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... points of a diamond-shaped box13. There was a non-memory-guided control condition (0-back) that presented the same stimuli but simply required subjects to identify the stimulus currently seen. As memory load increased, the task required the recollection of a stimulus seen one (1-back) or two (2back) ...
... points of a diamond-shaped box13. There was a non-memory-guided control condition (0-back) that presented the same stimuli but simply required subjects to identify the stimulus currently seen. As memory load increased, the task required the recollection of a stimulus seen one (1-back) or two (2back) ...
Lec #10_Central Vis - Biology Courses Server
... – Extrastriate cortical areas: Selective responsive to complex shapes; e.g., Faces Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
... – Extrastriate cortical areas: Selective responsive to complex shapes; e.g., Faces Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
Region-specific effects of hypothyroidism on the relative expression
... Recent knockout and knock-in studies in mice and the use of synthetic TR agonists revealed common as well as divergent actions of the TR isoforms, indicating that the relative expression of each TR isoform in each target tissue may regulate the specific response of these tissues to T3 [25–29]. Knock ...
... Recent knockout and knock-in studies in mice and the use of synthetic TR agonists revealed common as well as divergent actions of the TR isoforms, indicating that the relative expression of each TR isoform in each target tissue may regulate the specific response of these tissues to T3 [25–29]. Knock ...
Temporal and Spatial Integration in the Rat SI Vibrissa Cortex
... correct for the barrel in which the unit is recorded, and largest in layers V and VI where most cells respond to deflections of several adjacent whiskers, sometimes as many as 20 or more (see also Ref. 5). Moreover, under these conditions, cortical vibrissa units, like those in the periphery (79), r ...
... correct for the barrel in which the unit is recorded, and largest in layers V and VI where most cells respond to deflections of several adjacent whiskers, sometimes as many as 20 or more (see also Ref. 5). Moreover, under these conditions, cortical vibrissa units, like those in the periphery (79), r ...
~ Pergamon
... area PAll, and the third category included all dysgranular areas. Agranular and dysgranular association cortices are collectively called limbic. The following three categories included eulaminate areas, which have six layers, but nevertheless show small differences in laminar distinction. They were ...
... area PAll, and the third category included all dysgranular areas. Agranular and dysgranular association cortices are collectively called limbic. The following three categories included eulaminate areas, which have six layers, but nevertheless show small differences in laminar distinction. They were ...
Structural Abnormalities of the Central Auditory Pathway in Infants
... They reported the presence of a specific midline brain anomaly (enlarged cavum septi pellucidi) and other brain abnormalities in adult men with NSCL/P. The research group believed that the etiology of these cognitive deficits was primarily a problem of abnormal brain development. Interestingly, the ...
... They reported the presence of a specific midline brain anomaly (enlarged cavum septi pellucidi) and other brain abnormalities in adult men with NSCL/P. The research group believed that the etiology of these cognitive deficits was primarily a problem of abnormal brain development. Interestingly, the ...
primary visual cortex and visual awareness
... perform comparable visual discrimination tasks through reinforcement learning, but it is difficult to evaluate whether the task is being performed consciously or automatically. However, scientists have become more willing to assume that some animals, such as monkeys, can be trained to report their p ...
... perform comparable visual discrimination tasks through reinforcement learning, but it is difficult to evaluate whether the task is being performed consciously or automatically. However, scientists have become more willing to assume that some animals, such as monkeys, can be trained to report their p ...
Handout: E-Brain Manual - Faculty Web Sites at the University of
... can see these clearly on the dorsal surface as thicker, whiter areas of dura. The Sella Turcica The sella turcica [Latin; Turkish saddle] is a portion of the sphenoid bone, called the body, at the base of the brain that protects the pituitary gland. Some of the cranial nerves enter or exit the sella ...
... can see these clearly on the dorsal surface as thicker, whiter areas of dura. The Sella Turcica The sella turcica [Latin; Turkish saddle] is a portion of the sphenoid bone, called the body, at the base of the brain that protects the pituitary gland. Some of the cranial nerves enter or exit the sella ...
The auditory cortex
... ®elds in individual animals by using a rather crude sampling technique, an inadequate set of sound stimuli, and/or averaging procedures across several individuals (the latter should not be applied because details of functional representation in the auditory cortex are individualized). 2. Use of inad ...
... ®elds in individual animals by using a rather crude sampling technique, an inadequate set of sound stimuli, and/or averaging procedures across several individuals (the latter should not be applied because details of functional representation in the auditory cortex are individualized). 2. Use of inad ...
Temperature manipulation in songbird brain implicates the premotor
... are created when auditory feedback from a syllable targets the chain that encodes this syllable, biasing the network toward repetition. Due to the reduction of the drive from the auditory feedback, as well as a faster depression on this drive, there are fewer repetitions of such syllables as HVC is ...
... are created when auditory feedback from a syllable targets the chain that encodes this syllable, biasing the network toward repetition. Due to the reduction of the drive from the auditory feedback, as well as a faster depression on this drive, there are fewer repetitions of such syllables as HVC is ...
Prediction error for free monetary reward in the human prefrontal
... must be compared with the actual outcome. The most widely studied types of outcome in nonhuman primates are appetitive rewards (e.g., fruit juice or food pellets) (Hassani et al., 2001; Tremblay and Schultz, 1999). The neural mechanisms of rewardrelated prediction error have been extensively studied ...
... must be compared with the actual outcome. The most widely studied types of outcome in nonhuman primates are appetitive rewards (e.g., fruit juice or food pellets) (Hassani et al., 2001; Tremblay and Schultz, 1999). The neural mechanisms of rewardrelated prediction error have been extensively studied ...
Neuron
... (A) Saccade-related activity in monkeys revealed by the group analysis. Activity map is superimposed on transverse sections of the normalized structural MRI (thresholded at p ⬍ 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons). At the bottom of each image is indicated the z coordinate in the bicommissural s ...
... (A) Saccade-related activity in monkeys revealed by the group analysis. Activity map is superimposed on transverse sections of the normalized structural MRI (thresholded at p ⬍ 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons). At the bottom of each image is indicated the z coordinate in the bicommissural s ...
Cortical and basal ganglia contributions to habit learning and
... that extended training leads to a decrease in the number of neurons within the sensorimotor striatum showing taskrelated activation. For example, Carelli et al. [22] trained rats to lever press to a tone and, over an extended training period, recorded from single units in the sensorimotor striatum t ...
... that extended training leads to a decrease in the number of neurons within the sensorimotor striatum showing taskrelated activation. For example, Carelli et al. [22] trained rats to lever press to a tone and, over an extended training period, recorded from single units in the sensorimotor striatum t ...
Motor pathway injury in patients with
... Periventricular leucomalacia has long been investigated as a leading cause of motor and cognitive impairment in subjects who were born prematurely with a low birth weight or very low birth weight. The main neuropathological feature is a focal or diffuse necrosis of cerebral white matter with loss of ...
... Periventricular leucomalacia has long been investigated as a leading cause of motor and cognitive impairment in subjects who were born prematurely with a low birth weight or very low birth weight. The main neuropathological feature is a focal or diffuse necrosis of cerebral white matter with loss of ...
The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of
... different species are reproductively incompatible; sometimes they don’t, such as when they are geographically isolated). Fundamentally, this translates into the insight that a biological category (a ‘species’) is a conceptual category, rather than a typological one: a species is a population of phys ...
... different species are reproductively incompatible; sometimes they don’t, such as when they are geographically isolated). Fundamentally, this translates into the insight that a biological category (a ‘species’) is a conceptual category, rather than a typological one: a species is a population of phys ...
Regional brain activation in conscious, nonrestrained
... of acutely induced rectosigmoidal pain. To capture more objective markers of the human visceral pain response, and to assess possible drug effects on this response, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have been applied successfully to study the human br ...
... of acutely induced rectosigmoidal pain. To capture more objective markers of the human visceral pain response, and to assess possible drug effects on this response, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have been applied successfully to study the human br ...
- Wiley Online Library
... areas. Several authors (5,6) have described a “golden rule” that a minimal distance for feasible surgical resection is a distance of at least 10 to 15 mm between tumor margin and an essential structure. Yetkin et al (5) were the first to show a correlation between distance and risk of a subsequent ne ...
... areas. Several authors (5,6) have described a “golden rule” that a minimal distance for feasible surgical resection is a distance of at least 10 to 15 mm between tumor margin and an essential structure. Yetkin et al (5) were the first to show a correlation between distance and risk of a subsequent ne ...
Time Related Effects on Functional Brain Connectivity After
... subject during this randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Within-group comparisons of voxelwise functional connectivity with 10 functional networks were examined (P < 0.05, FWEcorrected) using a non-parametric multivariate approach with cerebrospinal fluid, white matter, hea ...
... subject during this randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Within-group comparisons of voxelwise functional connectivity with 10 functional networks were examined (P < 0.05, FWEcorrected) using a non-parametric multivariate approach with cerebrospinal fluid, white matter, hea ...
Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias
... power lesions (Figure 6). Cryoablation was performed using a 6mm cryoablation catheter to deliver three 4-minute lesions to -75C. VT terminated without re-initiation or ectopy from that region (Figure 7). The patient has done well during a 16-month follow-up period without recurrent VT. RF energy re ...
... power lesions (Figure 6). Cryoablation was performed using a 6mm cryoablation catheter to deliver three 4-minute lesions to -75C. VT terminated without re-initiation or ectopy from that region (Figure 7). The patient has done well during a 16-month follow-up period without recurrent VT. RF energy re ...
Single-trial decoding of intended eye movement goals from lateral
... Other brain areas that are known to be involved in decisionmaking and goal-directed behavior might also be reliable signal sources for goal-selection BCIs. The lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), anterior to the arcuate sulcus and posterior to the principal sulcus (Petrides 2005), is one such area. Pr ...
... Other brain areas that are known to be involved in decisionmaking and goal-directed behavior might also be reliable signal sources for goal-selection BCIs. The lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), anterior to the arcuate sulcus and posterior to the principal sulcus (Petrides 2005), is one such area. Pr ...
Comparing the Functional Representations of Central and Border
... of each of these two measures was obtained for up to three neurons recorded simultaneously from the same electrode at the same depth (either supragranular or granular) in a penetration. Subsequently, the data were grouped according to the distance of a penetration from the peak of IS response, and l ...
... of each of these two measures was obtained for up to three neurons recorded simultaneously from the same electrode at the same depth (either supragranular or granular) in a penetration. Subsequently, the data were grouped according to the distance of a penetration from the peak of IS response, and l ...
Sensory uncertainty decoded from visual cortex
... Using fMRI in combination with a generative model-based analysis, we found that probability distributions reflecting sensory uncertainty could reliably be estimated from human visual cortex and, moreover, that observers appeared to use knowledge of this uncertainty in their perceptual decisions. The ...
... Using fMRI in combination with a generative model-based analysis, we found that probability distributions reflecting sensory uncertainty could reliably be estimated from human visual cortex and, moreover, that observers appeared to use knowledge of this uncertainty in their perceptual decisions. The ...
Brain Abnormalities in Murderers Indicated by
... Mirsky and Siegel 1994; Watson et al 1983a), while the thalamus also provides an important afferent source of the hypothalamic-induced attack in cats (Mirsky and Siegel 1994). Nevertheless, such research on animals and humans who have suffered brain insults, although of key importance, is one step r ...
... Mirsky and Siegel 1994; Watson et al 1983a), while the thalamus also provides an important afferent source of the hypothalamic-induced attack in cats (Mirsky and Siegel 1994). Nevertheless, such research on animals and humans who have suffered brain insults, although of key importance, is one step r ...
(fMRI) in Brain Tumour Patients
... The aim of neurosurgery in brain tumour patients is maximum tumour resection, while at the same time minimising the risk of new functional deficits post-operatively. For optimal results, the relationship between the tumour margins and eloquent brain regions needs to be established as accurately as p ...
... The aim of neurosurgery in brain tumour patients is maximum tumour resection, while at the same time minimising the risk of new functional deficits post-operatively. For optimal results, the relationship between the tumour margins and eloquent brain regions needs to be established as accurately as p ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.