How Does the Brain Develop?
... We can study the relation between brain and behavioral development in three basic ways. First, we can look at the structural development of the nervous system and correlate it with the emergence of specific behaviors. For example, we can link the development of certain brain structures to the develo ...
... We can study the relation between brain and behavioral development in three basic ways. First, we can look at the structural development of the nervous system and correlate it with the emergence of specific behaviors. For example, we can link the development of certain brain structures to the develo ...
Corticostriatal neurons in auditory cortex drive decisions during
... that receive input from motor and prefrontal cortices have been implicated in a wide range of cognitive processes, including decision-making4, action selection5 and reinforcement learning6,7. Through downstream structures of the basal ganglia, the striatum influences the activity in the motor thalam ...
... that receive input from motor and prefrontal cortices have been implicated in a wide range of cognitive processes, including decision-making4, action selection5 and reinforcement learning6,7. Through downstream structures of the basal ganglia, the striatum influences the activity in the motor thalam ...
Analyzing Neural Responses to Natural Signals: Maximally
... are relevant for setting the probability of generating a single spike at one moment in time. From an information-theoretic point of view, asking for stimulus features that capture the mutual information between the stimulus and the arrival times of single spikes is a well-posed question even if succ ...
... are relevant for setting the probability of generating a single spike at one moment in time. From an information-theoretic point of view, asking for stimulus features that capture the mutual information between the stimulus and the arrival times of single spikes is a well-posed question even if succ ...
Smell, Taste, Texture, and Temperature
... responded more in a visual discrimination task to the visual stimulus that signified sweet fruit juice than to that which signified saline, or responded to sweet taste and in an olfactory discrimination task to fruit odor. The different types of neurons (unimodal in different modalities and multimodal ...
... responded more in a visual discrimination task to the visual stimulus that signified sweet fruit juice than to that which signified saline, or responded to sweet taste and in an olfactory discrimination task to fruit odor. The different types of neurons (unimodal in different modalities and multimodal ...
Role of Cerebral Cortex in Voluntary Movements
... Figure 3 also shows that the motor cortex receives convergent input signals from a multitude of sources. Central input is received from several cortical areas including premotor, SMA, parietal area 5, and from two, major, central reentrant loops.11 Motor cortex is also influenced by two, major, sens ...
... Figure 3 also shows that the motor cortex receives convergent input signals from a multitude of sources. Central input is received from several cortical areas including premotor, SMA, parietal area 5, and from two, major, central reentrant loops.11 Motor cortex is also influenced by two, major, sens ...
the premotor cortex of the monkey
... followed by one of eight randomly determined “intertrial intervals” (0.8 to 2.4 set) during which the monkey was required to continue depressing the key (parts 1 and 4, Fig. 1). This cycle was repeated 40 to 150 times for each single unit accepted for analysis. The second task studied in the first m ...
... followed by one of eight randomly determined “intertrial intervals” (0.8 to 2.4 set) during which the monkey was required to continue depressing the key (parts 1 and 4, Fig. 1). This cycle was repeated 40 to 150 times for each single unit accepted for analysis. The second task studied in the first m ...
Neuronal Interaction Dynamics in Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... During the recent years neurons of the visual cortex have been extensively investigated according to a diversity of feature attributes. In search of optimal stimulus conditions, they were classified with respect to differing receptive field (RF) properties. However, RFs can exhibit complex, nonpredi ...
... During the recent years neurons of the visual cortex have been extensively investigated according to a diversity of feature attributes. In search of optimal stimulus conditions, they were classified with respect to differing receptive field (RF) properties. However, RFs can exhibit complex, nonpredi ...
This article was originally published in a journal published by
... nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have a role in the encoding of new memories. Localized lesions and antagonist infusions demonstrate the anatomical locus of these cholinergic effects, and computational modeling links the function of cholinergic modulation to specific cellular effects within these r ...
... nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have a role in the encoding of new memories. Localized lesions and antagonist infusions demonstrate the anatomical locus of these cholinergic effects, and computational modeling links the function of cholinergic modulation to specific cellular effects within these r ...
PDF - Center for Neural Science
... behaviors. That a cortical area exhibits a new type of behavior does not necessarily mean that the circuit must possess unique biological machineries completely different from those of other areas. Hence, persistent activity may be generated in the PFC when the strength of recurrent excitation (medi ...
... behaviors. That a cortical area exhibits a new type of behavior does not necessarily mean that the circuit must possess unique biological machineries completely different from those of other areas. Hence, persistent activity may be generated in the PFC when the strength of recurrent excitation (medi ...
Commentaries on Viewpoint: A role for the prefrontal cortex in
... Fatigue during exercise is a complex phenomenon and has historically been assigned to peripheral mechanisms. Recently more attention is paid to the “central” origin of fatigue, where failure of the motor cortex, changing neurotransmitter concentrations, decreased blood flow, etc., are put forward as ...
... Fatigue during exercise is a complex phenomenon and has historically been assigned to peripheral mechanisms. Recently more attention is paid to the “central” origin of fatigue, where failure of the motor cortex, changing neurotransmitter concentrations, decreased blood flow, etc., are put forward as ...
Review Article Long-Term Memory Search across the
... Figure 2: Visual signal processing along the ventral visual stream. Photons reflected from the object surface traverse first three retinal cell layers to reach photoreceptor-containing cones and rods. Retinal image formation relies mainly on differential glutamate signalling by ON and OFF cones [19, ...
... Figure 2: Visual signal processing along the ventral visual stream. Photons reflected from the object surface traverse first three retinal cell layers to reach photoreceptor-containing cones and rods. Retinal image formation relies mainly on differential glutamate signalling by ON and OFF cones [19, ...
chapter one
... characters or the most common 50,000 English words. Because of this limitation of output options, these applications don't always utilize networks composed of neurons that simply sum up, and thereby smooth, inputs. These networks may utilize the binary properties of ORing and ANDing of inputs. These ...
... characters or the most common 50,000 English words. Because of this limitation of output options, these applications don't always utilize networks composed of neurons that simply sum up, and thereby smooth, inputs. These networks may utilize the binary properties of ORing and ANDing of inputs. These ...
Development and function of human cerebral cortex neural networks
... reproduced in three cortical inductions from two hPSC lines, in a total of six cultures per cortical induction, monitored for 158 days in culture. Bursting activity developed in all three inductions and in all dishes from each induction. This revealed variation in the timing at which bursting develo ...
... reproduced in three cortical inductions from two hPSC lines, in a total of six cultures per cortical induction, monitored for 158 days in culture. Bursting activity developed in all three inductions and in all dishes from each induction. This revealed variation in the timing at which bursting develo ...
Cortical connections of the visuomotor parietooccipital
... craniotomy, the dura mater was retracted, and the parietooccipital sulcus was gently opened in order to expose the anterior bank. A glass micropipette attached to the syringe needle was moved on to enter directly into the anterior bank of the parietooccipital sulcus. The location of the injection si ...
... craniotomy, the dura mater was retracted, and the parietooccipital sulcus was gently opened in order to expose the anterior bank. A glass micropipette attached to the syringe needle was moved on to enter directly into the anterior bank of the parietooccipital sulcus. The location of the injection si ...
Relative timing: from behaviour to neurons
... at the same location by a light-emitting diode. The authors found that threshold SOA (75% per cent correct responses) was similar between the modalities, approximately 40 ms [41]. These findings are intriguing, because sensory latencies in the sensory periphery are much briefer for auditory and tact ...
... at the same location by a light-emitting diode. The authors found that threshold SOA (75% per cent correct responses) was similar between the modalities, approximately 40 ms [41]. These findings are intriguing, because sensory latencies in the sensory periphery are much briefer for auditory and tact ...
An Animal Model of Early-treated PKU
... dl; > 1200 PmolAiter), it rarely succeeds in bringing them down to normal (2 mg/dl). For this reason, even children treated early for PKU and maintained on diet have moderately elevated plasma levels of Phe (4-l 0 mg/dl). Children with mild hyperphenylalaninemia have comparable elevations in plasma ...
... dl; > 1200 PmolAiter), it rarely succeeds in bringing them down to normal (2 mg/dl). For this reason, even children treated early for PKU and maintained on diet have moderately elevated plasma levels of Phe (4-l 0 mg/dl). Children with mild hyperphenylalaninemia have comparable elevations in plasma ...
Cortical afferents to the smooth-pursuit region of the macaque
... surgical procedures under pentobarbital anesthesia (see Gottlieb et al. 1994, for details). During experimental sessions they sat in a primate chair with their head held stationary. Eye position was obtained from a search coil implanted in one eye. To enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of elec ...
... surgical procedures under pentobarbital anesthesia (see Gottlieb et al. 1994, for details). During experimental sessions they sat in a primate chair with their head held stationary. Eye position was obtained from a search coil implanted in one eye. To enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of elec ...
C ontribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to laser
... of nociceptive stimulation [25]. Furthermore, cingulectomized rabbits fail to learn an inactive avoidance learning that involves avoidance of foot shock [19,20]. The conditioned emotional response is an accepted animal model of emotional stress in which an animal learns to form associations between ...
... of nociceptive stimulation [25]. Furthermore, cingulectomized rabbits fail to learn an inactive avoidance learning that involves avoidance of foot shock [19,20]. The conditioned emotional response is an accepted animal model of emotional stress in which an animal learns to form associations between ...
A direct quantitative relationship between the functional properties of
... motion 4. Furthermore, ablation of V5 impairs task performance5, electrical microstimulation of V5 influences choices in direction discrimination tasks6, and individual V5 neurons show monotonically increasing responses to stimulus coherence7. Taken together, these findings suggest that directional ...
... motion 4. Furthermore, ablation of V5 impairs task performance5, electrical microstimulation of V5 influences choices in direction discrimination tasks6, and individual V5 neurons show monotonically increasing responses to stimulus coherence7. Taken together, these findings suggest that directional ...
Neuronal activity (c-Fos) delineating interactions of the cerebral
... PBS) for 1 h, followed by a 1:1000 dilution of avidin-biotinperoxidase (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA) for 1 h at room temperature. The peroxidase reaction was visualized with 0.05% 3,3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB, Sigma) in PBS and 0.01% H2 O2 . The sections were stained bro ...
... PBS) for 1 h, followed by a 1:1000 dilution of avidin-biotinperoxidase (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA) for 1 h at room temperature. The peroxidase reaction was visualized with 0.05% 3,3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB, Sigma) in PBS and 0.01% H2 O2 . The sections were stained bro ...
Distribution of neurons in functional areas of the mouse cerebral
... volumes—with the exception of the visual areas, which hold more neurons than expected for their volume. Across the non-visual cortex, the volume of individual functional areas is a shared linear function of their number of neurons, while in the visual areas, neuronal densities are much higher than i ...
... volumes—with the exception of the visual areas, which hold more neurons than expected for their volume. Across the non-visual cortex, the volume of individual functional areas is a shared linear function of their number of neurons, while in the visual areas, neuronal densities are much higher than i ...
decision-making in the primate brain
... Munoz 1998; Kim and Shadlen 1999; Platt and Glimcher 1999; Shadlen and Newsome 1996, 2001). In contrast, over the past 400 years, economists have developed simple normative models to describe what rational agents should do when confronted with a choice between two options [Arnauld and Nichole 1662; ...
... Munoz 1998; Kim and Shadlen 1999; Platt and Glimcher 1999; Shadlen and Newsome 1996, 2001). In contrast, over the past 400 years, economists have developed simple normative models to describe what rational agents should do when confronted with a choice between two options [Arnauld and Nichole 1662; ...
Neural networks engaged in milliseconds and seconds time
... Results from the study of PD patients have provided further knowledge regarding the role of basal ganglia in time processing. Most studies on these patients have been based on repetitive movement tasks (i.e. finger tapping), in which subjects have to perform simple movements with precise timing cued ...
... Results from the study of PD patients have provided further knowledge regarding the role of basal ganglia in time processing. Most studies on these patients have been based on repetitive movement tasks (i.e. finger tapping), in which subjects have to perform simple movements with precise timing cued ...
Perception, action, and word meanings in the human brain
... literature showing that damage to left posterior lateral temporal lobe in the vicinity of MT/MST can lead to deficits in action categorization and action picture naming deficits.54,55 However, no motion vision deficits are reported in those patients, raising the possibility that their lesions do not ...
... literature showing that damage to left posterior lateral temporal lobe in the vicinity of MT/MST can lead to deficits in action categorization and action picture naming deficits.54,55 However, no motion vision deficits are reported in those patients, raising the possibility that their lesions do not ...
Perception, action, and word meanings in the human brain: the case
... literature showing that damage to left posterior lateral temporal lobe in the vicinity of MT/MST can lead to deficits in action categorization and action picture naming deficits.54,55 However, no motion vision deficits are reported in those patients, raising the possibility that their lesions do not ...
... literature showing that damage to left posterior lateral temporal lobe in the vicinity of MT/MST can lead to deficits in action categorization and action picture naming deficits.54,55 However, no motion vision deficits are reported in those patients, raising the possibility that their lesions do not ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.