Targeting Infectious Disease: Structural and functional
... has decreased the number of new cases in the past couple of years. Despite this, drug resistant forms of the bacteria are emerging. By the end of 2011, 77 countries had reported at least one case of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. To be able to deal with infectious diseases like these, ther ...
... has decreased the number of new cases in the past couple of years. Despite this, drug resistant forms of the bacteria are emerging. By the end of 2011, 77 countries had reported at least one case of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. To be able to deal with infectious diseases like these, ther ...
Glycosylation of Antibodies - Department of Chemistry
... (NGNA) form but some contain both.5 Table 2: The neutral sugar and SA content of IgGs in 13 animal species. An average of 150kD was used for the molecular weight of IgGs in determining the values for SA.5 ...
... (NGNA) form but some contain both.5 Table 2: The neutral sugar and SA content of IgGs in 13 animal species. An average of 150kD was used for the molecular weight of IgGs in determining the values for SA.5 ...
Satisfying the Immense Energy Demands of the Body, and the
... a common rotary shaft (Noji and Yoshida, 2001; Elston et al., 1998; Alberts et al., 2004). Particularly important is the “a” subunit of F0 and the 10-14 “c-ring” subunits it is connected to (Noji and Yoshida, 2001). Subunit “a” is encoded by the mitochondrial ATP6 gene and forms the channel for prot ...
... a common rotary shaft (Noji and Yoshida, 2001; Elston et al., 1998; Alberts et al., 2004). Particularly important is the “a” subunit of F0 and the 10-14 “c-ring” subunits it is connected to (Noji and Yoshida, 2001). Subunit “a” is encoded by the mitochondrial ATP6 gene and forms the channel for prot ...
Aspects of growth factor signal transduction in the cell cytoplasm
... signalling is being clarified for several systems but the contribution of this research to clarifying the specificity of growth factor signalling in the cytoplasm is equivocal. Chao (1992) exemplified the point by remarking that many known metabolic activities in PC12 cells in response to EGF or NGF ...
... signalling is being clarified for several systems but the contribution of this research to clarifying the specificity of growth factor signalling in the cytoplasm is equivocal. Chao (1992) exemplified the point by remarking that many known metabolic activities in PC12 cells in response to EGF or NGF ...
The TOR signalling network from yeast to man
... heat shock, oxidative and osmotic stress, hypoxia, or low glucose levels) increase AMP levels (due to ATP depletion) and thus activate AMPK, resulting in a reduction of mTORC1 activity (Hardie, 2005). Finally, genotoxic stress also activates mTORC1 in an AMPK-dependent fashion, which may involve ass ...
... heat shock, oxidative and osmotic stress, hypoxia, or low glucose levels) increase AMP levels (due to ATP depletion) and thus activate AMPK, resulting in a reduction of mTORC1 activity (Hardie, 2005). Finally, genotoxic stress also activates mTORC1 in an AMPK-dependent fashion, which may involve ass ...
Different involvement of the mitochondrial, plastidial and
... (35C) does not affect cell viability, whereas cell exposure to 55C HS induces programmed cell death (PCD). In relation to ASC-GSH cycle, the three analysed compartments have specific enzymatic profiles that are diversely altered by the HS treatments. The cytosol contains the highest activity of al ...
... (35C) does not affect cell viability, whereas cell exposure to 55C HS induces programmed cell death (PCD). In relation to ASC-GSH cycle, the three analysed compartments have specific enzymatic profiles that are diversely altered by the HS treatments. The cytosol contains the highest activity of al ...
Centrosomes as Scaffolds - Albert Einstein College of Medicine
... when incubated with purified tubulin. Numerous proteins have now been found to associate with the centrosome. These include kinases, phosphatases, the p53 tumor suppressor protein, and the γ-tubulin structural protein (Brinkley and Goepfert, 1998). Pericentrin – A Structural Scaffold Using antisera ...
... when incubated with purified tubulin. Numerous proteins have now been found to associate with the centrosome. These include kinases, phosphatases, the p53 tumor suppressor protein, and the γ-tubulin structural protein (Brinkley and Goepfert, 1998). Pericentrin – A Structural Scaffold Using antisera ...
Identification of a GDP-L-fucose: polypeptide fucosyltransferase and
... showed O-fucosyltransferase activity present in rat and hamster liver and CHO cell homogenates. CHO cell paste was used as the source of enzyme in all subsequent experiments unless otherwise noted, because it had relatively higher activity than the liver, and the majority of the activity was recover ...
... showed O-fucosyltransferase activity present in rat and hamster liver and CHO cell homogenates. CHO cell paste was used as the source of enzyme in all subsequent experiments unless otherwise noted, because it had relatively higher activity than the liver, and the majority of the activity was recover ...
In Silico Salinispora Dinesh Kumar K. Waheeta Hopper
... site and Arenamycin B (-8.686) interacted with domain II residues (Table 1). The Hydroxyl group of arenicolide A interacted with oxygen of Tyr64, carbonyl group of Ser11 and carbonyl group of Asn12 ( Fig. 3 ) in the EGF binding region. Carbonyl group of arenimycin B interacted with carbonyl group of ...
... site and Arenamycin B (-8.686) interacted with domain II residues (Table 1). The Hydroxyl group of arenicolide A interacted with oxygen of Tyr64, carbonyl group of Ser11 and carbonyl group of Asn12 ( Fig. 3 ) in the EGF binding region. Carbonyl group of arenimycin B interacted with carbonyl group of ...
Cytoplasmic sequestration of the tumor suppressor p53 by a heat
... With nuclear and cytoplasmic protein fractions successfully separated, mortalin was detected exclusively in the cytoplasmic fractions of all the colorectal carcinoma cell lines while p53 was detected in the cytoplasmic fraction of six of the eight cell lines. Exceptions were the cytoplasmic fraction ...
... With nuclear and cytoplasmic protein fractions successfully separated, mortalin was detected exclusively in the cytoplasmic fractions of all the colorectal carcinoma cell lines while p53 was detected in the cytoplasmic fraction of six of the eight cell lines. Exceptions were the cytoplasmic fraction ...
Chimeric phosphorylation indicator
... signal pathWay may be tested With CKAR, calcium-sensing ?uorophores and FRET-based translocation assays. Poly nucleotides encoding such CPIs, and kits containing the indi cators and/ or the polynucleotides, are provided. A method of using the chimeric phosphorylation indicators to detect a ...
... signal pathWay may be tested With CKAR, calcium-sensing ?uorophores and FRET-based translocation assays. Poly nucleotides encoding such CPIs, and kits containing the indi cators and/ or the polynucleotides, are provided. A method of using the chimeric phosphorylation indicators to detect a ...
how death shapes life during development
... The destruction of cells was first observed by developmental biologists during the 1800s, but cell death was not clearly recognized as having a normal, formative role in developing animals until this was articulated by Glücksmann1 in 1951 (BOX 1). Several terms have been used to describe the morphol ...
... The destruction of cells was first observed by developmental biologists during the 1800s, but cell death was not clearly recognized as having a normal, formative role in developing animals until this was articulated by Glücksmann1 in 1951 (BOX 1). Several terms have been used to describe the morphol ...
Modulation of the ARF-p53 Pathway by the Small DNA Tumor Viruses
... drive viral DNA replication. The RB family of tumor suppressor proteins (RB, p107, p130) bind the critical S phase transcription factor E2F, thereby repressing E2F activity.16-17 In normal cellular proliferation, RB is inactivated by a series of phosphorylation events, mediated in a staged and tight ...
... drive viral DNA replication. The RB family of tumor suppressor proteins (RB, p107, p130) bind the critical S phase transcription factor E2F, thereby repressing E2F activity.16-17 In normal cellular proliferation, RB is inactivated by a series of phosphorylation events, mediated in a staged and tight ...
Lecture 10 golgi
... molecules passing through its lumen via sulfotranferases that gain their sulfur molecule from a donor called PAPS. This process occurs on the GAGs of proteoglycans as well as on the core protein. Sulfation is generally performed in the trans-Golgi network. The level of sulfation is very important to ...
... molecules passing through its lumen via sulfotranferases that gain their sulfur molecule from a donor called PAPS. This process occurs on the GAGs of proteoglycans as well as on the core protein. Sulfation is generally performed in the trans-Golgi network. The level of sulfation is very important to ...
An ADP/ATP-Specific Mitochondrial Carrier Protein
... Sites known to interact with CAT in B. taurus protein are indicated by +. Gray-shaded amino acids show sites of the PX(D/E)XX(K/R) motif, which are not fully conserved across all proteins. TM, transmembrane; IH, internal helix. ...
... Sites known to interact with CAT in B. taurus protein are indicated by +. Gray-shaded amino acids show sites of the PX(D/E)XX(K/R) motif, which are not fully conserved across all proteins. TM, transmembrane; IH, internal helix. ...
The regulation and function of Class III PI3Ks: novel roles for Vps34
... by endosomal PtdIns 5- and 4-phosphatases provides another source of endosomal PtdIns3P [63]. Alternatively, the Type Iα inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase localizes to endosomes, where it produces PtdIns3P through the dephosphorylation of PtdIns(3,4)P2 [64]. The existence of Vps34-independent sou ...
... by endosomal PtdIns 5- and 4-phosphatases provides another source of endosomal PtdIns3P [63]. Alternatively, the Type Iα inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase localizes to endosomes, where it produces PtdIns3P through the dephosphorylation of PtdIns(3,4)P2 [64]. The existence of Vps34-independent sou ...
Golgi complex
... The Golgi complex distributes substances to other parts of the cell. membrane bound structure. The Golgi complex transports nutrients and waste by breaking of part of itself in bubbles .which transports the nutrients and waste to other parts of the cell, and out side of the cell with the bubble even ...
... The Golgi complex distributes substances to other parts of the cell. membrane bound structure. The Golgi complex transports nutrients and waste by breaking of part of itself in bubbles .which transports the nutrients and waste to other parts of the cell, and out side of the cell with the bubble even ...
the Sec7 family of guanine-nucleotide- exchange factors
... BIG1, a region ~100 amino acids upstream of the Sec7 domain is required as well as the Sec7 domain itself to obtain the same level of in vitro GEF activity as for the full-length protein29,34. Low-molecular-weight GEFs The second subfamily of smaller ARF GEFs contains the proteins ARNO15, cytohesin- ...
... BIG1, a region ~100 amino acids upstream of the Sec7 domain is required as well as the Sec7 domain itself to obtain the same level of in vitro GEF activity as for the full-length protein29,34. Low-molecular-weight GEFs The second subfamily of smaller ARF GEFs contains the proteins ARNO15, cytohesin- ...
Chapter 28 Discovery and Classification of Glycan
... Distinctive glycans on the surfaces of different cells, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic, make them targets for GBPs. Binding of glycans on the surface of one cell by GBPs on another cell can induce recognition and adhesion, whereas crosslinking glycans on different cells by multivalent soluble GB ...
... Distinctive glycans on the surfaces of different cells, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic, make them targets for GBPs. Binding of glycans on the surface of one cell by GBPs on another cell can induce recognition and adhesion, whereas crosslinking glycans on different cells by multivalent soluble GB ...
Different subcellular localisations of TRIM22 suggest species
... proteins was found in most cells (Fig. 3a). TRIM22expressing cells either showed a diffuse cytoplasmic localisation or speckles, which is most likely depending on the individual concentration of both constructs in a single cotransfected cell. These data suggest interaction of human and rhesus macaqu ...
... proteins was found in most cells (Fig. 3a). TRIM22expressing cells either showed a diffuse cytoplasmic localisation or speckles, which is most likely depending on the individual concentration of both constructs in a single cotransfected cell. These data suggest interaction of human and rhesus macaqu ...
Domain organization of human cleavage factor Im 1 Distinct
... protein synthesis. Transcription is coupled spatially and temporally to capping of the premRNA at the 5’!end, splicing and 3’!end formation. The mature 3’!ends of most eukaryotic mRNAs are generated by endonucleolytic cleavage of the primary transcript followed by the addition of a poly(A) tail to t ...
... protein synthesis. Transcription is coupled spatially and temporally to capping of the premRNA at the 5’!end, splicing and 3’!end formation. The mature 3’!ends of most eukaryotic mRNAs are generated by endonucleolytic cleavage of the primary transcript followed by the addition of a poly(A) tail to t ...
Disruption of CEP290 microtubule/membrane-binding domains
... function is critical for this process — in CEP290 knockdown experiments,proteins that would normally localize to the cilium fail to do so (14, 19) and cilium formation is disrupted (20, 21). Once the cilium is formed, CEP290 is found at the ciliary transition zone, the region of the organelle just p ...
... function is critical for this process — in CEP290 knockdown experiments,proteins that would normally localize to the cilium fail to do so (14, 19) and cilium formation is disrupted (20, 21). Once the cilium is formed, CEP290 is found at the ciliary transition zone, the region of the organelle just p ...
the scf ubiquitin ligase: insights into a molecular machine
... (LRR)), the domain is an arc-shaped α–β-repeat structure that is also found in many protein-binding contexts, including the extracellular-binding domain of certain surface receptors11,12. In most cases, FBLs also seem to involve substrate phosphorylation for their interaction, but this does not seem ...
... (LRR)), the domain is an arc-shaped α–β-repeat structure that is also found in many protein-binding contexts, including the extracellular-binding domain of certain surface receptors11,12. In most cases, FBLs also seem to involve substrate phosphorylation for their interaction, but this does not seem ...
Structure, function and mechanism of G
... • Ras-like GTPases (Ras, Rap, Rho, Ran, Rab, Arf, Arl, Sar), molecular switches in signal transduction • Dynamin superfamily of GTPases, remodelling of membranes + 60 further distinct families Leipe et al., JMB (2002) ...
... • Ras-like GTPases (Ras, Rap, Rho, Ran, Rab, Arf, Arl, Sar), molecular switches in signal transduction • Dynamin superfamily of GTPases, remodelling of membranes + 60 further distinct families Leipe et al., JMB (2002) ...
insulin-like growth factor binding proteins and their functions
... IGFBP-3 (53 kDa) is growth hormone dependent. Its acid stable subunit of 150 kDa complex binds to IGF-I or IGF-II with high affinity and can function either as inhibitor or activator of IGF-I stimulated DNA synthesis. Molecular weight of IGFBP-3 depends on glycosylation degree. Thus, non-glycosylate ...
... IGFBP-3 (53 kDa) is growth hormone dependent. Its acid stable subunit of 150 kDa complex binds to IGF-I or IGF-II with high affinity and can function either as inhibitor or activator of IGF-I stimulated DNA synthesis. Molecular weight of IGFBP-3 depends on glycosylation degree. Thus, non-glycosylate ...
Apoptosome
The apoptosome is a large quaternary protein structure formed in the process of apoptosis. Its formation is triggered by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in response to an internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) cell death stimulus. Stimuli can vary from DNA damage and viral infection to developmental cues such as those leading to the degradation of a tadpole's tail.In mammalian cells, once cytochrome c is released, it binds to the cytosolic protein Apaf-1 to facilitate the formation of apoptosome. An early biochemical study suggests a two-to-one ratio of cytochrome c to apaf-1 for apoptosome formation. However, recent structural studies suggest the cytochrome c to apaf-1 ratio is one-to-one. It has also been shown that the nucleotide dATP as third component binds to apaf-1, however its exact role is still debated. The mammalian apoptosome had never been crystallized, but a human APAF-1/cytochrome-c apoptosome has been imaged at lower (2 nm) resolution by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy 10 years ago, revealing a wheel-like particle with 7-fold symmetry. Recently, a medium resolution (9.5 Ångström) structure of human apoptosome was also solved by cryo-electron microscopy, which allows unambiguous inference for positions of all the APAF-1 domains (CARD, NBARC and WD40) and cytochrome c. There is also now a crystal structure of the monomeric, inactive Apaf-1 subunit (PDB 3SFZ). Once formed, the apoptosome can then recruit and activate the inactive pro-caspase-9. Once activated, this initiator caspase can then activate effector caspases and trigger a cascade of events leading to apoptosis.