![Specialized Elements of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Primates](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/008573029_1-39216d1b420ec80bcd91a995a6fba706-300x300.png)
Specialized Elements of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Primates
... with area V2. In early-processing visual cortices, the architecture coincides with detailed maps of the entire sensory periphery in each area. In progressively rostral higher-order visual association areas, however, the borders of areas are more difficult to define and so are the physiological prope ...
... with area V2. In early-processing visual cortices, the architecture coincides with detailed maps of the entire sensory periphery in each area. In progressively rostral higher-order visual association areas, however, the borders of areas are more difficult to define and so are the physiological prope ...
Layer IV of the primary somatosensory cortex has the highest
... organized into groups that are linked synaptically across the horizontal layers. Each of these vertically oriented narrow chains of neurons, called minicolumns, is regarded as the basic unit of the neocortex (Mountcastle, 1997). Minicolumns are further connected by short-range horizontal connections ...
... organized into groups that are linked synaptically across the horizontal layers. Each of these vertically oriented narrow chains of neurons, called minicolumns, is regarded as the basic unit of the neocortex (Mountcastle, 1997). Minicolumns are further connected by short-range horizontal connections ...
Cellular scaling rules for the brain of afrotherians
... cortex in all animals was manually dissected from the striatum and other subcortical structures. The hippocampus was then dissected from each cortical hemisphere, under a stereoscope. The cerebral cortex of the hyrax specimens was then cut into 2 mm coronal sections in order to allow the dissection ...
... cortex in all animals was manually dissected from the striatum and other subcortical structures. The hippocampus was then dissected from each cortical hemisphere, under a stereoscope. The cerebral cortex of the hyrax specimens was then cut into 2 mm coronal sections in order to allow the dissection ...
The influence of current direction on phosphene
... Determination of phosphene threshold was highly reproducible within a single session. For each stimulator type, current direction, and hemisphere, at least 3 independent measurements were performed. Threshold values for these repetitions with each configuration varied between 0.29 and 4.45% of maxim ...
... Determination of phosphene threshold was highly reproducible within a single session. For each stimulator type, current direction, and hemisphere, at least 3 independent measurements were performed. Threshold values for these repetitions with each configuration varied between 0.29 and 4.45% of maxim ...
Cortical Parcellations of the Macaque Monkey
... a sphere, which caused compression of tiles in the vicinity of the 12 nodes that have only 5 (instead of 6) neighbors. This was important in order to avoid smoothing-induced distortions at intermediate stages of the deformation process. (D) Expanded views of target nodes intercalated into an equival ...
... a sphere, which caused compression of tiles in the vicinity of the 12 nodes that have only 5 (instead of 6) neighbors. This was important in order to avoid smoothing-induced distortions at intermediate stages of the deformation process. (D) Expanded views of target nodes intercalated into an equival ...
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... the criteria of their territorial exclusivity, i.e., their developmental positioning to efferent targets compared to other calretinin interneurons. If newly added calretinin cells show no territorial exclusivity, i.e., their connections significantly overlap with those of pre-existent calretinin neur ...
... the criteria of their territorial exclusivity, i.e., their developmental positioning to efferent targets compared to other calretinin interneurons. If newly added calretinin cells show no territorial exclusivity, i.e., their connections significantly overlap with those of pre-existent calretinin neur ...
Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Inputs to `AIP`
... Our methods for intracortical stimulation and tracer injections have been described fully in prior publications (Strick and Preston, 1982a,b; Holsapple et al., 1991; Hoover and Strick, 1999). Briefly, all surgical procedures were performed under aseptic conditions. Once the animal was anesthetized wi ...
... Our methods for intracortical stimulation and tracer injections have been described fully in prior publications (Strick and Preston, 1982a,b; Holsapple et al., 1991; Hoover and Strick, 1999). Briefly, all surgical procedures were performed under aseptic conditions. Once the animal was anesthetized wi ...
Spatial organization of thalamocortical and corticothalamic
... anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (Nembutal, 50 mg/kg). A Silastic catheter was inserted into the external jugular vein (Harms and Ojeda, ’74) for supplemental administration of Nembutal during the remainder of the experiment. A steel post for holding the rat’s head w ...
... anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (Nembutal, 50 mg/kg). A Silastic catheter was inserted into the external jugular vein (Harms and Ojeda, ’74) for supplemental administration of Nembutal during the remainder of the experiment. A steel post for holding the rat’s head w ...
Optogenetic Brain Interfaces
... research to treat mental disease by speaking the electrical language of neurons, usually known as interventional psychiatry. Deep-brain stimulation (DBS) [2], [3] is an example of this approach which has been reasonably successful in treating some neurological diseases including Parkinson’s. Nonethe ...
... research to treat mental disease by speaking the electrical language of neurons, usually known as interventional psychiatry. Deep-brain stimulation (DBS) [2], [3] is an example of this approach which has been reasonably successful in treating some neurological diseases including Parkinson’s. Nonethe ...
Functional neuroanatomy of the primate isocortical motor system
... have revealed details that may have been overlooked in previous studies. Second, the maps vary in terms of size, extent, and topography of cortical areas. This variability very often results from observer-dependent criteria used by different investigators for defining borders between areas. For exam ...
... have revealed details that may have been overlooked in previous studies. Second, the maps vary in terms of size, extent, and topography of cortical areas. This variability very often results from observer-dependent criteria used by different investigators for defining borders between areas. For exam ...
Specificity and Plasticity of Thalamocortical Connections in Sema6A
... A dynamic interplay exists between the processes of cortical arealization and those controlling the guidance and targeting of thalamocortical projections [1–5]. Early in development, both the thalamic field and the cortical sheet appear homogeneous in cytoarchitecture, and connections between them fo ...
... A dynamic interplay exists between the processes of cortical arealization and those controlling the guidance and targeting of thalamocortical projections [1–5]. Early in development, both the thalamic field and the cortical sheet appear homogeneous in cytoarchitecture, and connections between them fo ...
Connections Between the Retrosplenial Cortex and the
... Nissl preparations that distinguishes it from the adjacent cortical areas (Fig. 1). Laterally and rostrally Rdg is bordered by lateral agranular (motor) cortex (Donoghue and Wise, 1982) and caudally and laterally Rdg is bounded by area 18b (Fig. 1); the border between Rdg and area 18b is characteriz ...
... Nissl preparations that distinguishes it from the adjacent cortical areas (Fig. 1). Laterally and rostrally Rdg is bordered by lateral agranular (motor) cortex (Donoghue and Wise, 1982) and caudally and laterally Rdg is bounded by area 18b (Fig. 1); the border between Rdg and area 18b is characteriz ...
Chapter 5 Learning to attend in primary visual cortex
... knowledge, it has not yet been investigated if and how neuronal responses in the visual cortex change as a result of learning within a single recording session. During a single learning session, neurons in frontal cortex change their responses (Chen and Wise 1996; Asaad et al 1998; Yotsumoto et al 2 ...
... knowledge, it has not yet been investigated if and how neuronal responses in the visual cortex change as a result of learning within a single recording session. During a single learning session, neurons in frontal cortex change their responses (Chen and Wise 1996; Asaad et al 1998; Yotsumoto et al 2 ...
Changes of Synaptic Density in the Primary Visual Cortex of the
... to estimate the degree of shrinkage from exposure to aldehydes during the perfusion itself because it would have required surgery before perfusion for each individual case. This is not, however, a limitation in our study since we compared densities of synapses at different stages of maturation rathe ...
... to estimate the degree of shrinkage from exposure to aldehydes during the perfusion itself because it would have required surgery before perfusion for each individual case. This is not, however, a limitation in our study since we compared densities of synapses at different stages of maturation rathe ...
Lateral prefrontal cortex: architectonic and functional organization
... computations occurring in a given area for the complex neuronal network within which it is embedded can be explored, in monkeys, by observing the consequences on cognitive/behavioural function of removal or disconnection of the particular area or manipulations of its neurotransmitter activity. There ...
... computations occurring in a given area for the complex neuronal network within which it is embedded can be explored, in monkeys, by observing the consequences on cognitive/behavioural function of removal or disconnection of the particular area or manipulations of its neurotransmitter activity. There ...
The Receptive Fields of Inferior Temporal Cortex Neurons in Natural
... of 150 –250 msec. In the complex natural scene, the monkey sometimes had to make up to eight saccades before its search found the target. There was no clear pattern to these saccades, and it was only when a saccade landed near the object that the monkey reached to touch the object if it was the targ ...
... of 150 –250 msec. In the complex natural scene, the monkey sometimes had to make up to eight saccades before its search found the target. There was no clear pattern to these saccades, and it was only when a saccade landed near the object that the monkey reached to touch the object if it was the targ ...
Behavioral verification of associative learning in whisker
... to harmless stimuli (CS), a process called sensitization. The footshock might sensitize the animal when administered alone, but also if presented together with a CS during conditioning. Consequently, the freezing response to the CS following conditioning might be determined not only by associative, ...
... to harmless stimuli (CS), a process called sensitization. The footshock might sensitize the animal when administered alone, but also if presented together with a CS during conditioning. Consequently, the freezing response to the CS following conditioning might be determined not only by associative, ...
Frontal Eye Fields - Psychological Sciences
... FEF signal the location of the target stimulus through suppression of the response to non-target stimuli, leaving only the response to the target. This selection process occurs if no saccade is made or if the saccade is directed to a non-target stimulus. The selection process is influenced by the si ...
... FEF signal the location of the target stimulus through suppression of the response to non-target stimuli, leaving only the response to the target. This selection process occurs if no saccade is made or if the saccade is directed to a non-target stimulus. The selection process is influenced by the si ...
Normalization in human somatosensory cortex
... activity in human somatosensory cortex and to test for cross-digit suppression. Subjects received stimulation (vibration of varying amplitudes) to the right thumb (target) with or without concurrent stimulation of the right middle finger (mask). Subjects were less sensitive to target stimulation (ps ...
... activity in human somatosensory cortex and to test for cross-digit suppression. Subjects received stimulation (vibration of varying amplitudes) to the right thumb (target) with or without concurrent stimulation of the right middle finger (mask). Subjects were less sensitive to target stimulation (ps ...
Reflections on agranular architecture: predictive coding in the motor
... equations describing the neuronal dynamics implied by generalised predictive coding (e.g., Equation 3 in [30]). Note the hierarchical structure: predictive coding involves recursive interactions among an arbitrary number of hierarchical levels, of which just one, level (i), is shown in full here. Th ...
... equations describing the neuronal dynamics implied by generalised predictive coding (e.g., Equation 3 in [30]). Note the hierarchical structure: predictive coding involves recursive interactions among an arbitrary number of hierarchical levels, of which just one, level (i), is shown in full here. Th ...
Hedonic Hotspots Regulate Cingulate-driven
... target arrow of the flanker task. Optical response-button boxes ( positioned on the upper leg) recorded index finger responses of the left and right hand. Participants performed 2 practice mini-blocks with performance feedback before the experiment started. Experimental data were then acquired in 2 co ...
... target arrow of the flanker task. Optical response-button boxes ( positioned on the upper leg) recorded index finger responses of the left and right hand. Participants performed 2 practice mini-blocks with performance feedback before the experiment started. Experimental data were then acquired in 2 co ...
Hasson-JNeurosci2008.. - Center for Neural Science
... It is well established that neurons along the visual cortical pathways have increasingly larger spatial receptive fields (Hubel, 1988). This is a basic organizing principle of the visual system; neurons in higher-level visual areas receive inputs from many neurons with smaller receptive fields in ea ...
... It is well established that neurons along the visual cortical pathways have increasingly larger spatial receptive fields (Hubel, 1988). This is a basic organizing principle of the visual system; neurons in higher-level visual areas receive inputs from many neurons with smaller receptive fields in ea ...
Laminar Differences in Dendritic Structure of Pyramidal Neurons in
... Structural differences between supragranular and infragranular cortical layers have been reported, using the Golgi method or intracellular labeling, in different species and ages including humans (e.g., Conel 1959; Hendry and Jones 1983; Larkman 1991; Elston 2001; Oberlaender et al. 2012). These stu ...
... Structural differences between supragranular and infragranular cortical layers have been reported, using the Golgi method or intracellular labeling, in different species and ages including humans (e.g., Conel 1959; Hendry and Jones 1983; Larkman 1991; Elston 2001; Oberlaender et al. 2012). These stu ...
The Biology of Mind - American International School
... seeing where one neuron ends and another begins. Scientists once believed that the axon of one cell fused with the dendrites of another in an uninterrupted fabric. Then British physiologist Sir Charles Sherrington (1857–1952) noticed that neural impulses were taking an unexpectedly long time to trav ...
... seeing where one neuron ends and another begins. Scientists once believed that the axon of one cell fused with the dendrites of another in an uninterrupted fabric. Then British physiologist Sir Charles Sherrington (1857–1952) noticed that neural impulses were taking an unexpectedly long time to trav ...
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... from the field of view randomly, but rather, they move continuously across the field of view, given their motion is not too fast for the brain to respond. At the pixel level, views are very discontinuous as image patches sweep across the field of view. Motivated by cerebral cortex, our model explore ...
... from the field of view randomly, but rather, they move continuously across the field of view, given their motion is not too fast for the brain to respond. At the pixel level, views are very discontinuous as image patches sweep across the field of view. Motivated by cerebral cortex, our model explore ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.