has been imaged at lower (2 nm) resolution by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy 10 years ago, revealing a wheel-like particle with 7-fold symmetry. Recently, a medium resolution (9.5 Ångström) structure of human apoptosome was also solved by cryo-electron microscopy, which allows unambiguous inference for positions of all the APAF-1 domains (CARD, NBARC and WD40) and cytochrome c. There is also now a crystal structure of the monomeric, inactive Apaf-1 subunit (PDB 3SFZ). Once formed, the apoptosome can then recruit and activate the inactive pro-caspase-9. Once activated, this initiator caspase can then activate effector caspases and trigger a cascade of events leading to apoptosis.