Short frontal lobe connections of the human brain
... Through long-range projection and association fibres the frontal lobes receive sensory information from subcortical nuclei (e.g., thalamus) and sensory cortices (i.e., visual, auditory, somatosensory, gustatory and olfactory) and respond to environmental stimuli. These connections are also used to e ...
... Through long-range projection and association fibres the frontal lobes receive sensory information from subcortical nuclei (e.g., thalamus) and sensory cortices (i.e., visual, auditory, somatosensory, gustatory and olfactory) and respond to environmental stimuli. These connections are also used to e ...
Effects of excess vitamin B6 intake on cerebral cortex neurons in rat
... elements and specific extracellular matrix. The structural appearance of perikaryons and processes of the neurons were histologically normal under light microscope. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that some pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex showed partial to nearly complete synaptic l ...
... elements and specific extracellular matrix. The structural appearance of perikaryons and processes of the neurons were histologically normal under light microscope. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that some pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex showed partial to nearly complete synaptic l ...
Visual Processing in the Primate Brain
... relayed along the optic nerve. The primary visual pathway from the optic nerves to the cerebral cortex passes through the dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus to the primary visual cortex (V1 or striate cortex) in the occipital lobes at the posterior of the brain. In thinking abou ...
... relayed along the optic nerve. The primary visual pathway from the optic nerves to the cerebral cortex passes through the dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus to the primary visual cortex (V1 or striate cortex) in the occipital lobes at the posterior of the brain. In thinking abou ...
Visual and presaccadic activity in area 8Ar of the macaque monkey
... receptive fields were modulated by target contrast exhibiting sigmoid tuning curves that ...
... receptive fields were modulated by target contrast exhibiting sigmoid tuning curves that ...
Processes Changes in Acetylcholine Extracellular Levels
... cortex, the tactile stimulation produced a larger increase than the other stimuli. It appears therefore that the cholinergic system responds with an activation to all types of external inputs, irrespective of the behavioral response. The relationship between stimulation and cholinergic response was ...
... cortex, the tactile stimulation produced a larger increase than the other stimuli. It appears therefore that the cholinergic system responds with an activation to all types of external inputs, irrespective of the behavioral response. The relationship between stimulation and cholinergic response was ...
the evolution of body and brain, and of sensory
... (A. Modified, after Hoffman et al., 2004. B. Modified, after through the duration of stimulation. These Kumamoto et al., 1993.) tactile sensors are also distributed throughout the body. When a region of our body is touched, we sense that and can also localize that with varying degrees of accuracy. H ...
... (A. Modified, after Hoffman et al., 2004. B. Modified, after through the duration of stimulation. These Kumamoto et al., 1993.) tactile sensors are also distributed throughout the body. When a region of our body is touched, we sense that and can also localize that with varying degrees of accuracy. H ...
emotional learning: a computational model of the amygdala
... the two-process idea. The goal of the present work is to show that ¢ndings from neurophysiology can be used to give new insights into the emotional process in a two-process model. Our aim is to show how data from learning theory combined with neurophysiological ¢ndings can be used to construct a com ...
... the two-process idea. The goal of the present work is to show that ¢ndings from neurophysiology can be used to give new insights into the emotional process in a two-process model. Our aim is to show how data from learning theory combined with neurophysiological ¢ndings can be used to construct a com ...
Brain Storm - School of Rehabilitation Therapy
... • What landmark distinguishes the medulla from the spinal cord? • What are the primary functions of the brainstem? ...
... • What landmark distinguishes the medulla from the spinal cord? • What are the primary functions of the brainstem? ...
A neural basis for a false memory
... Moreover, implanted memory is not an artifact of unintended reward or punishment because NBstm as used in our studies is motivationally neutral (Miasnikov, Chen, Gross, Poytress, & Weinberger, 2008a). Rather, the nucleus basalis appears to be ‘‘downstream’’ of motivational systems and may constitute ...
... Moreover, implanted memory is not an artifact of unintended reward or punishment because NBstm as used in our studies is motivationally neutral (Miasnikov, Chen, Gross, Poytress, & Weinberger, 2008a). Rather, the nucleus basalis appears to be ‘‘downstream’’ of motivational systems and may constitute ...
Intrinsic laminar lattice connections in primate visual cortex
... in squirrel monkeys and 500-600 pm in macaques. These measurements are slightly smaller than the dimensions of the cytochrome patches but are sufficiently similar to suggest that the two systems may be identical. Nevertheless, as described below, this does not appear to be the case. In order to inve ...
... in squirrel monkeys and 500-600 pm in macaques. These measurements are slightly smaller than the dimensions of the cytochrome patches but are sufficiently similar to suggest that the two systems may be identical. Nevertheless, as described below, this does not appear to be the case. In order to inve ...
Visual and oculomotor selection: links, causes and
... additional ‘distracter’ stimuli outside the V4 neuron receptive field, as has been observed during attention. These findings suggest that the gain of visual responses in extrastriate cortex is directly modulated by the same activity that elicits a saccade to a particular location, and they suggest a ...
... additional ‘distracter’ stimuli outside the V4 neuron receptive field, as has been observed during attention. These findings suggest that the gain of visual responses in extrastriate cortex is directly modulated by the same activity that elicits a saccade to a particular location, and they suggest a ...
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... When analyzing architectonic organization in the PFC, Barbas and Pandya (21) found two distinct trends in gradual changes in laminar characteristics that can be traced from the limbic periallocortex toward the isocortical areas. Based on cytoarchitectonic and myeloarchitectonic analysis, they observ ...
... When analyzing architectonic organization in the PFC, Barbas and Pandya (21) found two distinct trends in gradual changes in laminar characteristics that can be traced from the limbic periallocortex toward the isocortical areas. Based on cytoarchitectonic and myeloarchitectonic analysis, they observ ...
PDF - Stanford University
... & Lopez, 1996). Finally, it is important to note that depression is a highly recurrent disorder. More than 75% of depressed patients have more than one depressive episode, often relapsing within two years of recovery from a depressive episode (Boland & Keller, 2009). Indeed, between one-half and two ...
... & Lopez, 1996). Finally, it is important to note that depression is a highly recurrent disorder. More than 75% of depressed patients have more than one depressive episode, often relapsing within two years of recovery from a depressive episode (Boland & Keller, 2009). Indeed, between one-half and two ...
Behavioral consequences of abnormal cortical development
... MAM-treated offspring make the same number of errors, and have the same running times on a complex maze as control rats. These researchers also report a response perseverance in operant conditioning and decreased dominance in MAM-treated offspring [59,60]. In total, it appears that a 50% reduction i ...
... MAM-treated offspring make the same number of errors, and have the same running times on a complex maze as control rats. These researchers also report a response perseverance in operant conditioning and decreased dominance in MAM-treated offspring [59,60]. In total, it appears that a 50% reduction i ...
BDNF-modulated Spatial Organization of Cajal
... below the CR neurons. They are principally generated in the ganglionic eminences over an extended period of embryogenesis, with most comprising migrating neurons en route to the cortical plate. GABAergic neurons express at least one of the two isoforms (65 or 67) of the enzyme glutamate decarboxylas ...
... below the CR neurons. They are principally generated in the ganglionic eminences over an extended period of embryogenesis, with most comprising migrating neurons en route to the cortical plate. GABAergic neurons express at least one of the two isoforms (65 or 67) of the enzyme glutamate decarboxylas ...
Connection Patterns Distinguish 3 Regions of Human Parietal Cortex
... area Opt, and some transitional opercular regions in the most ventral part of the IPL are also recognized. Distinct functional and anatomical regions, MIP and PE, occupy the medial bank of the IPS and the superior parietal lobule (SPL). The functional specializations of these regions have been inves ...
... area Opt, and some transitional opercular regions in the most ventral part of the IPL are also recognized. Distinct functional and anatomical regions, MIP and PE, occupy the medial bank of the IPS and the superior parietal lobule (SPL). The functional specializations of these regions have been inves ...
KIDS, Inc. - School Neuropsychology
... – the glossopharyngeal (pharynx and larynx) – the accessory (neck muscles) ...
... – the glossopharyngeal (pharynx and larynx) – the accessory (neck muscles) ...
The effect of lithium on the adrenoceptor
... the cortex and cerebellum of rats treated with lithium (0.4%), orally, for 30 days were measured using [3H]prazosin, [3H]clonidine and [3H]CGP-12177, respectively. The activity of adenylyl cyclase (AC) and levels of inositol trisphosphate (IP3), both second messengers linked to these receptors, were ...
... the cortex and cerebellum of rats treated with lithium (0.4%), orally, for 30 days were measured using [3H]prazosin, [3H]clonidine and [3H]CGP-12177, respectively. The activity of adenylyl cyclase (AC) and levels of inositol trisphosphate (IP3), both second messengers linked to these receptors, were ...
Kiecker and Lumsden - McLoon Lab
... pigmented salamander embryos were used as donors and hosts, allowing for an easy distinction between cells of graft and host origin. Surprisingly, most tissues in the induced second axis were derived from the host, suggesting that the graft had induced surrounding tissue to form axial structures. Th ...
... pigmented salamander embryos were used as donors and hosts, allowing for an easy distinction between cells of graft and host origin. Surprisingly, most tissues in the induced second axis were derived from the host, suggesting that the graft had induced surrounding tissue to form axial structures. Th ...
PDF
... male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing between 250 and 400 g. All animals and procedures were used in accordance with the NIH guidelines and the approval of the Johns Hopkins Medical School Animal Care and Use Committee. At the beginning of each experiment, a rat was anesthetized with an intraperitoneal ...
... male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing between 250 and 400 g. All animals and procedures were used in accordance with the NIH guidelines and the approval of the Johns Hopkins Medical School Animal Care and Use Committee. At the beginning of each experiment, a rat was anesthetized with an intraperitoneal ...
Chronic multiunit recordings in behaving animals: advantages and
... (SUA) can provide accurate information about that particular neuron during sensory stimulation or motor behavior. With single cell recordings, however, one usually skips the neurons with smaller spikes, and this method is therefore biased to large neurons. Moreover, it is usually difficult to follow ...
... (SUA) can provide accurate information about that particular neuron during sensory stimulation or motor behavior. With single cell recordings, however, one usually skips the neurons with smaller spikes, and this method is therefore biased to large neurons. Moreover, it is usually difficult to follow ...
The Inferior Parietal Lobule Is the Target of Output from the Superior
... monitored during the surgery. All surgical procedures were conducted using aseptic techniques. Each animal’s head was positioned in a stereotaxic frame (Kopf). Ophthalmic ointment was placed in the eyes. A craniotomy was performed over the parietal lobe, and the dura was incised and reflected to exp ...
... monitored during the surgery. All surgical procedures were conducted using aseptic techniques. Each animal’s head was positioned in a stereotaxic frame (Kopf). Ophthalmic ointment was placed in the eyes. A craniotomy was performed over the parietal lobe, and the dura was incised and reflected to exp ...
(2006) Changes in visual receptive fields with microstimulation of
... attention. We recently found that subthreshold microstimulation of the FEF enhances retinotopically corresponding V4 responses to isolated stimuli (Moore and Armstrong, 2003). This suggests that FEF stimulation drives covert attention and its neural correlates in visual cortex (Moore and Armstrong, ...
... attention. We recently found that subthreshold microstimulation of the FEF enhances retinotopically corresponding V4 responses to isolated stimuli (Moore and Armstrong, 2003). This suggests that FEF stimulation drives covert attention and its neural correlates in visual cortex (Moore and Armstrong, ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.