Structure and function of tomato disease resistance proteins van
... extracellular LRR (eLRR) domain at their N-terminus. This eLRR is connected via a transmembrane domain to a variable cytoplasmic C-terminal region. When the cytoplasmic domain contains a protein kinase domain the R protein is placed in the RLK class, that of Receptor-Like Kinases. If no such domain ...
... extracellular LRR (eLRR) domain at their N-terminus. This eLRR is connected via a transmembrane domain to a variable cytoplasmic C-terminal region. When the cytoplasmic domain contains a protein kinase domain the R protein is placed in the RLK class, that of Receptor-Like Kinases. If no such domain ...
1. Introduction Chemotaxis Chemotaxis is the net movement of a
... lateral clusters are also observed using fluorescent protein fusions [93]. These nascent-periodic clusters are thought to become polar clusters after several rounds of cell division. Thousands of copies of chemotaxis proteins are localized in the receptor clusters. This sub-localization allows for ...
... lateral clusters are also observed using fluorescent protein fusions [93]. These nascent-periodic clusters are thought to become polar clusters after several rounds of cell division. Thousands of copies of chemotaxis proteins are localized in the receptor clusters. This sub-localization allows for ...
Estimating bacterial surface contamination by means of ATP
... The first consideration is that only a small proportion of micro-organisms present in any given environment is actually culturable using synthetic growth media. For exotic environments such as lake sediments and termite guts the culturable proportion has been estimated as less than 1 %. Although the ...
... The first consideration is that only a small proportion of micro-organisms present in any given environment is actually culturable using synthetic growth media. For exotic environments such as lake sediments and termite guts the culturable proportion has been estimated as less than 1 %. Although the ...
The UBA2 Domain Functions as an Intrinsic Stabilization Signal that
... proteasome system is responsible for degradation of this substrate in yeast (Bartel et al., 1990). Thus, the UBA2 domain increases the steady-state levels of Ub-R-GFP by delaying its proteasomal degradation. Structural analysis of the UBA2 domains of the human homolog of Rad23 A (hHR23A) has reveale ...
... proteasome system is responsible for degradation of this substrate in yeast (Bartel et al., 1990). Thus, the UBA2 domain increases the steady-state levels of Ub-R-GFP by delaying its proteasomal degradation. Structural analysis of the UBA2 domains of the human homolog of Rad23 A (hHR23A) has reveale ...
The unfolded protein response: an intracellular
... unusual machinery. Further evidence for an unconventional mechanism of splicing came from studies demonstrating that cleavage at either splice junction can occur independently. This is in contrast to spliceosome-mediated splicing, which occurs as a series of two transesterification reactions requiri ...
... unusual machinery. Further evidence for an unconventional mechanism of splicing came from studies demonstrating that cleavage at either splice junction can occur independently. This is in contrast to spliceosome-mediated splicing, which occurs as a series of two transesterification reactions requiri ...
X-ray structure of the C-terminal domain of a coronavirus nucle
... terminus in the present structure. Briefly, the structure is composed of a relatively acidic globular core of twisted anti-parallel β-sheet that is surrounded by a number of loop regions. Prominent among the loop regions are two long loops corresponding to the N-terminal 12 amino acids (residues 22 ...
... terminus in the present structure. Briefly, the structure is composed of a relatively acidic globular core of twisted anti-parallel β-sheet that is surrounded by a number of loop regions. Prominent among the loop regions are two long loops corresponding to the N-terminal 12 amino acids (residues 22 ...
Mitochondrial quality control by the ubiquitin
... mitochondrial compartment. Two AAA + proteases (AAA is ATPase associated with various cellular activities), Lon and ClpXP, reside in the matrix and degrade oxidatively damaged proteins in the matrix. A pair of AAA metalloproteases patrols opposite faces of the mitochondrial inner membrane. The m-AAA ...
... mitochondrial compartment. Two AAA + proteases (AAA is ATPase associated with various cellular activities), Lon and ClpXP, reside in the matrix and degrade oxidatively damaged proteins in the matrix. A pair of AAA metalloproteases patrols opposite faces of the mitochondrial inner membrane. The m-AAA ...
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
... CGD cells do not contain measurable NADPH oxidase activity (6, 7). The failure to observe oxidase activity can be explained by either a defect in the enzyme itself or an abnormality in the pathway responsible for its activation. Until recently, however, it has not been possible to distinguish clearl ...
... CGD cells do not contain measurable NADPH oxidase activity (6, 7). The failure to observe oxidase activity can be explained by either a defect in the enzyme itself or an abnormality in the pathway responsible for its activation. Until recently, however, it has not been possible to distinguish clearl ...
Dynamin and the Actin Cytoskeleton Cooperatively Regulate
... and the isolated F-BAR domains of FBP17 and CIP4 (final concentration of 1.0 mg/ml) induced massive formation of long lipid tubules at the membrane surface (Figures 2B and 2C). GST, used as a control, did not affect the shape of the membrane surface (Figure 2B; Movies S1 and S2). N- and C-terminal t ...
... and the isolated F-BAR domains of FBP17 and CIP4 (final concentration of 1.0 mg/ml) induced massive formation of long lipid tubules at the membrane surface (Figures 2B and 2C). GST, used as a control, did not affect the shape of the membrane surface (Figure 2B; Movies S1 and S2). N- and C-terminal t ...
Biological effects of 6 mT static magnetic fields: A comparative study
... [Rosen, 2003]. To date working environment or acute exposure to static MF at flux densities below 2 T were not unequivocally found to have adverse health consequences. However, at the current state of knowledge, the biological effects, both in vivo and in vitro, connected to MFs are not univocally i ...
... [Rosen, 2003]. To date working environment or acute exposure to static MF at flux densities below 2 T were not unequivocally found to have adverse health consequences. However, at the current state of knowledge, the biological effects, both in vivo and in vitro, connected to MFs are not univocally i ...
Pore-Forming Proteins and Adaptation of Living Organisms to
... Melittin (H2N-GIGAVLKVLTTGLPALISTIKRKRQQCONH2), a typical member of this group of toxins is the basic component of Apis mellifera bee venom [5]. This polypeptide is capable of killing bacteria and lysing blood cells, as well as various eukaryotic tissues. The cytolytic activity of melittin is underl ...
... Melittin (H2N-GIGAVLKVLTTGLPALISTIKRKRQQCONH2), a typical member of this group of toxins is the basic component of Apis mellifera bee venom [5]. This polypeptide is capable of killing bacteria and lysing blood cells, as well as various eukaryotic tissues. The cytolytic activity of melittin is underl ...
Role of the p53 Tumor Suppressor Gene in Cell Cycle Arrest and
... minimal G, arrest, eight had only mutant p53 alÃ-eles,and two lines were heterozygous, containing both mutant and normal p53 alÃ-eles. The remaining two cell lines (12%) showed an intermediate response: both of these lines by single-strand conformation polymorphism and DNA sequencing contained only ...
... minimal G, arrest, eight had only mutant p53 alÃ-eles,and two lines were heterozygous, containing both mutant and normal p53 alÃ-eles. The remaining two cell lines (12%) showed an intermediate response: both of these lines by single-strand conformation polymorphism and DNA sequencing contained only ...
A Role for Mitochondria in the Establishment and
... JC-9 and MitoTracker Orange are two mitochondrial membrane potential (DCm) sensing probes that are used to indicate the cellular energy levels of mitochondria (Duchen et al., 1993; Sureau et al., 1993; Cossarizza et al., 1994; Castedo et al., 1996). Both probes accumulate in mitochondria that mainta ...
... JC-9 and MitoTracker Orange are two mitochondrial membrane potential (DCm) sensing probes that are used to indicate the cellular energy levels of mitochondria (Duchen et al., 1993; Sureau et al., 1993; Cossarizza et al., 1994; Castedo et al., 1996). Both probes accumulate in mitochondria that mainta ...
Journal of Cell Biology - Institute of Cancer Research Repository
... We and others previously demonstrated that ROCK I becomes cleaved and activated in apoptotic cells (Coleman et al., 2001; Sebbagh et al., 2001). The cleavage of ROCK I (Fig. 1 C, cleaved form indicated by gray arrow and ) is accompanied by increased phosphorylation of type II MLC on residues Thr18 ...
... We and others previously demonstrated that ROCK I becomes cleaved and activated in apoptotic cells (Coleman et al., 2001; Sebbagh et al., 2001). The cleavage of ROCK I (Fig. 1 C, cleaved form indicated by gray arrow and ) is accompanied by increased phosphorylation of type II MLC on residues Thr18 ...
8. ARTÍCULOS
... as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for small GTPases [6]. The HERC family can in turn be divided into two subfamilies: the large HERCs (HERC1 and HERC2) are giant proteins almost 5000 amino acid residues long, encoded in chromosome 15 [7] and possessing at least two RLDs and other known s ...
... as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for small GTPases [6]. The HERC family can in turn be divided into two subfamilies: the large HERCs (HERC1 and HERC2) are giant proteins almost 5000 amino acid residues long, encoded in chromosome 15 [7] and possessing at least two RLDs and other known s ...
Research Databases
... disease, obesity, cancer and other consequences of aging. Given the organelle's core function in the body, some think mitochondria might even be the biological epicenter of aging itself: If you live long enough, all your cells might experience a kind of energy crisis. "I strongly believe that mitoch ...
... disease, obesity, cancer and other consequences of aging. Given the organelle's core function in the body, some think mitochondria might even be the biological epicenter of aging itself: If you live long enough, all your cells might experience a kind of energy crisis. "I strongly believe that mitoch ...
NF-κB
... inflammatory and immune responses, and aberrant NFκB signaling is implicated multiple disorders, such as cancer and autoimmune, chronic inflammatory and metabolic diseases.NF-κB is regulated by various posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation and multiple ubiquitinations. ...
... inflammatory and immune responses, and aberrant NFκB signaling is implicated multiple disorders, such as cancer and autoimmune, chronic inflammatory and metabolic diseases.NF-κB is regulated by various posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation and multiple ubiquitinations. ...
Chapter 5 Photosynthesis
... All light absorption and energy-transducing processes take place at the thylakoid membranes. The thylakoid membranes enclose a so-called thylakoid compartment or thylakoid space. All parts of the thylakoid space are presumably interconnected. The thylakoid network comprises two different membranes; ...
... All light absorption and energy-transducing processes take place at the thylakoid membranes. The thylakoid membranes enclose a so-called thylakoid compartment or thylakoid space. All parts of the thylakoid space are presumably interconnected. The thylakoid network comprises two different membranes; ...
ATP-binding-cassette (ABC) transport systems: Functional and
... or can be fused in a variety of con¢gurations. A is mainly represented by binding protein-dependent bacterial import systems. In some cases either the membrane-integral domains or the ABC domains are fused. In others, two copies of one membrane-integral subunit or of one ABC subunit are present. The ...
... or can be fused in a variety of con¢gurations. A is mainly represented by binding protein-dependent bacterial import systems. In some cases either the membrane-integral domains or the ABC domains are fused. In others, two copies of one membrane-integral subunit or of one ABC subunit are present. The ...
Apoptosis-inducing factor is involved in the regulation of caspase
... death. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrate that AIF is released from the mitochondria by a mechanism distinct from that of cytochrome-c in neurons undergoing p53-mediated cell death. The Bcl-2 family regulates this release of AIF and subsequent caspase-independent cell death. In addition, we show ...
... death. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrate that AIF is released from the mitochondria by a mechanism distinct from that of cytochrome-c in neurons undergoing p53-mediated cell death. The Bcl-2 family regulates this release of AIF and subsequent caspase-independent cell death. In addition, we show ...
PDF document
... different strategies to exploit the energy bound in plant cell walls. Aerobic cellulolytes (fungi, bacteria) typically produce high concentrations of numerous individual extracellular enzymes with binding modules for different types of substrates, whereas anaerobic microorganisms have developed more ...
... different strategies to exploit the energy bound in plant cell walls. Aerobic cellulolytes (fungi, bacteria) typically produce high concentrations of numerous individual extracellular enzymes with binding modules for different types of substrates, whereas anaerobic microorganisms have developed more ...
Review Article Protein aggregation and degradation mechanisms in
... These individuals develop AD-like pathology and typically suffer from the symptoms of AD already early in their life. The trisomy in the chromosome 21 leads to the triplication of the APP gene, resulting in increased levels of the APP protein and subsequently augmented early deposition of β-amyloid ...
... These individuals develop AD-like pathology and typically suffer from the symptoms of AD already early in their life. The trisomy in the chromosome 21 leads to the triplication of the APP gene, resulting in increased levels of the APP protein and subsequently augmented early deposition of β-amyloid ...
ß-arrestin signaling and regulation of transcription
... RAR-2 and this effect is dependent upon the recruitment of ERK2 and its direct interaction with RAR-2 in the cytoplasm (Piu et al., 2006). -arrestin-2-dependent p38 activation provides another example. This is crucially involved in chemokine-receptor-induced chemotaxis (Sun et al., 2002). Accumul ...
... RAR-2 and this effect is dependent upon the recruitment of ERK2 and its direct interaction with RAR-2 in the cytoplasm (Piu et al., 2006). -arrestin-2-dependent p38 activation provides another example. This is crucially involved in chemokine-receptor-induced chemotaxis (Sun et al., 2002). Accumul ...
Atg18 function in autophagy is regulated by specific sites within its b
... this defect, indicating that loop 1 is not required for bulk autophagy. In contrast, a complete block of the pathway was observed when this mutation was combined with that in loop 2. The relevance of loop 2 in autophagy was also underscored by the analysis of Atg18(L2), which showed a severe defect ...
... this defect, indicating that loop 1 is not required for bulk autophagy. In contrast, a complete block of the pathway was observed when this mutation was combined with that in loop 2. The relevance of loop 2 in autophagy was also underscored by the analysis of Atg18(L2), which showed a severe defect ...
Document
... form of ATP. However, mitochondria also have roles outside of energy regulation: they are involved in calcium signaling and intermediary metabolism, and they regulate the extrinsic apoptotic pathway following cell insult. Recent studies show that mitochondria are implicated in many diseases includin ...
... form of ATP. However, mitochondria also have roles outside of energy regulation: they are involved in calcium signaling and intermediary metabolism, and they regulate the extrinsic apoptotic pathway following cell insult. Recent studies show that mitochondria are implicated in many diseases includin ...
Apoptosome
The apoptosome is a large quaternary protein structure formed in the process of apoptosis. Its formation is triggered by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in response to an internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) cell death stimulus. Stimuli can vary from DNA damage and viral infection to developmental cues such as those leading to the degradation of a tadpole's tail.In mammalian cells, once cytochrome c is released, it binds to the cytosolic protein Apaf-1 to facilitate the formation of apoptosome. An early biochemical study suggests a two-to-one ratio of cytochrome c to apaf-1 for apoptosome formation. However, recent structural studies suggest the cytochrome c to apaf-1 ratio is one-to-one. It has also been shown that the nucleotide dATP as third component binds to apaf-1, however its exact role is still debated. The mammalian apoptosome had never been crystallized, but a human APAF-1/cytochrome-c apoptosome has been imaged at lower (2 nm) resolution by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy 10 years ago, revealing a wheel-like particle with 7-fold symmetry. Recently, a medium resolution (9.5 Ångström) structure of human apoptosome was also solved by cryo-electron microscopy, which allows unambiguous inference for positions of all the APAF-1 domains (CARD, NBARC and WD40) and cytochrome c. There is also now a crystal structure of the monomeric, inactive Apaf-1 subunit (PDB 3SFZ). Once formed, the apoptosome can then recruit and activate the inactive pro-caspase-9. Once activated, this initiator caspase can then activate effector caspases and trigger a cascade of events leading to apoptosis.