BNP & NTPro-BNP
... ◦ Some proteins contain more than one PDZ region ◦ PDZ domains have been found in over 250 proteins across a wide range of organisms from Drasophila to Humans ◦ PDZs bind to complementary sequences at C-termini ◦ Implicated in a wide range of cellular processes ◦ – therefore an extremely useful drug ...
... ◦ Some proteins contain more than one PDZ region ◦ PDZ domains have been found in over 250 proteins across a wide range of organisms from Drasophila to Humans ◦ PDZs bind to complementary sequences at C-termini ◦ Implicated in a wide range of cellular processes ◦ – therefore an extremely useful drug ...
Publications_files/Stotland et al 2012
... that the lysis buffer utilized was too stringent to pull down the entire CSN holocomplex, probably due to the high concentration of the nonionic Nonodet P-40 detergent and the presence of the ionic sodium deoxycholate detergent, both of which can disrupt weak protein–protein interactions. Interestin ...
... that the lysis buffer utilized was too stringent to pull down the entire CSN holocomplex, probably due to the high concentration of the nonionic Nonodet P-40 detergent and the presence of the ionic sodium deoxycholate detergent, both of which can disrupt weak protein–protein interactions. Interestin ...
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IN PLANT DISEASE
... to Rb. This connection between plant virus genes and Rb suggests that the virus replication scenario, at least in these viruses, may act in a fashion similar to animal viruses although this has not been established. If the signals and signaling pathways that arrest animal and plant cells at specific ...
... to Rb. This connection between plant virus genes and Rb suggests that the virus replication scenario, at least in these viruses, may act in a fashion similar to animal viruses although this has not been established. If the signals and signaling pathways that arrest animal and plant cells at specific ...
Calorie Restriction Promotes Mammalian Cell Survival by Inducing
... induced in CR rats as well as in human cells that are treated with serum from these animals. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) attenuated this response. SIRT1 deacetylates the DNA repair factor Ku70, causing it to sequester the proapoptotic factor Bax away from mitochondria, thereby i ...
... induced in CR rats as well as in human cells that are treated with serum from these animals. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) attenuated this response. SIRT1 deacetylates the DNA repair factor Ku70, causing it to sequester the proapoptotic factor Bax away from mitochondria, thereby i ...
Protein translocation across mitochondrial membranes
... contact between outer and inner membranes; their amino-terminal presequences were extended far enough into the matrix to be proteolytically processed by the matrix-localized mitochondrial enzyme(s.34,3s). By immuno electron microscopy it was shown that the accumulated precursors were localized prefc ...
... contact between outer and inner membranes; their amino-terminal presequences were extended far enough into the matrix to be proteolytically processed by the matrix-localized mitochondrial enzyme(s.34,3s). By immuno electron microscopy it was shown that the accumulated precursors were localized prefc ...
The trans-Golgi network GRIP-domain proteins form α
... On the basis of their high content of coiled coils, these molecules are predicted to adopt a rod-like or extended fibrous structure. Members of the family of coiled-coil proteins specifically located on the Golgi (termed golgins), such as p115 and GM130, have been shown to be important as tethering ...
... On the basis of their high content of coiled coils, these molecules are predicted to adopt a rod-like or extended fibrous structure. Members of the family of coiled-coil proteins specifically located on the Golgi (termed golgins), such as p115 and GM130, have been shown to be important as tethering ...
Untitled
... indicate that acRedStar diffused inside this low-concentrated FG-hydrogel not significantly slower than free in solution. See Figure S5 for computer simulations. (D) Right: Cartoon of a saturated FG-hydrogel, where all hydrophobic clusters have engaged into pairwise contacts. The simplest geometry w ...
... indicate that acRedStar diffused inside this low-concentrated FG-hydrogel not significantly slower than free in solution. See Figure S5 for computer simulations. (D) Right: Cartoon of a saturated FG-hydrogel, where all hydrophobic clusters have engaged into pairwise contacts. The simplest geometry w ...
Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis
... protein kinases, including p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2), and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) (15). Of these, JNK has been most strongly associated with apoptosis induction (16). JNK may induce apoptosis by catalyzing an activating phosphorylation of Bim (17, 18), which ...
... protein kinases, including p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2), and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) (15). Of these, JNK has been most strongly associated with apoptosis induction (16). JNK may induce apoptosis by catalyzing an activating phosphorylation of Bim (17, 18), which ...
Fanconi anemia genes act to suppress a cross-linker-inducible p53-
... performed according to either one of two protocols: (1) exponentionally growing cells were exposed for 1 hour to MMC concentrations between 0 and 30 pmoVL, washed in Earle’s balanced salts (GIBCO-BRL), and cultured in the absence of MMC for indicated periods; or (2) cells in parallel cultures were g ...
... performed according to either one of two protocols: (1) exponentionally growing cells were exposed for 1 hour to MMC concentrations between 0 and 30 pmoVL, washed in Earle’s balanced salts (GIBCO-BRL), and cultured in the absence of MMC for indicated periods; or (2) cells in parallel cultures were g ...
Fundamentals of Cell Biology
... Figure 11.02: Signaling pathways use linear, convergent, divergent, and branched signaling pathways to generate complex responses to external signals. ...
... Figure 11.02: Signaling pathways use linear, convergent, divergent, and branched signaling pathways to generate complex responses to external signals. ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Pancreatic Cancer
... in the cleavage and activation of the ER-resident procaspase-12 (32, 33). Active caspase-12 leads to the activation of the caspase cascade (28). In addition, increase in cytosolic calcium concentration increases the calcium influx into the mitochondrial matrix, which can change the polarization prof ...
... in the cleavage and activation of the ER-resident procaspase-12 (32, 33). Active caspase-12 leads to the activation of the caspase cascade (28). In addition, increase in cytosolic calcium concentration increases the calcium influx into the mitochondrial matrix, which can change the polarization prof ...
Calcium-Dependent Prevention of Neuronal Apoptosis by Lithium Ion
... calyculin A to the cultured cortical neurons induced neuronal apoptosis apparent by cell body shrinkage (Fig. 2e) and staining with annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide (Fig. 2h). Calyculin A-induced apoptosis was prevented by cotreatment with 5 mM Li⫹ (Fig. 2, f and i). When su ...
... calyculin A to the cultured cortical neurons induced neuronal apoptosis apparent by cell body shrinkage (Fig. 2e) and staining with annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide (Fig. 2h). Calyculin A-induced apoptosis was prevented by cotreatment with 5 mM Li⫹ (Fig. 2, f and i). When su ...
The interaction between the Wnt –and Notch-pathways in
... To confirm Notch is inhibited – western blot analysis against Hes 1 protein Western blot against β-catenin showed that the intracellular levels was not affected Confirmed by a semi quantitative PCR: ...
... To confirm Notch is inhibited – western blot analysis against Hes 1 protein Western blot against β-catenin showed that the intracellular levels was not affected Confirmed by a semi quantitative PCR: ...
Molecular Evolution and Structure of a
... and probably other vertebrates express all four isoforms, whereas invertebrates and protista seem to express only one isoform. The muscle isoforms, a-actinin 2 and of aactinin 3 are localized to the Z-disc of the sarcomeres (Blanchard, Ohanian, and Critchley 1989; Mills et al. 2001). These two isofo ...
... and probably other vertebrates express all four isoforms, whereas invertebrates and protista seem to express only one isoform. The muscle isoforms, a-actinin 2 and of aactinin 3 are localized to the Z-disc of the sarcomeres (Blanchard, Ohanian, and Critchley 1989; Mills et al. 2001). These two isofo ...
BH3-only proteins: key regulators of neuronal apoptosis
... contribution varies from one type of neuron to another. This variable requirement may depend on whether other BH3-only proteins that can substitute for the loss of DP5 are also expressed in the same cells and the relative concentrations of these proteins. The idea that more than one BH3-only protein ...
... contribution varies from one type of neuron to another. This variable requirement may depend on whether other BH3-only proteins that can substitute for the loss of DP5 are also expressed in the same cells and the relative concentrations of these proteins. The idea that more than one BH3-only protein ...
Environmental factors that induce oxidative stress
... control. Indeed, redox signals are key regulators of plant metabolism, morphology, and development. These signals exert control on nearly every aspect of plant biology from chemistry to development, growth, and eventual death. ...
... control. Indeed, redox signals are key regulators of plant metabolism, morphology, and development. These signals exert control on nearly every aspect of plant biology from chemistry to development, growth, and eventual death. ...
Golgi Apparatus
... The basic function of the Golgi apparatus is the transport of proteins within the cell. The Golgi receives materials for transportation through the cis face and sends the materials through to the trans face once they are packaged and modified into the vesicles. It functions in the collection, packa ...
... The basic function of the Golgi apparatus is the transport of proteins within the cell. The Golgi receives materials for transportation through the cis face and sends the materials through to the trans face once they are packaged and modified into the vesicles. It functions in the collection, packa ...
Disparate proteins use similar architectures to damage membranes
... Figure 1. Mechanisms used by PFTs to disrupt cell membrane integrity. Membrane damage is only one of the biological functions that are elicited by the binding of a protein to the lipid membrane (i). Other described functions include signalling, metabolism of membrane components, the transport of com ...
... Figure 1. Mechanisms used by PFTs to disrupt cell membrane integrity. Membrane damage is only one of the biological functions that are elicited by the binding of a protein to the lipid membrane (i). Other described functions include signalling, metabolism of membrane components, the transport of com ...
Surviving apoptosis: life–death signaling in single cells
... through interactions within different protein complexes), or have a survival role only when death is inhibited. Some of these proteins (e.g., caspases) belong to multiple signaling pathways (Box 1), while others, such as the TNF family of death ligands, activate parallel but opposing pathways throug ...
... through interactions within different protein complexes), or have a survival role only when death is inhibited. Some of these proteins (e.g., caspases) belong to multiple signaling pathways (Box 1), while others, such as the TNF family of death ligands, activate parallel but opposing pathways throug ...
Phosphorylation of Beclin 1 by DAP
... 1, and map the phosphorylation site to T119 by peptide phosphorylation assays, mass spectrometry mapping, and the use of phospho-specific antibodies. T119 is located within Beclin 1’s BH3 domain. We show that DAPk significantly reduces the amounts of Bcl-XL, which are immunoprecipitated by wild-type ...
... 1, and map the phosphorylation site to T119 by peptide phosphorylation assays, mass spectrometry mapping, and the use of phospho-specific antibodies. T119 is located within Beclin 1’s BH3 domain. We show that DAPk significantly reduces the amounts of Bcl-XL, which are immunoprecipitated by wild-type ...
Supplementary Figure Captions (doc 46K)
... correlation functions obtained for a 1:1 mixture of green fluorescent liposomes (LDiO, ~ 40 g/ml lipid concentration) and red fluorescent liposomes (LDiD, ~ 40 g/ml lipid concentration) incubated for 1 hour with (A) buffer, (B) 60 nM tBid and 300 nM Bax, (C) 1 % chloroform or (D) 1.5 % chloroform. ...
... correlation functions obtained for a 1:1 mixture of green fluorescent liposomes (LDiO, ~ 40 g/ml lipid concentration) and red fluorescent liposomes (LDiD, ~ 40 g/ml lipid concentration) incubated for 1 hour with (A) buffer, (B) 60 nM tBid and 300 nM Bax, (C) 1 % chloroform or (D) 1.5 % chloroform. ...
Prolonged Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in
... membrane proteins. The ER responds to stress by upregulating ER chaperones, but prolonged and/or excess ER stress leads to apoptosis. However, the potential role of ER stress in pathophysiological hearts remains unclear. Methods and Results—Mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) ...
... membrane proteins. The ER responds to stress by upregulating ER chaperones, but prolonged and/or excess ER stress leads to apoptosis. However, the potential role of ER stress in pathophysiological hearts remains unclear. Methods and Results—Mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) ...
Cell Death and Differentiation
... Figure 3 Characterization of the IQ motif of AtBAG6. (a) CaM-binding to the IQ motif of CDD in vitro. CDD mutants that contain single amino-acid substitutions were fused to the C-terminus of GST, and expressed in E. coli. The recombinant proteins were analyzed by Western blotting with an anti-GST an ...
... Figure 3 Characterization of the IQ motif of AtBAG6. (a) CaM-binding to the IQ motif of CDD in vitro. CDD mutants that contain single amino-acid substitutions were fused to the C-terminus of GST, and expressed in E. coli. The recombinant proteins were analyzed by Western blotting with an anti-GST an ...
REVIEWS How membrane proteins travel across the mitochondrial
... or Tim8p–Tim13p is bound directly to the precursor. Equally plausible is a model in which the 70 kDa complexes form a link between the TOM and the TIM complexes. In this model, the precursor is not released into the intermembrane space but binds to the small Tim proteins as it emerges from the TOM c ...
... or Tim8p–Tim13p is bound directly to the precursor. Equally plausible is a model in which the 70 kDa complexes form a link between the TOM and the TIM complexes. In this model, the precursor is not released into the intermembrane space but binds to the small Tim proteins as it emerges from the TOM c ...
Apoptosome
The apoptosome is a large quaternary protein structure formed in the process of apoptosis. Its formation is triggered by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in response to an internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) cell death stimulus. Stimuli can vary from DNA damage and viral infection to developmental cues such as those leading to the degradation of a tadpole's tail.In mammalian cells, once cytochrome c is released, it binds to the cytosolic protein Apaf-1 to facilitate the formation of apoptosome. An early biochemical study suggests a two-to-one ratio of cytochrome c to apaf-1 for apoptosome formation. However, recent structural studies suggest the cytochrome c to apaf-1 ratio is one-to-one. It has also been shown that the nucleotide dATP as third component binds to apaf-1, however its exact role is still debated. The mammalian apoptosome had never been crystallized, but a human APAF-1/cytochrome-c apoptosome has been imaged at lower (2 nm) resolution by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy 10 years ago, revealing a wheel-like particle with 7-fold symmetry. Recently, a medium resolution (9.5 Ångström) structure of human apoptosome was also solved by cryo-electron microscopy, which allows unambiguous inference for positions of all the APAF-1 domains (CARD, NBARC and WD40) and cytochrome c. There is also now a crystal structure of the monomeric, inactive Apaf-1 subunit (PDB 3SFZ). Once formed, the apoptosome can then recruit and activate the inactive pro-caspase-9. Once activated, this initiator caspase can then activate effector caspases and trigger a cascade of events leading to apoptosis.